Wahpekute

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Former tribal areas of the Sioux groups: the Eastern Dakota (including the Wahpekute), the neighboring Western Dakota ( Yanktonai and Yankton ) as well as Lakota tribes and today's reservations

The Wahpekute or Waȟpékhute ('Shooters Among the Trees', Wahpe - 'foliage, i.e. trees'; Khute - 'shoot', 'shooters in the deciduous forest') are one of the four Otonwepi (subgroups) of the Eastern Dakota , the eastern dialect - and tribal group of the Sioux from the Sioux language family .

It is believed that the Mdewakanton / Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ formed the original group, from which the other three Eastern Dakhóta groups (Otonwepi), the Sisseton / Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Wahpeton / Waannannupepékute, and the Wahpéthuȟpekute have separated. Once only the Mdewakanton and later the closely related and allied Wahpekute were called " Santee ", later this name was transferred to all Otonwepi (groups) of the Eastern Dakhóta, so that today "Santee" is usually understood to mean the entire tribal group. This again illustrates their great importance within the Eastern Dakhóta; In addition, as already mentioned, the Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux”) . In contrast, the Wahpekute / Waȟpékhute are generally considered to be the smallest Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ within the Eastern Dakota.

In the literature and specialist literature, the "Eastern Dakhóta" were (are) often referred to as Santee-Sisseton or simply Santee-Dakota or Santee-Sioux . The "Eastern Dakhóta" are here to be distinguished from the eastern Sioux tribe of the Santee (also: Zantee, Seretee, Seratee, Sattee ), who once lived along the central reaches of the Santee River of the same name in South Carolina .

Očhéthi Šakówiŋ or the Seven Council Fires of the Sioux

The Sioux formed a loose alliance of three regional dialect and tribal groups, which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ("The Fire of the Seven Tribes", "The Seven Council Fires") because they were made up of seven Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; Singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) passed. The Očhéthi Šakówiŋ included (from east to west) the four Otonwepi of the Eastern Dakota (Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Sisseton and Wahpeton), the two Otonwepi of the Western Dakota (Yankton and Yanktonai) and, as the largest Otonwe itself / Tȟuŋwaŋ, the Lakota / Tȟuŋwa:

1. (Eastern) Dakota or Dakhóta (also: Santee-Sisseton or Santee)

  • Santee (Isáŋyathi - 'Knife Makers') or "Upper Council of the Dakota", "Upper Sioux"
    • Mdewakanton or Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers of the Spirit Lake / Sacred Lake' - "residents / people of / on the Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ , ie Mille Lacs Lake ")
    • Wahpekute or Waȟpékhute ( 'Shooters Among the Trees' - "Protect in the deciduous forest," nomadic group, hence the suffix missing Tȟuŋwaŋ or Othúwahe - "village" or "settlers")
  • Sisseton or "Lower Council of the Dakota", "Lower Sioux"
    • Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers', 'People of the Marsh')
    • Wahpeton or Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers Among the Leaves')

2. Western Dakota or Dakȟóta (also: Yankton-Yanktonai), formerly incorrectly called Nakota (the autonym of the enemy Stoney and Assiniboine )

  • Yankton or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ ('People of the End [of the Village]', 'Village at the End')
  • Yanktonai or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ('People of the End [of the Little Village]', 'Little Dwellers at the End', 'Little Village at the End')

3. Lakota or Thítȟuŋwaŋ / Teton ("inhabitants of the prairie, ie the plains")

The Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ until the Eastern Dakota uprising in Minnesota in 1862 , but had to transfer their position within the alliance to the largest Óšpaye / Oyate as a result of the defeat, in which they suffered great losses in men and combat strength Cede (tribe) the Lakota, the Oglala .

The speakers of each dialect had no difficulty understanding one another. While Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) and Lakȟótiyapi are still spoken by many Sioux today, the dialect variant of Dakȟótiyapi (Yankton-Yanktonai) has almost died out.

