Wahpeton
The Wahpeton or Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers Among the Leaves') are one of the four Otonwepi (subgroups) of the Eastern Dakota , the eastern dialect and tribal group of the Sioux from the Sioux language family .
It is believed that the Mdewakanton / Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ formed the original group, from which the other three Eastern Dakhóta groups (Otonwepi), the Sisseton / Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Wahpeton / Waannannupepékute, and the Wahpéthuȟpekute have separated. Once only the Mdewakanton and later the closely related and allied Wahpekute were called " Santee ", later this name was transferred to all Otonwepi (subgroups) of the Eastern Dakhóta, so that today "Santee" is usually understood to mean the entire tribal group. This again illustrates their great importance within the Eastern Dakhóta; In addition, as already mentioned, the Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux”) .
In the literature and specialist literature, the "Eastern Dakhóta" were (are) often referred to as Santee-Sisseton or simply Santee-Dakota or Santee-Sioux . The "Eastern Dakhóta" are here to be distinguished from the eastern Sioux tribe of the Santee (also: Zantee, Seretee, Seratee, Sattee ), who once lived along the central reaches of the Santee River of the same name in South Carolina .
While Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) and Lakȟótiyapi are still spoken by many Sioux today, the dialect variant of Dakȟótiyapi (Yankton-Yanktonai) has almost died out.
Očhéthi Šakówiŋ or the Seven Council Fires of the Sioux
The Sioux formed a loose alliance of three regional dialect and tribal groups, which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ("The Fire of the Seven Tribes", "The Seven Council Fires") because they were made up of seven Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; Singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) passed. The Očhéthi Šakówiŋ included (from east to west) the four Otonwepi of the Eastern Dakota (Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Sisseton and Wahpeton), the two Otonwepi of the Western Dakota (Yankton and Yanktonai) and, as the largest Otonwe itself / Tȟuŋwaŋ, the Lakota / Tȟuŋwa:
1. (Eastern) Dakota or Dakhóta (also: Santee-Sisseton or Santee)
- Santee (Isáŋyathi - 'Knife Makers') or "Upper Council of the Dakota", "Upper Sioux"
- Mdewakanton or Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers of the Spirit Lake / Sacred Lake' - "residents / people of / on the Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ , ie Mille Lacs Lake ")
- Wahpekute or Waȟpékhute ( 'Shooters Among the Trees' - "Protect in the deciduous forest," nomadic group, hence the suffix missing Tȟuŋwaŋ or Othúwahe - "village" or "settlers")
- Sisseton or "Lower Council of the Dakota", "Lower Sioux"
- Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers', 'People of the Marsh')
- Wahpeton or Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers Among the Leaves')
2. Western Dakota or Dakȟóta (also: Yankton-Yanktonai), formerly incorrectly called Nakota (the autonym of the enemy Stoney and Assiniboine )
- Yankton or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ ('People of the End [of the Village]', 'Village at the End')
- Yanktonai or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ('People of the End [of the Little Village]', 'Little Dwellers at the End', 'Little Village at the End')
3. Lakota or Thítȟuŋwaŋ / Teton ("inhabitants of the prairie, ie the plains")
The Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ until the Eastern Dakota uprising in Minnesota in 1862 , but had to transfer their position within the alliance to the largest Óšpaye / Oyate as a result of the defeat, in which they suffered great losses in men and combat strength Cede (tribe) the Lakota, the Oglala .
Originally the Assiniboine (and their close relatives, the Stoney) were also part of the Sioux peoples, but had already allied themselves with the more numerous Woodland and Plains Cree in the middle of the 17th century and founded a strong trade and military alliance that soon became known as the Cree -Assiniboine or Cree Confederation or Iron Confederacy ("Iron Confederation"), the allied tribes named this alliance after the two dominant peoples simply as Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Cree: Nehiyaw - "Cree" and Pwat or Pwat-sak - "Sioux (enemies)"). As early as the 17th century, European traders and travelers reported that the Assiniboine used Cree as a second language - many Cree bands also spoke Assiniboine. As a powerful middleman in the fur trade , they also got European weapons and this better weapon equipment allowed the Cree Assiniboine Confederation to expand west, south and north, militarily against the Chipewyan in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700) proceeded. At the latest when bands from the Manitoba Saulteaux / Westliche Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) (arch enemies of the Sioux peoples) joined the Cree-Assiniboine Confederation at the beginning of the 18th century and now jointly took action against neighboring tribes, the Sioux ( Eastern Dakota, Western Dakota and Lakota) the Assiniboine and Stoney no longer belong to the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ / Oceti Sakowin - since these were now among their enemies, they were simply referred to as high (" rebels ").
