Dakota (people)

Former tribal areas of the Sioux groups (green): the Dakota, the neighboring Nakota ( Yanktonai and Yankton ) as well as Lakota tribes and today's reservations (orange)

The Dakota or Dakhóta ("friends, allies") are the eastern dialect and tribal group of the Sioux from the Sioux language family . Originally the Sioux tribes lived in the area west of the Great Lakes , but later large Sioux groups were displaced south and west by the Anishinabe (Chippewa or Ojibwe) . On the hike in their new hunting grounds, the Sioux divided into three large regional tribal groups that differed in dialect and sometimes in their life and culture - the west on the Great Plains drawn Lakota (which since then as a Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ - "residents the prairie, ie the plains "are known), the Western Dakota (more rarely:" Middle Dakota ", since they lived between the Dakota in the east and the Lakota in the west) and the Dakota left behind in the east, which are now often referred to as Eastern dakhóta are called.

The speakers of each dialect had no difficulty understanding one another. While Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) and Lakȟótiyapi are still spoken by many Sioux today, the dialect variant of Dakȟótiyapi (Yankton-Yanktonai) has almost died out.

In the literature and specialist literature, the "Eastern Dakhóta" were (are) often referred to as Santee-Sisseton or simply Santee-Dakota or Santee-Sioux . The "Eastern Dakhóta" are here to be distinguished from the eastern Sioux tribe of the Santee (also: Zantee, Seretee, Seratee, Sattee ), who once lived along the central reaches of the Santee River of the same name in South Carolina .

Očhéthi Šakówiŋ or the Seven Council Fires of the Sioux

The Sioux formed a loose alliance of three regional dialect and tribal groups, which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ("The Fire of the Seven Tribes", "The Seven Council Fires") because they were made up of seven Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; Singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) passed. The Očhéthi Šakówiŋ included (from east to west) the four Otonwepi of the Eastern Dakota (Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Sisseton and Wahpeton), the two Otonwepi of the Western Dakota (Yankton and Yanktonai) and, as the largest Otonwe itself / Tȟuŋwaŋ, the Lakota / Tȟuŋwa:

1. Eastern Dakota or Dakhóta (also: Santee-Sisseton or Santee)

• Santee (Isáŋyathi - 'Knife Makers') or "Upper Council of the Dakota", "Upper Sioux"
  • Mdewakanton or Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers of the Spirit Lake / Sacred Lake' - "residents / people of / on the Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ , ie Mille Lacs Lake ")
  • Wahpekute or Waȟpékhute ( 'Shooters Among the Trees' - "Protect in the deciduous forest," nomadic group, hence the suffix missing Tȟuŋwaŋ or Othúwahe - "village" or "settlers")
• Sisseton or "Lower Council of the Dakota", "Lower Sioux"
  • Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers', 'People of the Marsh')
  • Wahpeton or Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers Among the Leaves')

2. Western Dakota or Dakȟóta (also: Yankton-Yanktonai), formerly incorrectly called Nakota (the autonym of the enemy Stoney and Assiniboine )

• Yankton or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ ('People of the End [of the Village]', 'Village at the End')
• Yanktonai or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ('People of the End [of the Little Village]', 'Little Dwellers at the End', 'Little Village at the End')

3. Lakota or Thítȟuŋwaŋ / Teton ("inhabitants of the prairie, ie the plains")

The Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ until the Eastern Dakota uprising in Minnesota in 1862 , but had to transfer their position within the alliance to the largest Óšpaye / Oyate as a result of the defeat, in which they suffered great losses in men and combat strength Cede (tribe) the Lakota, the Oglala .

Originally the Assiniboine (and their close relatives the Stoney ) also belonged to the Sioux peoples, but had already allied themselves with the more numerous Woodland and Plains Cree in the middle of the 17th century and founded a strong trade and military alliance that was soon to be called the Cree- Assiniboine or Cree Confederation or Iron Confederacy ("Iron Confederation"), the allied tribes named this alliance after the two dominant peoples simply as Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Cree: Nehiyaw - "Cree" and Pwat or Pwat-sak - "Sioux (enemies)"). As early as the 17th century, European traders and travelers reported that the Assiniboine used Cree as a second language - many Cree bands also spoke Assiniboine. As a powerful middleman in the fur trade , they also got European weapons and this better weapon equipment allowed the Cree Assiniboine Confederation to expand west, south and north, militarily against the Chipewyan in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700) proceeded. At the latest when bands from the Manitoba Saulteaux / Westliche Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) (arch enemies of the Sioux peoples) joined the Cree-Assiniboine Confederation at the beginning of the 18th century and now jointly took action against neighboring tribes, the Sioux ( Eastern Dakota, Western Dakota and Lakota) the Assiniboine and Stoney no longer belong to the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ / Oceti Sakowin - since these were now among their enemies, they were simply referred to as high (" rebels ").

