Mdewakanton

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Former tribal areas of the Sioux groups: the Dakota (including the Mdewakanton), the neighboring Nakota ( Yanktonai and Yankton ) as well as Lakota tribes and today's reservations

The Mdewakanton (pronounced wah-kahn M'DAY-tahn-even Mdewakantowan or Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ - 'Dwellers of the Spirit Lake') are one of the four sub-tribes of the Dakota ( Eastern Dakota ), the most eastern dialect and tribal group of the Sioux from of the Sioux language family . It is believed that the Mdewakanton formed the original tribe, from which the other three Dakota tribes, the Sisíthuŋwaŋ or Sisseton , the Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ or Wahpeton and the Waȟpékhute or Wahpekute , separated at some point.

Linguistically, the Eastern Dakota were divided into two groups:

  • Santee (from Isáŋyáthi - 'Knife Makers')
    • Mdewakanton or Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers of the Spirit Lake', derived from the Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) designation Mde wakan for Mille Lacs Lake - dt. 'Geistersee')
    • Wahpekute (from Waȟpékhute - 'Shooters Among the Trees', nomadic group, therefore the name suffix thuŋwaŋ or towan - 'village', 'settlers')
  • Sisseton (from Sisíthuŋwaŋ - 'Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers')
    • Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ
    • Wahpeton (from Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ - 'Dwellers Among the Leaves')

Once only the Mdewakanton and later the closely related and allied Wahpekute were referred to as Santee , later this name was transferred to all tribes of the Eastern Dakota, so that today Santee is usually understood to mean the entire tribal group. This again illustrates the great importance within the Dakota, which the Mdewakanton (in close connection with the Wahpekute) originally had.

The Santee-Dakota are to be distinguished from the eastern Sioux tribe of the Santee in South Carolina .

Lewis and Clark estimated it to be around 1,200 tribesmen in 1804.

Tribes of the Mdewakanton

The Mdewakanton were once divided into several groups (Thiyóšpaye, English bands ), which in turn consisted of several tiwahe (English camps or family circle ). Today, however, only the first four listed Thiyóšpaye exist:

  • Kiyuska ('violators of custom', 'rule breakers' as they married endogamously within the group to keep their bloodline pure)
  • Kaposia or Kapozha
  • Pinisha
  • Reyata otonwa
  • Matantonwan
  • Kheyataotonwe
  • Taoapa
  • Wakpaatonwedan
    • Oyateshicha
    • Titonwan or Tintaotonwe
  • Ohanhanska
    • Tacanhpisapa
    • Anoginajin
  • Khemnichan
  • Magayuteshni
  • Mahpiyamaza
  • Mahpiyawichasta
  • Khemnichan

Originally, seven Sioux tribes formed an alliance which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ('The Fire of the Seven Tribes', 'The Seven Council Fires'). In addition to the four Dakota tribes mentioned above, the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ included the Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ) and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna), which belong to the Nakota tribal group, as well as the largest group, the Lakota (often also referred to as Teton , derived from Thítȟuŋwaŋ - 'Dinsellers ').

The Mdewakanton were the leading tribe of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ until the uprising of the Eastern Dakota in Minnesota in 1862 , but as a result of the defeat, in which they suffered great losses in men and combat strength, their position within the Alliance was transferred to the largest group of the Tetons, the Oglala , resign.

residential area

Originally they lived with other Sioux south and west of Lake Michigan , but were displaced to the west by Algonquin tribes , so that in the 19th century they lived on the upper Mississippi River , along the Minnesota River , in the Minnesota River Valley (in Dakota: Cansa'yapi - 'where they mark the trees in red') and Mille Lacs Lake (in Dakota: Mde wakan - 'Spirit Lake') in central Minnesota (in Dakota: Mini Sota Makoce - 'Land of Clouded Water') - 'Land of cloudy, smoking water', read: Mi-NEE-SHO-tah-mah-KO-chay) lived. Their tribal names as Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ or Mde wakan ed otunwahe ('Dwellers / People of the Spirit Lake' - 'people who live on the ghost lake') were derived from their settlements on the lake .