Tribes and bands of the Wahpeton
As already mentioned, the Wahpeton (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ) formed together with three other Otonwepi (by blood and language related subgroups; singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) - the Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ), Wahpeton (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ), the Mdewakanton (Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ) and Wahpekute ( Waȟpékhute) together the Eastern Dakhóta.
Just like the "Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires of the Sioux)", the Wahpeton themselves again divided into seven Óšpayepi or Oyate (singular: Óšpaye , tribes ), which in turn were divided into numerous separate Thiyóšpaye ( bands ). Each Thiyóšpaye was formed by its own Ithacha / Itháŋčhaŋ ( chief ) and a tribal council advising it - consisting of the leaders of the Okhódakichiye (warrior or military societies ), the Akíčhita / Akichita (literally: "Warrior, soldier", acted as camp police ) as well also Waphíya wičhášta ( holy man , in the function of a priest ) and Phežúta Wičhášta ( healer or spiritual healer ). There was also the war chief who led the warriors in war. The individual bands (usually about 50 to 100 people), in turn, were divided again into several Wicoti ( local groups ) (English local bands ), resulting from one or several extended families (English extended families were composed) and shared a Wichóthipi ( camp ( Camp) ) formed; thus their relatives were linked by blood, marriage, and adoption. The smallest organizational unit was the Thiwáhe / Tiwahe ( nuclear family ), which mostly lived in a Thípi (" dwelling ", the term was used to describe both the earth house and the tipi ) or two neighboring tipis and thus formed a common Tiohnake ( household ).
Sometimes, however, the four groups of the Eastern Dakhóta within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux” - consisting of seven Otonwepi ), referred to here as “Otonwepi” , are not regarded as Otonwepi (subgroups), but as Óšpayepi / Oyate (in the sense of bands in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands tribes under this name), which, according to this view, comprised several Thiyóšpaye (extended families; in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands bands under this name), which in turn consist of numerous Thiwáhe / Tiwahe (Nuclear families). In the Otonwepi concept, however, the Thiyóšpaye is a band that in turn is divided into several Wicoti (local groups - consisting of one or more extended families), the smallest social unit being the Thiwáhe / Tiwahe (nuclear family).
When listing, I follow the Otonwepi concept (i.e. the groups I listed here as Óšpayepi / Oyate are considered Thiyóšpaye (band) according to a different view ):
- Inyan ceyaka atonwan / Inyanceyaka Atonwan ('Village at the Rapids')
- Takapsicaotonwan / Takapsintonwanna ('Those who dwell at the Shinny-ground', 'Those who dwell at the Shinny (a game) ground')
- Wiyaka otina / WiYoakaotina ('Dwellers on the Sand')
- Otehi otonwe / Otehiatonwan ('Village on the Thicket', 'Dwellers in the thickets')
- Wita otina / Witaotina ('Dwellers in the Island', 'Island dwellers')
- Wakpa otonwe / Wakpa Atonwan ('Village on the River', 'Village at the River')
- Can Kaga otina / Cankagaotina ('Dwellers in Log', 'Log house dwellers')
Culture and way of life
Traditional tribal areas
Originally they lived together with the other Sioux tribes in the area west of the Great Lakes in what is now Minnesota (in Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) : Mini Sota Makoce - 'Land of Clouded Water' - 'Land of cloudy, smoking water', say: Mi-NEE-SHO-tah-mah-KO-chay) lay. in the area of Leech Lake , Mille Lacs Lake (in Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton): Mde wakan - 'Spirit Lake', dt. 'Geistersee') and the upper Mississippi River , but were later used by the enemy pillager between 1700 and 1750 Band (in Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa) : Makandwewininiwag - 'Pillaging Men' - 'Plundering Warriors') of Anishinabe (Chippewa or Ojibwe) displaced to the south and west. On the migration to their new hunting grounds, they divided over time into three large dialect and tribal groups - the Dakota (Eastern Dakota) , the Western Dakota (Middle Dakota) and the Lakota - some of which also differed in their culture and way of life . They called themselves, depending on their dialect, Lakota (Teton-Lakota), Dakȟóta (Western Dakota) or Dakhóta (Dakota, Eastern Dakota), which means 'allies' or 'allies'.