Tribes and bands of the Eastern Dakhóta (Santee-Sisseton)

The Eastern Dakhóta comprised four Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) - the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute (often jointly referred to as "Santee" ) and the Sisseton and Wahpeton (often jointly referred to as "Sisseton" ), the in turn were divided into numerous separate thiyóšpaye ( bands ):

• Santee (Isáŋyathi - 'Knife Makers') or "Upper Council of the Dakota", "Upper Sioux"
  • Mdewakanton or Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers of the Spirit Lake / Sacred Lake' - "residents / people of / on the Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ , ie Mille Lacs Lake ")
  • Wahpekute or Waȟpékhute ( 'Shooters Among the Trees' - "Protect in the deciduous forest," nomadic group, hence the suffix missing Tȟuŋwaŋ or Othúwahe - "village" or "settlers")
• Sisseton or "Lower Council of the Dakota", "Lower Sioux"
  • Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers', 'People of the Marsh')
  • Wahpeton or Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers Among the Leaves' - "Inhabitants under the leaves / people who live under the leaves, ie in the deciduous forest", indicating that they are more sedentary than the other Eastern Dakota)

Sometimes, however, the four groups of the Eastern Dakhóta within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux” - consisting of seven Otonwepi ), referred to here as “Otonwepi” , are not regarded as Otonwepi (subgroups), but as Óšpayepi / Oyate (in the sense of bands in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands tribes under this name ), which according to this concept comprised several Thiyóšpaye ( extended families ; in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands bands under this name), which in turn consist of numerous Thiwáhe / Tiwahe ( Nuclear families ). In the Otonwepi concept, however, the Thiyóšpaye is a band that in turn is divided into several Wicoti ( local groups - consisting of one or more extended families), the smallest social unit being the Thiwáhe / Tiwahe (nuclear family).

It is believed that the Mdewakanton / Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ formed the original group, from which the other three Eastern Dakhóta groups (Otonwepi), the Sisseton / Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Wahpeton / Waannannupepékute, and the Wahpéthuȟpekute have separated. Once only the Mdewakanton and later the closely related and allied Wahpekute were called " Santee ", later this name was transferred to all Otonwepi (groups) of the Eastern Dakhóta, so that today "Santee" is usually understood to mean the entire tribal group. This again illustrates their great importance within the Eastern Dakhóta; In addition, as already mentioned, the Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux”) .

Culture and way of life

The Dakota were culturally similar to the Algonquin and thus belonged more to the cultural area of ​​the northeastern woodland than to the Plains culture. Their prey was deer, roe deer and small game, but also bison , they caught fish with spears and large nets and, in addition to beans, pumpkins and tobacco, they also grew corn. They made sugar from maple syrup and harvested wild rice . Maple syrup was obtained by tapping the trees and the collected sap was boiled until a thick, very sweet, brown liquid was created that was used to sweeten the food. Wild rice grew mainly in the Great Lakes area. The elongated dark grains, ripe in late summer, were harvested from boats. The stalks were bent into the boat and the grains of rice threshed out of the ears with sticks. Sufficient grains fell into the water to form the seeds for the next year. In spring and summer they lived in permanent settlements, which consisted of rectangular bark houses with gabled roofs. The tipi was preferred when hunting , but also the wigwam of the Algonquin tribes.

Dakota warrior Wahk-ta-ge-li, picture by Karl Bodmer

history

The first whites to come into contact with the Dakota were the French explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers in 1659. The fur trade with the French led to a confederation with the Anishinabe , which existed from 1679 to 1736. Thereafter, the Dakota of Lake Superior were driven south and west by their former allies from the northern areas and found a new home in what is now southern Minnesota by 1780 . They were allied with the British until the end of the British-American War in 1812.