Culture and way of life

They belonged to the culture of the northeastern forest lands and residential fixed settlements in the spring and summer, from where the men hunted ( deer , roe deer , small game and bison ) and fished, while the women for the cultivation of corn , beans , squash and tobacco were responsible and collected wild rice . They used the sugar from the maple syrup to sweeten their dishes . Most of the time they lived in wigwams , but sometimes used the tipi when hunting . The Mdewakanton and the rest of the eastern Dakota were therefore culturally more similar to the hostile Algonquians than their western relatives, the Lakota ( Teton ) and Nakota ( Yankton , Yanktonai , Assiniboine , Stoney ).

Little Crow, actually Taoyateduta

history

The geographical location of their residential area meant that they were the first Sioux to be ousted by invading American settlers. A treaty was signed in Mendota, Minnesota on April 5, 1851, in which the Dakota ceded much of their tribal territory to the United States government. In return, they should receive money and food. Only a narrow strip of land on the Minnesota River remained for the Mdewakanton as a reservation . One of the signatories to the Treaty of Mendota was Little Crow , the chief of the Mdewakanton.

The American Civil War (1861-1865) led to financial difficulties and sparked famine among the Dakota. Part of the Mdewakanton left the reservation and attacked white settlers in Minnesota, 450 of whom lost their lives. A hastily assembled militia under Colonel Henry Sibley was finally able to defeat the insurgent Dakota on September 23, 1862, four weeks after the conflict began at Wood Lake. 2,000 Indians surrendered to the Americans, who tried 392 warriors and sentenced 307 of them to death in a fast-track trial. Minnesota Bishop Henry B. Whipple then traveled to Washington to seek mercy from President Abraham Lincoln . After scrutiny, Lincoln commuted most of the death sentences to prison terms. The death penalty remained in place in only 38 cases of proven murder or rape. On December 26, 1862, 38 Dakota warriors were led to specially built gallows in Mendota and hanged at the same time. It was the largest mass execution in American history.

Three leaders of the uprising were still missing. Little Crow had fled to the Teton Sioux in North Dakota . Two other chiefs escaped to Canada, but were later extradited to the United States and also executed. Little Crow returned to Minnesota the following summer and was shot from behind by a farmer while looking for berries.

Today's tribes and First Nations of the Mdewakanton

The Mdewakanton, not involved in the Sioux uprising , were resettled together with the Winnebago in the Crow Creek Indian Reservation in South Dakota - later the Winnebago had to resettle further west to Nebraska. Today only the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community consists exclusively of Mdewakanton, the other reservations or reservations in the USA and Canada share it with other tribal groups of the Sioux as well as with Anishinabe and Cree :

Tribes in the USA

The Mdewakanton are now organized and registered in the following federally recognized tribes :

United States - South Dakota

  • Crow Creek Sioux Tribe (the Crow Creek Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Fort Thompson covers approx. 1,092 km² and is located in the middle of South Dakota along the east bank of the Missouri River, on the west bank is the Lower Brule Reservation , tribal groups: Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Mdewakanton (People of Spirit Lake), Yankton (Ihanktonwan - People of the End) and some Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 22,364 (including 5,659 Sioux), of which 2,010, including 1,821 Sioux, live on the reservation )
  • Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (the Flandreau Indian Reservation with its administrative seat Flandreau , South Dakota, covers approx. 10.11 km² of land along the Big Sioux River , Moody County , on the plateau called Coteau des Prairies in southeastern South Dakota, tribal group: Dakota, Tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton, total tribe members (whites and Indians): 6,904 (of which 1,401 Sioux), of which 418, including 371 Sioux, live in the reservation)