Originally, the Assiniboine (and their close relatives, the Stoney) also belonged to the Sioux peoples, but had already allied themselves with the more numerous Woodland and Plains Cree in the mid-17th century and founded a strong trade and military alliance that was soon to be called the Cree -Assiniboine or Cree Confederation or Iron Confederacy ("Iron Confederation"), the allied tribes named this alliance after the two dominant peoples simply as Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Cree: Nehiyaw - "Cree" and Pwat or Pwat-sak - "Sioux (enemies)"). As early as the 17th century, European traders and travelers reported that the Assiniboine used Cree as a second language - many Cree bands also spoke Assiniboine. As a powerful middleman in the fur trade , they also got European weapons and this better weapon equipment allowed the Cree Assiniboine Confederation to expand west, south and north, militarily against the Chipewyan in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700) proceeded. At the latest when bands from the Manitoba Saulteaux / Westliche Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) (arch enemies of the Sioux peoples) joined the Cree-Assiniboine Confederation at the beginning of the 18th century and now jointly took action against neighboring tribes, the Sioux ( Eastern Dakota, Western Dakota and Lakota) the Assiniboine and Stoney no longer belong to the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ / Oceti Sakowin - since these were now among their enemies, they were simply referred to as high (" rebels ").

Tribes and bands of the Wahpekute

As already mentioned, the Wahpekute (Waȟpékhute) formed together with three other Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) - the Wahpeton (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ), Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ) and the Mdewakŋto dewakóto (Mdewakŋanton) together .

Just like the "Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires of the Sioux)", the Wahpekute themselves again divided into seven Óšpayepi or Oyate (singular: Óšpaye , tribes ), which in turn were divided into numerous separate Thiyóšpaye ( bands ). Each Thiyóšpaye was formed by its own Ithacha / Itháŋčhaŋ ( chief ) and a tribal council advising it - consisting of the leaders of the Okhódakichiye (warrior or military societies ), the Akíčhita / Akichita (literally: "Warrior, soldier", acted as camp police ) as well also Waphíya wičhášta ( holy man , in the function of a priest ) and Phežúta Wičhášta ( healer or spiritual healer ). There was also the war chief who led the warriors in war. The individual bands (usually about 50 to 100 people), in turn, were divided again into several Wicoti ( local groups ) (Engl. Local bands ) consisting of one or more to large families (Engl. Extended families ) were composed and shared a Wichóthipi ( Camp (camp) ) formed; thus their relatives were linked by blood, marriage, and adoption. The smallest organizational unit was the Thiwáhe / Tiwahe ( nuclear family ), which mostly lived in a Thípi (" dwelling ", the term was used to describe both the earth house and the tipi ) or two neighboring tipis and thus formed a common Tiohnake ( household ).

Sometimes, however, the four groups of the Eastern Dakhóta within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux” - consisting of seven Otonwepi ), referred to here as “Otonwepi” , are not regarded as Otonwepi (subgroups), but as Óšpayepi / Oyate (in the sense of bands in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands tribes under this name), which, according to this view, comprised several Thiyóšpaye (extended families; in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands bands under this name), which in turn consist of numerous Thiwáhe / Tiwahe (Nuclear families). In the Otonwepi concept, however, the Thiyóšpaye is a band that in turn is divided into several Wicoti (local groups - consisting of one or more extended families), the smallest social unit being the Thiwáhe / Tiwahe (nuclear family).

When listing, I follow the Otonwepi concept (i.e. the groups I listed here as Óšpayepi / Oyate are considered Thiyóšpaye (band) according to a different view ):

  1. Inyan ceyaka atonwan ('Village at the Rapid')
  2. Takapsicaotonwan ('Those who swell at the Shinny-ground')
  3. Wiyaka otina ('Dwellers on the Sand')
  4. Otehi otonwe ('Village on the Thicket')
  5. Wita Otina ('Dwellers in the Island')
  6. Wakpa otonwe ('Village on the River')
  7. Can Kaga otina ('Dwellers in Log')

residential area

Originally they lived together with the other Sioux tribes in the area west of the Great Lakes ( Bdéthaka / Mdethaka - "big lake") and southwest of Lake Michigan , but were displaced to the west by Algonquin tribes , so that the tribal area of ​​both closely related tribes, the Wahpekute and Mdewakanton, in the 19th century on the Upper Mississippi River ( Mníšošethaka , also: Haha Wakpa - "River of waterfalls / rapids" or Wakpa Tanka - "Big River"), along the Minnesota River ( Mini – so – tah Wahk – pah - "Slightly cloudy, smoking river") in the Minnesota River Valley ( Cansa'yapi - "where they mark the trees in red") and Mille Lacs Lake ( Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ - 'Spirit / Sacred Lake', dt. "Geistersee / Holy Lake ") in central Minnesota ( Mini Sota Makoce -" Land of cloudy, smoking water ", read: Mi-NEE-SHO-tah-mah-KO-chay).