The name Sioux is an abbreviation of the French name Nadouessioux , which comes from the Algonquian language and means small snakes . That means enemies of the second order , to distinguish them from the main enemies of the Algonquin , the Iroquois .
Expulsion by the Anishinabe
After another great defeat of the Eastern Dakota in 1790 in the Battle of Kathio, many Dakota groups submitted to the Pillager Band and integrated themselves within their totem system - today their descendants consider themselves to be Anishinabe (Chippewa) . The majority of the Eastern Dakota groups, however, moved further and further west and south and often became allies of the Pillager Band , which was superior in weapons and numbers, in their fight against the still resisting Yanktonai and Yankton .
While the Lakota and Nakota tribes later moved further west, the Dakota - now often allies against their tribal relatives in the west - stayed in Minnesota and the neighboring states.
New tribal areas
The new tribal areas of the Wahpeton now stretched from the Minnesota River in southern Minnesota in the north to south into northern Iowa and in the southwest to the Des Moines River .
According to Lewis and Clark (1804) they lived along the Minnesota River above its mouth and claimed all the land up to the mouth of the Chippewa River , then northeast to the Crow Wing River (in Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa) : Gaagaagiwigwani-ziibi - 'River of the Raven Feather' ), the border river between the Dakota and the hostile Anishinabe . According to Pike (1806) they hunted along the Minnesota River, eastward to the Mississippi and along the Rum River (in Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) : Wakpa waḳaŋ - 'Spirit (ual) / Mystic River' - 'Ghost River') and sometimes moved to the Great Plains to the west to hunt bison . Slowly they migrated up the Minnesota River so that in 1849 they lived north and west of the Wahpekute - with settlements far upstream to its source. One of their main villages was in the area of what is now Lac qui Parle River , near which a Catholic mission was established in 1835.
Adoption of the plain culture
The Wahpeton took over parts of the Plains culture in the course of the 18th century, lived temporarily in the tipi and hunted the bison . The rest of the time they grew corn, beans, and squash , and lived in rectangular bark houses that were spacious enough for four families to live in. The summer house was called Tipitonka and had a gable roof, while the winter house had a vaulted roof and was covered with earth as thermal insulation. Inside there were low platforms for sitting and sleeping. These were about 1.50 m wide, 75 cm above the ground and ran along the walls around the house. In front of the house there was also a platform about 2.40 by 3.00 m in size on posts, which was used to dry corn and vegetables. When it was very hot in summer, it was also used to sleep. It is believed that such a house had a lifespan of around 7 to 8 years.
Demographics
Around 1835 the tribe had around 1,500 members. In the winter of 1837/1838 a smallpox epidemic struck the entire region, from which many Sioux died. Some Wahpeton took part in the Sioux uprising in Minnesota in 1862 . In 1867 the Wahpeton were relocated to the Lake Traverse Reservation together with the Sisseton. Since that time there have only been population figures that include both tribes. In 1909, 1,916 tribesmen were identified and the 2000 census was 5,115 Sisseton-Wahpeton.