United States - Minnesota

  • Upper Sioux Community - Pejuhutazizi Oyate (today's name Upper Sioux comes from the fact that the Sisseton and Wahpeton were referred to together as upper bands of the Dakota, the Upper Sioux Indian Reservation ( Pejuhutazizi Kapi - 'The place where they dig for yellow medicine') with administrative headquarters approx. 8 km south of Granite Falls covers approx. 5.82 km² area in southwest Minnesota, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, Mdewakanton, total tribal members: 350, of which approx. 200 live in the reservation)
  • Lower Sioux Indian Community (the designation as Lower Sioux comes from the fact that the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute together were often referred to as the lower bands of the Dakota, the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation is located in the Minnesota River Valley ( Cansa'yapi - 'where they marked the trees red '), in Redwood County in central southwest Minnesota and covers approximately 7.05 km², across the Minnesota River is Birch Coulee, the site of the defeat of a small division under Major Joseph R. Brown on September 2, 1862 during the Sioux uprising of 1862, administrative center is about 3.20 km south of Morton , tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, total tribe members: approx. 930, more than half of them live on the reservation)
  • Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community (also Shakopee Mdewakanton Dakota Community or Shakopee Tribe , the Shakopee-Mdewakanton Reservation (formerly: Prior Lake Indian Reservation ) covers approximately 13.60 km² in the cities of Prior Lake and Shakopee , Scott County in southern Minnesota, south of the Minnesota River, about 30 km southwest of the Twin Cities , the tribe was named after Chief Sakpe (pronounced 'Shock-pay' - six ), the leader of a tiwahe called Teen-tah-o-tan-wa east of today's city Shakopee was, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute)
  • Prairie Iceland Indian community (the Prairie Iceland Indian Community (Tinta Winta) located along the wooded banks of the Mississippi River and Vermillion River , in and around the city of Red Wing in Goodhue County in southeastern Minnesota on the border with Wisconsin has, in addition the tribe still has land outside of the actual reservation, which almost doubles the size of the tribal land to approx. 4.32 km²: in Red Wing and Welch Township , Goodhue County, and in Ravenna Township , eastern Dakota County , tribal group: Dakota, tribes : Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, total tribe members: approx. 800, of which approx. 200 live on the reservation)
  • Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (mostly called Anishinabe (Chippewa in the US, Ojibwe in Canada), many of Santee-Dakota ancestry, but who today identify as Ojibwe, the tribe is divided into six bands, many groups dominated and incorporated by the Ojibwe can generally be identified by the individual Odoodeman (clans, singl. odoodem ): the Ma'iingan (Wolf Clan), Maanameg (Catfish Clan) and Nibiinaabe (Merman Clan, today mostly a clan of the Winnebago ) often belong to descendants of Mdewakanton and Wahpekute of the Dakota)
    • Bois Forte Band of Chippewa ( Zagaakwaandagowininiwag - 'Men of the Thick Fir-woods', mostly wrongly shortened to Zagwaandagaawininiwag - 'Men of the Thick Boughs', once a group of Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag )
    • Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Wayekwaa-gichigamiing Gichigamiwininiwag - 'Lake Superior Men at the far end of the Great Lake')
    • Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (once a group of the historical large group of Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag )
    • Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (also Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians , Leech Lake Band of Minnesota Chippewa Tribe or Gaa-zagaskwaajimekaag Ojibweg )
    • Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (also Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians ('Misi-zaaga'igani Anishinaabeg') or Mille Lacs and Snake River Band of Chippewa ('Misi-zaaga'iganiwininiwag'), come from both Ojibwe and Dakota ab, all drums of the Mille Lacs Band are of Dakota origin, the chants and melodies are also typical of the Dakota, but the lyrics were translated into Ojibwe and sung in this language, all members of the tribe identify themselves today as Ojibwe, including those with Dakota -Ancestry)
      • Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Dakota (Mdewakanton and Wahpekute der Santee, who before the defeat at Kathio Historic District (Battle of Kathio) along three lakes (Ogechie, Shakopee and Onamia) on the upper reaches of the Rum River ( Wakpa Wahkon - 'Spirit River') and lived along the south bank of Mille Lacs Lake ( Mde Wahkon - 'Spirit Lake'), most of the Dakota then moved south and west, those who stayed behind made peace, identified themselves from now on as Ojibwe, the Ojibwe took over the sacred customs in return and chants regarding Mille Lacs Lake)
      • Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa (once a group of the powerful Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians or Gichi-ziibiwininiwag )
      • Mille Lacs Band of Border-sitter Chippewa (also St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota , once a group of the historic St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Manoominikeshiinyag - 'Ricing Rails'), a group of Border Sitters (' Biitan-akiing -enabijig '), which in turn were a large subgroup of the Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag ; because of their close relationship with neighboring Dakota, the Knife, Rice, Rush, Snake, Sunrise and Apple River bands were considered Ojibwe and Dakota, members of these Bands often had Dakota names and belong to the Ma'iingan (wolf) doodem , chiefs like Sakpe ( Shak'pi , mostly Shackopee) signed contracts as both Ojibwe and Dakota)
    • White Earth Band of Ojibwe (also White Earth Nation or Gaa-waabaabiganikaag Anishinaabeg )
  • Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community (neither federally recognized nor recognized by the state of Minnesota ( state recognized ) as a tribe, Letter of Intent to Petition 4/11/1996, the only group consisting only of descendants of the Mdewakanton)