In 1851, the Dakota sold much of their Minnesota tribal land to the United States. In return, they received a reservation on the Minnesota River, a one-time payment of $ 1,665,000 and the promise of annual supplies of goods. As a result there were attempts to turn the Dakota into sedentary farmers, which had some success, especially among the Mdewakanton. One of the pioneers was the influential chief Little Crow or Taoyateduta, who was also one of the signatories of the treaty of 1851.

The Dakota's reservation was further reduced in 1858 when Minnesota was admitted as a state to the United States. Their territory no longer gave the Indians enough space to fend for themselves, leaving them completely dependent on government supplies and corrupt white traders. In 1861 the Dakota's situation worsened. A bad harvest forced them to buy food on credit from the vendors and go into debt. In 1862, US government payments were also delayed due to the Civil War . The famine that followed on the reservation led to the 1862 Sioux Uprising in Minnesota. On September 23, the decisive battle broke out at Wood Lake. An attempt by Little Crows to lure the soldiers under Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley into an ambush failed and the Americans won the two-hour battle. Most of the Dakota gave up the fight and released their prisoners. The uprising was practically over, it had killed about 500–800 whites. The number of Indian victims is unknown.

Execution of the 38th Dakota

Six weeks after the uprising ended, 392 Dakota were tried in military tribunals. In trials, some of which lasted only five minutes, 303 of them were sentenced to death for rape and murder. However, there was public protest, including from the Bishop of the Episcopal Church of Minnesota, Henry B. Whipple. Whipple even went to Washington to plead for mercy from President Abraham Lincoln . Lincoln had most of the death sentences commuted to prison terms.

The President only upheld the death sentences of those found to have been found to have raped and murdered civilians. On December 26, 1862, 38 Dakota were publicly hanged at the largest mass execution in American history in Mankato , Minnesota. Chief Little Crow had fled to other Sioux in the prairie with some loyal followers, returned later and was shot by a farmer on July 3, 1863 while collecting berries. Many Santee, especially Sisseton and Wahpeton, fled to Canada. The Dakota Uprising was the first armed conflict between the Sioux and the United States. Many more bloody conflicts ensued over the next two decades until the war in the American West finally ended with the Wounded Knee massacre in 1890 .

Modern Dakota tribes and First Nations

Tribes in the USA

The various tribes and groups of the Dakota were resettled on reservations in Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota and South Dakota after the suppression of the uprising of 1862 and are today, mostly together with members of the Nakota and Lakota tribes groups, the Sioux as well as Anishinabe and Assiniboine , organized and enrolled in the following eleven federally recognized tribes ; only the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community is not recognized as a tribe at the federal level, and Minnesota also denies them state recognition as a tribe:

United States - North Dakota

• Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) (the Spirit Lake Reservation (formerly: Devil's Lake Reservation ), covers approx. 1,049 km², the largest body of water is Devils Lake , with approx. 900 km² the largest natural lake in the state, which extends over 320 km² km extends, the most important river is the Sheyenne River , which flows through the reserve for about 80 km and borders in the south. Administrative seat: Fort Totten, North Dakota, tribal groups: Dakota, Nakota , tribes: Dakota: Sisseton (Sisituwan), Wahpeton and others Groups. Yanktonai: Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 6,748, 4,238 of them, including 3,587 Sioux, live in the reservation)

United States - South Dakota

• Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation (the Lake Traverse Reservation is located in the NE of South Dakota and a small strip in the SW of North Dakota. Administrative headquarters: Agency Village, near Sisseton, South Dakota, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton , Total tribe members (whites and Indians): 66,020 (including 9,958 Sioux), of which 10,922, including 4,393 Sioux, live on the reservation)
• Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (the Flandreau Indian Reservation with its administrative seat Flandreau , South Dakota, covers approx. 10.11 km² of land along the Big Sioux River , Moody County , on the plateau called Coteau des Prairies in southeastern South Dakota, tribal group: Dakota, Tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton, total tribe members (whites and Indians): 6,904 (of which 1,401 Sioux), of which 418, including 371 Sioux, live in the reservation)
• Crow Creek Sioux Tribe (the Crow Creek Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Fort Thompson covers approx. 1,092 km² and is located in the middle of South Dakota along the east bank of the Missouri River, on the west bank is the Lower Brule Reservation , tribal groups: Dakota, Nakota , tribes: Mdewakanton (People of Spirit Lake), Yankton (Ihanktonwan - People of the End) and some Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 22,364 (including 5,659 Sioux), of which 2,010, including 1,821 Sioux, live on the reservation )