Today's Wahpeton tribes and First Nations
Tribes in the USA
The Wahpeton are now organized and registered in the following five federally recognized tribes:
- Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) (the Spirit Lake Reservation (formerly: Devil's Lake Reservation ), covers approx. 1,049 km², the largest body of water is Devils Lake , with approx. 900 km² the largest natural lake in the state, which extends over 320 km² km extends, the most important river is the Sheyenne River , which flows through the reserve for about 80 km and borders in the south. Administrative seat: Fort Totten, North Dakota, tribal groups: Dakota , Nakota, tribes: Dakota: Sisseton (Sisituwan), Wahpeton and others Groups. Yanktonai: Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 6,748, 4,238 of them, including 3,587 Sioux, live in the reservation)
- Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation (the Lake Traverse Reservation is located in the NE of South Dakota and a small strip in the SW of North Dakota. Administrative headquarters: Agency Village, near Sisseton, South Dakota, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton , Total tribe members (whites and Indians): 66,020 (including 9,958 Sioux), of which 10,922, including 4,393 Sioux, live on the reservation)
- Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (the Flandreau Indian Reservation with its administrative seat Flandreau , South Dakota, covers approx. 10.11 km² of land along the Big Sioux River , Moody County , on the plateau called Coteau des Prairies in southeastern South Dakota, tribal group: Dakota, Tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton, total tribe members (whites and Indians): 6,904 (of which 1,401 Sioux), of which 418, including 371 Sioux, live in the reservation)
- Upper Sioux Community - Pejuhutazizi Oyate (today's name Upper Sioux comes from the fact that the Sisseton and Wahpeton were referred to together as upper bands of the Dakota, the Upper Sioux Indian Reservation ( Pejuhutazizi Kapi - 'The place where they dig for yellow medicine') with administrative headquarters approx. 8 km south of Granite Falls covers approx. 5.82 km² area in southwest Minnesota, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, Mdewakanton, total tribal members: 350, of which approx. 200 live in the reservation)
- Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes (the Fort Peck Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Poplar extends in northeast Montana north of the Missouri River from west to east approx. 180 km and from south to north approx. 65 km and comprises approx. 8,290 km², tribal groups : Lakota, Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Hunkpapa, Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai ('Ihanktonwana'), Sisseton, Wahpeton and the following groups of the Assiniboine: Hudesabina ('Red Bottom'), Wadopabina ('Canoe Paddler '), Wadopahnatonwan (' Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie '), Sahiyaiyeskabi (' Plains Cree-Speakers'), Inyantonwanbina ('Stone People') and the Fat Horse Band, around 6,000 of the approx.11,786 tribe members live on the Reservation)
First Nations in Canada
The descendants of the Wahpeton are now tribal members in seven First Nations (sometimes called bands ) in the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada :
Canada - Manitoba
Independent First Nations
- Canupawakpa First Nation (also Canupawakpa Dakota Nation , the First Nation lives approx. 72 km southwest of Brandon, approx. 27 km south of Virden, Manitoba and 6 km north of Pipestone , Manitoba, the administrative center. The tribal members have retained their language and theirs Tribal groups: Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai, reservations: Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation, Fishing Station # 62A, Oak Lake # 59A, approx. 11.53 km², 298 of the 661 tribe members live on the reservations )
- Dakota Plains First Nation (also Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation , administrative seat is Portage la Prairie , approx. 70 km west of Winnipeg on the Assiniboine River near Lake Manitoba , the largest reservation # 6A is approx. 30 km southwest of Portage la Prairie and 104 km southwest of Winnipeg, in 1972 the Sioux Village settlement near Portage La Prairie was divided into two First Nations - the Dakota Tipi First Nation, near Portage La Prairie and Dakota Plains First Nation , which borders the Long Plain First Nation , tribal group: Dakota , Tribes: Wahpeton, Sisseton, reservation: Dakota Plains # 6A, approx. 5.30 km², 163 of the 260 tribal members live on the reservation)
- Dakota Tipi First Nation (in 1972 the Sioux Village settlement near Portage La Prairie was divided into two First Nations - the Dakota Tipi First Nation , near Portage La Prairie, about 80 km west of Winnipeg, and Dakota Plains First Nation, which is on the Long Plain First Nation borders, the tribe members speak Dakota, but most prefer Canadian English , tribal group: Dakota, tribe: Wahpeton, reservation: Dakota Tipi # 1, approx. 0.59 km²)
- Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation (formerly: Oak River Sioux Band , for today's First Nation) was founded in 1873 under the leadership of Wambdiska (interpreter), Tahampagda (Rattling Moccasins) and the chief Taninyanhdinazin (came into sight) 43 km northwest of Brandon, Manitoba , the Oak River Reserve ('Wipazoka Wakpa', later called Sioux Valley Dakota Nation ) established, administrative seat is Griswold, Manitoba, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, as well as some Mdewakanton and Wahpekute, reservations: Fishing Station # 62A, Sioux Valley Dakota Nation, approx. 42.01 km², 1,368 of the 2,434 tribe members live on the reservation)
