Wrestling

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Wrestlers in a wall painting in Beni Hassan (Egypt) around 2000 BC Chr.
Wrestling at the time of ancient Greece (around 500 BC)

Wrestling is a martial arts and strength sport with full body use without additional aids.

history

Wrestling match at a folk festival. Diebold Schilling the Younger : Lucerne Chronicle of 1513

At the ancient Olympic Games , wrestling was one of the disciplines of pentathlon under the name Pale . In addition, wrestling was also an individual discipline. In ancient times , athletes competed naked in wrestling matches. They have not yet been divided into different weight classes. There was no ground fight back then. The winner was the one who knocked his opponent to the ground three times.

Wrestling has also been part of the repertoire of military close combat training since the late Middle Ages . This was described, for example, in 1459 in Hans Talhoffer's fencing book .

With the beginning of the modern Olympic Games in 1896, wrestling is part of the Olympic program and will remain Olympic at least until 2028. Since the 2004 Olympic Games , freestyle wrestling has also been an Olympic discipline for women.

Wrestling in the early 1950s

Official wrestling world championships have been held annually since 1950 . The only exceptions are the years in which the Summer Olympics take place.

After wrestling (as a core Olympic sport) was removed from the Olympic program by the IOC in February 2013 without further explanation, there were numerous protests, including prominent ones. For example from Vladimir Putin , American and East Asian associations and the German Wrestling Federation (DRB). Three months later (after a restructuring of the world federation FILA), the sport of wrestling was re-included in the Olympic program.

regulate

There are two styles of wrestling:

  • Freestyle : The entire body, from head to feet, is considered the target. This applies to standing as well as ground fighting (see main article, freestyle wrestling ).
  • Greco-Roman (also Greco for short ): Only the body above the waistline is considered to be the target. This applies to standing as well as ground fighting (see main article Greco-Roman wrestling ).
The referee indicates the winner by raising his arm
Women's wrestling (freestyle) has only been Olympic since 2004

A wrestler generally aims to bring his opponent from standing to the floor and with both shoulders on the mat ( shoulder win ). Throws, slingshot and lever handles are used as techniques. Punches, kicks, bumps and strangulation approaches are prohibited. The battle line and the evaluation of control techniques assumes either the judge or a court martial of three adjudicators. The winner is the one who has collected the most points at the end of the fight time or who has put his opponent on both shoulders (“shouldered” or “pinned”) beforehand.

In 2005 the world association FILA introduced new regulations. The rule changes are intended to make wrestling a more active fight and, above all, a more exciting, audience-effective sport. Both opponents are forced to act faster than before in order to prevent the opponent from scoring. However, the rule changes are highly controversial.

According to the changed rules, there will be three rounds of fighting internationally and in tournament matches; In team fights there are two times three minutes with a 30-second break. The winner is whoever has collected the most points after six minutes. The shoulder win ends the fight immediately.

A round is won early by the one who achieves two three-point evaluations or one five-point evaluation regardless of the total score. A difference of six points also ends the round. If neither of the two opponents ends the round prematurely, the wrestler with the fewest warnings wins if there is a tie. If there is still a tie, the highest individual rating decides - if these are still the same, the last rating achieved determines the winner.

The process of a single round differs in the two styles.

Greco-Roman wrestling

In the Greco-Roman wrestling match, 90 seconds of standing combat takes place first, followed by 30 seconds of ground fighting, with a wrestler being the upper man / attacker. Obermann is basically the wrestler who would be the lap winner according to the criteria mentioned in the previous paragraph. In the event of an absolute tie, the referee decides in the team fight who was the leading or more active fighter and who may be the head man. If a wrestler does not score in the 30 seconds in which he is the head man, his opponent is awarded a point if the score is 0: 0 and wins the round.

In the tournament or individual competition, in the first round, in the event of an absolute tie, the wrestler in the red jersey becomes the top man first. If the score is in the second round after one minute and 30 seconds, according to all of the criteria mentioned, the wrestler in the blue jersey becomes a top man.

If there is a third round and there is an absolute tie again, the lot decides the head man (throwing disc or coin with red and blue sides). If a wrestler has scored a point before the ordered ground fight, he automatically becomes a top man. After the time has expired, his opponent does not receive an extra rating if the Obermann does not take any action.