United States - Minnesota

• Upper Sioux Community - Pejuhutazizi Oyate (today's name Upper Sioux comes from the fact that the Sisseton and Wahpeton were referred to together as upper bands of the Dakota, the Upper Sioux Indian Reservation ( Pejuhutazizi Kapi - 'The place where they dig for yellow medicine') with administrative headquarters approx. 8 km south of Granite Falls covers approx. 5.82 km² area in southwest Minnesota, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, Mdewakanton, total tribal members: 350, of which approx. 200 live in the reservation)
• Lower Sioux Indian Community (the designation as Lower Sioux comes from the fact that the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute together were often referred to as the lower bands of the Dakota, the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation is located in the Minnesota River Valley ( Cansa'yapi - 'where they marked the trees red '), in Redwood County in central southwest Minnesota and covers approximately 7.05 km², across the Minnesota River is Birch Coulee, the site of the defeat of a small division under Major Joseph R. Brown on September 2, 1862 during the Sioux uprising of 1862, administrative center is about 3.20 km south of Morton , tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, total tribe members: approx. 930, more than half of them live on the reservation)
• Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community (also Shakopee Mdewakanton Dakota Community or Shakopee Tribe , the Shakopee Mdewakanton Indian Reservation (formerly: Prior Lake Indian Reservation ) covers approximately 13.60 km² in the cities of Prior Lake and Shakopee , Scott County in southern Minnesota south of the Minnesota Rivers, about 30 km southwest of the Twin Cities , the tribe was named after Chief Sakpe (pronounced 'shock-pay' - six ), the leader of a tiwahe called Teen-tah-o-tan-wa, east of today's city of Shakopee war, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute)
• Prairie Iceland Indian community (the Prairie Iceland Indian Community (Tinta Winta) located along the wooded banks of the Mississippi River and Vermillion River , in and around the city of Red Wing in Goodhue County in southeastern Minnesota on the border with Wisconsin has, in addition the tribe still has land outside of the actual reservation, which almost doubles the size of the tribal land to approx. 4.32 km²: in Red Wing and Welch Township , Goodhue County, and in Ravenna Township , eastern Dakota County , tribal group: Dakota, tribes : Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, total tribe members: approx. 800, of which approx. 200 live on the reservation)
• Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (mostly Anishinabe (Chippewa in the USA, Ojibwe in Canada), many of Santee-Dakota ancestry, but who todayidentifyas Anishinabe (Chippewa) , the tribe is divided into six bands, many of the Chippewa ( Ojibwe) dominated and incorporated groups can generally be identified by the individual Odoodeman (clans, singl. Odoodem ): the Ma'iingan (Wolf Clan), Maanameg (Catfish Clan) and Nibiinaabe (Merman Clan, today mostly a clan of the Winnebago ) often belong to descendants of Mdewakanton and Wahpekute of the Dakota)
  • Bois Forte Band of Chippewa ( Zagaakwaandagowininiwag - 'Men of the Thick Fir-woods', mostly wrongly shortened to Zagwaandagaawininiwag - 'Men of the Thick Boughs', once a group of Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag )
  • Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Wayekwaa-gichigamiing Gichigamiwininiwag - 'Lake Superior Men at the far end of the Great Lake')
  • Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (once a group of the historical large group of Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag )
  • Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (also Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians , Leech Lake Band of Minnesota Chippewa Tribe or Gaa-zagaskwaajimekaag Ojibweg )
  • Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (also Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians ('Misi-zaaga'igani Anishinaabeg') or Mille Lacs and Snake River Band of Chippewa ('Misi-zaaga'iganiwininiwag'), come from both Ojibwe and Dakota ab, all drums of the Mille Lacs Band are of Dakota origin, the chants and melodies are also typical of the Dakota, but the lyrics were translated into Ojibwe and sung in this language, all members of the tribe identify themselves today as Ojibwe, including those with Dakota -Ancestry)
    • Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Dakota (Mdewakanton and Wahpekute der Santee, who before the defeat at Kathio Historic District (Battle of Kathio) along three lakes (Ogechie, Shakopee and Onamia) on the upper reaches of the Rum River ( Wakpa Wahkon - 'Spirit River') and lived along the south bank of Mille Lacs Lake ( Mde Wahkon - 'Spirit Lake'), most of the Dakota then moved south and west, those who stayed behind made peace, identified themselves from now on as Ojibwe, the Ojibwe took over the sacred customs in return and chants regarding Mille Lacs Lake)
    • Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa (once a group of the powerful Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians or Gichi-ziibiwininiwag )
    • Mille Lacs Band of Border-sitter Chippewa (also St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota , once a group of the historic St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Manoominikeshiinyag - 'Ricing Rails'), a group of Border Sitters (' Biitan-akiing -enabijig '), which in turn were a large subgroup of the Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag ; because of their close relationship with neighboring Dakota, the Knife, Rice, Rush, Snake, Sunrise and Apple River bands were considered Ojibwe and Dakota, members of these Bands often had Dakota names and belong to the Ma'iingan (Wolf) Doodem , chiefs like Sakpe ( Shak'pi , mostly Shackopee) signed contracts as both Ojibwe and Dakota)
  • White Earth Band of Ojibwe (also White Earth Nation or Gaa-waabaabiganikaag Anishinaabeg )
• Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community (whether at the federal level ( federally Recognized ) nor by the state of Minnesota ( state Recognized recognized) as the root (tribe) Letter of Intent to Petition 04/11/1996)