Canada - Saskatchewan
File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
- Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation (named after Chief Tatankanaje (Standing Buffalo), whofled north to the Plains of Canadawith Chief Wapahska (Whitecap) after the Sioux uprising of 1862 in Minnesota, the First Nation's reservation is approx. 8 km northwest of Fort Qu'Appelle in the south of Saskatchewan, administrative seat is Fort Qu'Appelle, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, some Wahpekute, reservation: Standing Buffalo # 78, approx. 22.46 km², of the 1,212 Tribal members live 444 on the reservation)
Saskatoon Tribal Council
- Whitecap Dakota First Nation # 94 (formerly: Moose Woods Sioux Band , Chief Wapahska (Whitecap) fled together with Chief Tatankanaje (Standing Buffalo) after the Sioux uprising of 1862 north to the Plains of Canada, at the end of the 1860s this tribal group chased from Today's Saskatoon on the South Saskatchewan River northwest to the North Saskatchewan River and west to the Cypress Hills in Alberta, traditional tribal areas of their former enemies - the Plains Assiniboine and Plains Cree , today's reservation Whitecap # 94 is 29 km south of Saskatoon along the Chief Whitecap Trail (Hwy 219), bounded to the west by the South Saskatchewan River and to the east by the Dundurn Military Base (CFAD Dundurn), administrative headquarters is Whitecap, Saskatchewan, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Wahpeton, Sisseton, reservation: Whitecap # 94 , approx. 18.95 km², 283 of the 600 tribal members live on the reservation)
Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC)
- Wahpeton Dakota First Nation (formerly: Round Plain Sioux Band , the ancestors of today's First Nation hunted in the Canadian-American border area before moving under Chief Hupa-yaktao in 1878 to the area around today's Prince Albert on the North Saskatchewan River, the two reservations are located approx. 15 km northwest of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, tribal groups: Dakota, Western Saulteaux , tribes: Wahpeton, Saulteaux (a group of the Anishinabe ), reservations: Wahpaton # 94A, # 94B, approx. 15.47 km², of the 489 tribe members live 294 on the reservations)
In addition, there are probably descendants of some Wahpeton among the White Bear First Nations , most of which are members of the Cree, Western Saulteaux, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Dakota.
swell
- ↑ a b c Canku Ota (Many Paths) - History & Culture of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe (THE SISSETON SUB-BANDS) ( Memento from September 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Santee Indians - Native Americans in South Carolina
- ^ Southern Santee Tribe
- ^ SC Commission for Minority Affairs - Federal and State Recognized Native American Entities ( Memento August 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ History of the Council Fires ( Memento from February 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Beginning Dakota - Lesson One: The Dakota People
- ↑ since the number seven plays an important role with the Sioux - see also the "Seven Council Fires of the Sioux" or again the seven Lakota tribes, the seven tribes of the Sisseton or the seven bands of the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai
- ↑ Sota Iya Ye Yapi On-Line - Dakota History and Culture - Brief Historical Overview of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Of the Lake Traverse Reservation South / North Dakota (IDENTITY OF BANDS)
- ↑ Prairie Island Mdewakanton ( Memento from January 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ only the Assiniboine and Stoney call themselves Nakona or Nakoda
- ↑ the English translated spirit as alcohol and therefore called the river the Rum River
- ↑ Homepage of the Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) ( Memento from July 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Homepage of Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate ( Memento from August 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Homepage of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe ( Memento from August 30, 2008)
- ^ Homepage of the Upper Sioux Community
- ^ Minnesota Indian Tribes: Reservations, Treaties
- ^ Homepage of Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes
- ↑ History of the Fort Peck Reservation ( Memento from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Homepage of the Canupawakpa First Nation
- ^ Homepage of the Dakota Tipi First Nation
- ^ Homepage of the Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation
- ^ Homepage of the File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
- ^ Homepage of the Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation ( Memento from December 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
- ^ Homepage of the Saskatoon Tribal Council
- ^ Homepage of the Whitecap Dakota First Nation # 94
- ^ Homepage of the Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC) ( Memento from February 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
See also
literature
- Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001. ISBN 0-16-050400-7
Web links
Coordinates: 46 ° 16 ′ N , 96 ° 36 ′ W