From the B-youth the upper man / attacker has to put his hands on the back of the opponent or to take the wrong lifter.

Freestyle wrestling

If no score has been achieved before the time has expired, the passive wrestler must go to the floor position and the referee calls it out after the whistle. The opponent has 30 seconds from kick-off to score a score. His opponent's task is to prevent this or to achieve a score himself.

Weight classes

Currently, the weight classes for men are distributed between 57 and 130 kg body weight. For women there are weight classes in the range from 48 to 75 kg. There are seven weight classes for women and men.

Fingering techniques

A "lifter" at the GDR championships in 1983

Some handles are listed below as examples. Given the millennia-old wrestling tradition, there are an estimated 1,000 possible fingering techniques. However, only about 100 types of grips are actually used in wrestling tournaments.

  • The split grip is a grip in which one grabs the opponent between the legs and jerks it up. It is preferably used to lift or turn an opponent who is in the bank in order to score points. The split handle can be very uncomfortable for a wrestler.
  • With the "parcel grip" in the free style, the opponent is grabbed around the neck with one arm. With the other arm you grasp the leg of the opponent in the back of the knee and pull it up so that he can no longer free himself. This grip is also known as the "armpit throw".
  • The arm pull is a grip in standing combat, in which the wrestler pulls one arm of the opponent and pulls the opponent down with this towards the mat. There are several variations, such as: B. the way of pulling your arm over your shoulder and kneeling yourself to force the opponent down from a standing position (basic version).
  • The head pull and head hip swing are similar to the arm pull, but here the head is clasped with one arm and a movement similar to the arm pull is performed. Here, too, the opponent is pushed onto the mat, mostly from standing.
  • In a suplex, you grab the opponent from behind with both arms around the chest and swing into a 'bridge'.

Differentiation from other sports

Wrestling match in Tibet

Wrestling (English "Wrestling") should not be confused with "Professional Wrestling " (German: "Catchen"), a show sport ( WWE ) that is particularly popular in the USA and follows different rules.

In many countries around the world, sports similar to wrestling are popular as traditional folk sports. Examples include:

Team fights

Wrestling is also played as a team sport . Two teams compete against each other. As a rule, each team puts up two starters per weight class, as there is wrestling in both freestyle and Greco-Roman style. The individual rounds won are added up for the overall result. Exceptions are the shoulder win , the technical superiority, abandonment and disqualification of a wrestler. These are rated 4-0 for the winner in the overall result. If both wrestlers are disqualified by the referee, no points will be awarded.

The German women's team championships take place once a year. Without exception, selected teams from the various federal states compete against each other. The fights only take place in free style.

See also

Adolf Seger (red) is one of the most successful wrestlers in Germany.

literature

  • Günter Czech : Wrestling, classic and free. (2nd edition) Sportverlag, Berlin 1971
  • Konstantin Groß : Fit for the future. 100 years Kraft-Sport-Verein Schriesheim. With a foreword by Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Verlag Druckerei Stöckl GmbH Mannheim, Mannheim 2003, ISBN 3-9806908-8-1
  • Helmut Minkowski: The wrestling in brooding. A late medieval form of the German body wrestling. Schorndorf near Stuttgart 1963 (= contributions to teaching and research in physical education. Volume 16).

Web links

Commons : Wrestling  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ tungsten Grajetzki : The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt: history, archeology and society. London, Duckworth Egyptology, 2006, pp. 112-113. William C. Hayes , in The Cambridge Ancient History , Vol. 1, Part 2, 1971 (2008), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-077915 , p. 471. Percy Newberry : Beni Hasan . Part II, London, 1893, p. 43, www.egyptsites.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/beni-hasan/ Margaret Bunson : Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing , 2009, ISBN 1-4381-0997-0 , p. 64.
  2. ↑ Scholapugnatoria: Hans Talhoffer 1459 Ringen on YouTube , March 16, 2011, accessed on May 22, 2019 (wrestling according to the fencing book by Hans Talhoffer - demo video of the Schola Pugnatoria Celeiana ).