United States - Nebraska

• Santee Sioux Nation (also Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska , the Santee Sioux Reservation covers approx. 447.84 km² in Knox County, bounded in the north by the Missouri River, it extends southwards for approx. 27 km, and from east to west for approx 21 km. The majority of the population lives in the village of Santee along the Missouri River in the northwest of the reservation, the administrative seat is Niobrara , Nebraska, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, approx. 878 tribal members lived on the reservation in 2000, 64 of them , 10% Indians (mostly Sioux) and 33.70% white)

United States - Montana

• Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes (the Fort Peck Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Poplar extends in northeast Montana north of the Missouri River from west to east approx. 180 km and from south to north approx. 65 km and comprises approx. 8,290 km², tribal groups : Lakota , Dakota, Nakota , tribes: Hunkpapa, Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai ('Ihanktonwana'), Sisseton, Wahpeton and the following groups of the Assiniboine : Hudesabina ('Red Bottom'), Wadopabina ('Canoe Paddler '), Wadopahnatonwan (' Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie '), Sahiyaiyeskabi (' Plains Cree-Speakers'), Inyantonwanbina ('Stone People') and the Fat Horse Band, around 6,000 of the 11,786 tribe members live on the Reservation)

First Nations in Canada

The descendants of the Dakota, who fled north to Canada after the uprising of 1862, are now tribal members, sometimes together with Western Saulteaux , Cree and Assiniboine (Nakota) and some Yanktonai , in nine First Nations (sometimes also called bands ) in the prairie provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada:

Canada - Manitoba

Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council

• Birdtail Sioux First Nation (the administrative headquarters of Beulah is located on the most populous and largest reservation Birdtail Creek # 57, approx. 96 km northwest of Brandon , which is located directly on the Assiniboine River in southwest Manitoba, tribe group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute and some Yanktonai, reservations: Birdtail Creek # 57, Birdtail Hay Lands # 57A, Fishing Station # 62A, approx. 28.85 km², 410 of the 805 tribe members live on the reservation)