United States - Nebraska

  • Santee Sioux Nation (also Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska , the Santee Sioux Reservation covers approx. 447.84 km² in Knox County, bounded in the north by the Missouri River, it extends southwards for approx. 27 km, and from east to west for approx 21 km. The majority of the population lives in the village of Santee along the Missouri River in the northwest of the reservation, the administrative seat is Niobrara , Nebraska, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, approx. 878 tribal members lived on the reservation in 2000, 64 of them , 10% Indians (mostly Sioux) and 33.70% white)

First Nations in Canada

The descendants of the Mdewakanton are now tribal members in two First Nations (sometimes also called bands ) in the Prairie Province of Manitoba in Canada:

Canada - Manitoba

Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council

  • Birdtail Sioux First Nation (the administrative headquarters of Beulah is located on the most populous and largest reservation Birdtail Creek # 57, approx. 96 km northwest of Brandon , which is located directly on the Assiniboine River in southwest Manitoba, tribe group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute and some Yanktonai, reservations: Birdtail Creek # 57, Birdtail Hay Lands # 57A, Fishing Station # 62A, approx. 28.85 km², 410 of the 805 tribe members live on the reservation)

Independent First Nations

  • Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation (formerly: Oak River Sioux Band , for today's First Nation) was founded in 1873 under the leadership of Wambdiska (interpreter), Tahampagda (Rattling Moccasins) and the chief Taninyanhdinazin (came into sight) 43 km northwest of Brandon, Manitoba , the Oak River Reserve ('Wipazoka Wakpa', later called Sioux Valley Dakota Nation ) established, administrative seat is Griswold, Manitoba, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, as well as some Mdewakanton and Wahpekute, reservations: Fishing Station # 62A, Sioux Valley Dakota Nation, approx. 42.01 km², 1,368 of the 2,434 tribe members live on the reservation)

In addition, there are probably descendants of some Mdewakanton among the White Bear First Nations , which mostly consist of members of the Cree , Western Saulteaux , Assiniboine (Nakota) and Dakota.

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Mdewakanton divisions. ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Jessica Dawn Palmer: The Dakota Peoples: A History of the Dakota, Lakota and Nakota. Through 1863, chap. 4th
  3. ↑ Sisseton
  4. ^ History of the Council Fires. ( Memento from February 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Today it is controversial whether the Yankton and Yanktonai actually belong to the Nakota, recently they are called Western Dakota
  6. ^ Jan Ullrich: New Lakota Dictionary. (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton). Lakota Language Consortium, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9761082-9-0 , p. 2.
  7. ↑ Yankton
  8. ↑ Yanktonai
  9. ↑ Lower Sioux Community ( Memento of the original dated December 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lowersioux.com
  10. ^ History. ( Memento from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Prairie Island Mdewakanton
  11. ↑ Homepage of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe ( Memento of the original dated August 30, 2008) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fsst.org
  12. ^ Homepage of the Upper Sioux Community
  13. ^ Minnesota Indian Tribes: Reservations, Treaties
  14. ^ Homepage of the Lower Sioux Indian Community
  15. ↑ Homepage of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community ( Memento of the original from January 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shakopeedakota.org
  16. ^ Homepage of the Prairie Island Indian Community
  17. ^ Homepage of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
  18. ↑ Homepage of the Bois Forte Band of Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  19. ↑ Homepage of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  20. ↑ Homepage of the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  21. ↑ Homepage of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  22. ↑ Homepage of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  23. ↑ Thomas' blog: Mille Lacs History: Dakota and Ojibwe Unification
  24. ↑ Homepage of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  25. ^ Homepage of the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community
  26. ^ Homepage of the Santee Sioux Nation ( Memento from April 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ↑ Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska
  28. ↑ The reserve is shared by three Dakota First Nations: Birdtail Sioux First Nation, Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation and Sioux Valley First Nation
  29. ^ Homepage of the Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation

Web links