Independent First Nations

• Canupawakpa First Nation (also Canupawakpa Dakota Nation , the First Nation lives approx. 72 km southwest of Brandon, approx. 27 km south of Virden, Manitoba and 6 km north of Pipestone , Manitoba, the administrative center. The tribal members have retained their language and theirs Tribal groups: Dakota, Nakota , tribes: Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai, reservations: Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation, Fishing Station # 62A, Oak Lake # 59A, approx. 11.53 km², 298 of the 661 tribe members live on the reservations )
• Dakota Plains First Nation (also Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation , administrative seat is Portage la Prairie , approx. 70 km west of Winnipeg on the Assiniboine River near Lake Manitoba , the largest reservation # 6A is approx. 30 km southwest of Portage la Prairie and 104 km southwest of Winnipeg, in 1972 the Sioux Village settlement near Portage La Prairie was divided into two First Nations - the Dakota Tipi First Nation , near Portage La Prairie and Dakota Plains First Nation , which borders the Long Plain First Nation , tribal group: Dakota , Tribes: Wahpeton, Sisseton, reservation: Dakota Plains # 6A, approx. 5.30 km², 163 of the 260 tribal members live on the reservation)
• Dakota Tipi First Nation (in 1972 the Sioux Village settlement near Portage La Prairie was divided into two First Nations - the Dakota Tipi First Nation , near Portage La Prairie, about 80 km west of Winnipeg, and Dakota Plains First Nation , which is on the Long Plain First Nation borders, the tribe members speak Dakota, but most prefer Canadian English , tribal group: Dakota, tribe: Wahpeton, reservation: Dakota Tipi # 1, approx. 0.59 km²)
• Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation (formerly: Oak River Sioux Band , for today's First Nation) was founded in 1873 under the leadership of Wambdiska (interpreter), Tahampagda (Rattling Moccasins) and the chief Taninyanhdinazin (came into sight) 43 km northwest of Brandon, Manitoba , the Oak River Reserve ('Wipazoka Wakpa', later called Sioux Valley Dakota Nation ) established, administrative seat is Griswold, Manitoba, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, as well as some Mdewakanton and Wahpekute, reservations: Fishing Station # 62A, Sioux Valley Dakota Nation, approx. 42.01 km², 1,368 of the 2,434 tribe members live on the reservation)

Canada - Saskatchewan

File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council

• Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation (named after Chief Tatankanaje (Standing Buffalo), whofled north to the Plains of Canadawith Chief Wapahska (Whitecap) after the Sioux uprising of 1862 in Minnesota, the First Nation's reservation is approx. 8 km northwest of Fort Qu'Appelle in the south of Saskatchewan, administrative seat is Fort Qu'Appelle, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, some Wahpekute, reservation: Standing Buffalo # 78, approx. 22.46 km², of the 1,212 Tribal members live 444 on the reservation)

Saskatoon Tribal Council

• Whitecap Dakota First Nation # 94 (formerly: Moose Woods Sioux Band , Chief Wapahska (Whitecap) fled together with Chief Tatankanaje (Standing Buffalo) after the Sioux uprising of 1862 north to the Plains of Canada, at the end of the 1860s this tribal group chased from today's Saskatoon on the South Saskatchewan River northwest to the North Saskatchewan River and west to the Cypress Hills in Alberta, traditional tribal areas of their former enemies - the Plains Assiniboine and Plains Cree , today's reservation Whitecap # 94 is 29 km south of Saskatoon along the Chief Whitecap Trail (Hwy 219), bounded to the west by the South Saskatchewan River and to the east by the Dundurn Military Base (CFAD Dundurn), administrative headquarters is Whitecap, Saskatchewan, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Wahpeton, Sisseton, reservation: Whitecap # 94 , approx. 18.95 km², 283 of the 600 tribal members live on the reservation)

Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC)

• Wahpeton Dakota First Nation (formerly: Round Plain Sioux Band , the ancestors of today's First Nation hunted in the Canadian-American border area before they moved under Chief Hupa-yaktao in 1878 to the area around today's Prince Albert on the North Saskatchewan River , the two reservations are located approx. 15 km northwest of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, tribal groups: Dakota, Western Saulteaux , tribes: Wahpeton, Saulteaux (a group of the Anishinabe ), reservations: Wahpaton # 94A, # 94B, approx. 15.47 km², of the 489 tribe members live 294 on the reservations)

Southeast Treaty # 4 Tribal Council (SET4)

• White Bear First Nations (Chief Wahpemakwa signed Treaty No. 4 in 1875for his group of 24 families and 82 members, the main First Nations reserve White Bear # 70 is 13 km north of Carlyle in Saskatchewan along Highway 9, tribal groups: Cree , Western Saulteaux, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Dakota, Cree , Saulteaux (Nakawēmowin) and Assiniboine (Nakota)are stillspoken today, reservations: Pheasant Rump # 68 (10 km north of Kisbey), Treaty 4 Reserve Grounds # 77 (adjoining to the west to Fort Qu'Appelle), White Bear # 70 (30 km north of Carlyle), approx. 172.30 km², 826 of the 2,493 tribe members live on the reservations)

Known Dakota

• One of the most famous Dakota is the actor and singer Floyd Westerman . He was best known for his role as chief "Ten Bears" in Kevin Costner's film epic Dances with Wolves .
• The Indian writer, musician and activist Zitkala-Ša , a Yankton-Dakota, became known through her writings and her political work for the improvement of the living conditions of the North American Indians.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Santee Indians - Native Americans in South Carolina
2. ^ Southern Santee Tribe
3. ↑ SC Commission for Minority Affairs - Federal and State Recognized Native American Entities ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
4. ^ History of the Council Fires. ( Memento from February 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
5. ^ Beginning Dakota - Lesson One: The Dakota People
6. ↑ Since the autonym Nakota (Nakoda) is only common among the Assiniboine and Stoney and the Yankton / Yanktonai and the Santee-Dakota both call themselves Dakota, the Yankton / Yanktonai are referred to as Western Dakota to distinguish them from the Dakota (Eastern Dakota) Therefore it is controversial today to use the term "Nakota" as a name for the Yankton / Yanktonai
7. ^ Jan Ullrich: New Lakota Dictionary. (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton), Lakota Language Consortium 2008, ISBN 978-0-9761082-9-0 , p. 2.
8. ↑ Mdewakanton divisions ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
9. ↑ Jessica Dawn Palmer: The Dakota Peoples: A History of the Dakota, Lakota and Nakota Through 1863, chap. 4th
10. ↑ Sota Iya Ye Yapi On-Line - Dakota History and Culture - Brief Historical Overview of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Of the Lake Traverse Reservation South / North Dakota (IDENTITY OF BANDS)
11. ↑ 479: Little War on the Prairie. In: This American Life . November 23, 2012, accessed February 4, 2019 . 
12. ^ Peggy R. Larson: A New Look At The Elusive Inkpaduta . In: Minnesota Historical Society Press . tape 1 , 1982, pp. 34 .
13. ↑ the Dakota were eponymous for the two present-day US states of North and South Dakota
14. ↑ Homepage of the Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) ( Memento from July 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
15. ↑ Homepage of Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate ( Memento from August 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
16. ↑ Homepage of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe ( Memento from August 30, 2008)
17. ^ Homepage of the Upper Sioux Community
18. ^ Minnesota Indian Tribes: Reservations, Treaties
19. ^ Homepage of the Lower Sioux Indian Community
20. ↑ Homepage of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community ( Memento from January 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
21. ^ Homepage of the Prairie Island Indian Community
22. ^ Homepage of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
23. ↑ Homepage of the Bois Forte Band of Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
24. ↑ Homepage of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
25. ↑ Homepage of the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
26. ↑ Homepage of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
27. ↑ Homepage of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
28. ↑ Thomas' blog: Mille Lacs History: Dakota and Ojibwe Unification
29. ↑ Homepage of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
30. ^ Homepage of the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community
31. ^ Homepage of the Santee Sioux Nation ( Memento from January 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
32. ↑ Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska
33. ^ Homepage of Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes
34. ↑ History of the Fort Peck Reservation ( Memento from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
35. ↑ The reserve is shared by three Dakota First Nations: Birdtail Sioux First Nation, Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation and Sioux Valley First Nation
36. ↑ Homepage of the Canupawakpa First Nation ( Memento from January 15, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
37. ^ Homepage of the Dakota Tipi First Nation
38. ^ Homepage of the Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation
39. ^ Homepage of the File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
40. ^ Homepage of the Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation ( Memento from December 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
41. ^ Homepage of the Saskatoon Tribal Council
42. ^ Homepage of the Whitecap Dakota First Nation # 94
43. ^ Homepage of the Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC) ( Memento from February 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
44. ^ Homepage of the White Bear First Nations
45. ↑ also called Western Ojibwa, Plains Ojibway, Ojibway or Ojibwe
46. ↑ also called High, Nakoda, Nakona or A 'M̆oqazh

See also

List of North American Indian Tribes , Sioux Uprising

literature

• Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001, ISBN 0-16-050400-7 .
• Peggy R. Larson: A New Look At The Elusive Inkpaduta. In: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 1/1982, pp. 24-35.
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied : Journey to Inner North America from 1832 to 1834 . 2 volumes, with illustrations by Karl Bodmer . Koblenz 1840-41. (Reprint: L. Borowsky, Munich, 1979)
• Benjamin Capps: The Indians. (= The Wild West). Time-Life Books (Netherland) BV, 1980.

Web links

Commons : Dakota  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Commons : Karl Bodmer  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

• The Dakota Society of Minnesota (Engl.)
• Little War on the Prairie episode of This American Life Podcast about the mass execution of Dakota warriors in 1862.