Later they were largely displaced south by the Anishinabe to the area of ​​today's Rice , Steele and Dakota Counties south of the Twin Cities Minneapolis ( Bdeota othúwahe - "City of Many Lakes") and Saint Paul . Their main village was now on the northwest bank of Cannon Lake ( Me-da-te-peton-ka - "Lake of the big village") and they pulled the course of the Cannon River ( Iawakáğapi wakpá or Inyan Bosndata - 'Standing Rock River') and Straight River ( Wakpá Owóthaŋna - literally: "river of the morally strong, straight, not devious people", incorrectly translated as: "straight river", hence also: "Owatonna River" called) (as well as other tributaries) up and down again; An important trading and settlement center was the confluence of the Straight River with the Cannon River near the present-day city of Faribault (these areas were repeatedly fought over between the Anishinabe and Dakota). The French geographer Joseph Nicolas Nicollet surveyed and mapped southern Minnesota for the American government and named the Cannon River River Aux Canots ("River with Canoes ") because he discovered many canoes at the mouth of the river that the Dakota brought here from their enemies had hidden. American cartographers later mistakenly changed the French term to Cannon River (" cannon river "). As the only nomadic Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ of the Eastern Dakota, they were not only found in the Cannon River basin, but also roamed from the Mississippi River in the northeast and east to the west and southwest over the Missouri River in what is now southern Minnesota, and they also used the banks of the Vermillion River . However, some groups had stayed east of the Mississippi in their former tribal areas, had made peace with the now dominating enemy Anishinabe and decided to become an integral part of the Anishinabe - they identified themselves from now on as "Ojibwe" (Anishinabe). Since both ethnic groups were now intensely married to each other, a new mixed Anishinabe-Dakota large group formed within the Anishinabe, the so-called Biitan-akiing-enabijig ('Border Sitters' - "Those who sit / live on the border").

The name Sioux is an abbreviation of the French name Nadouessioux , which comes from the Algonquian language and means small snakes . That means enemies of the second order , to distinguish them from the main enemies of the Algonquin , the Iroquois .

history

In 1826, Alexander Faribault came to Rice County and began trading with the Wahpekute on the Cannon River. In 1834 he set up a permanent trading post on the site of what is now the city of Faribault. He was married to a Dakota woman and could therefore speak her language fluently. He persuaded the Wahpekute to move their village near his trading post. There they built their bark houses in 1835 and about 40 tipis under their chief Visiting Eagle.

A treaty was signed in Mendota on April 5, 1851 , in which the Wahpekute ceded much of their tribal territory to the United States government and undertook to move to a reservation . In return, they should receive money and food. The American Civil War (1861-1865) led to financial difficulties and sparked famine among the Dakota. Some Wahpekute therefore left the reservation and took part in the Sioux uprising in Minnesota in 1862 , which was put down four weeks later by the American militia under Colonel Henry Sibley . 38 Dakota warriors were sentenced to death for murder and rape and publicly executed on December 26, 1862.

As a result of the uprising, the government closed the reservation, invalidated all contracts with the Dakota, and attempted to evict the entire Dakota population from Minnesota. Eventually, a $ 25 scalp reward was offered to every Dakota Sioux freely encountered within Minnesota, with the exception of only 208 Mdewakantons, which some white settlers had protected during the uprising. Up to 1,700 Dakota were held in a kind of concentration camp in the winter of 1862/63, including the members of the Wahpekute and Mdewakanton, who were later brought to the Santee reservation in Nebraska together with part of the Mdewakanton . In the 2000 census there were 1,987 members of the Wahpekute-Mdewakanton, now under the federally recognized tribal name of Santee Sioux of Nebraska .

Modern Wahpekute tribes and First Nations

Tribes in the USA

The Wahpekute are now organized and registered in the following six federally recognized tribes:

United States - South Dakota

United States - Minnesota

  • Lower Sioux Indian Community (the designation as Lower Sioux comes from the fact that the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute together were often referred to as the lower bands of the Dakota, the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation is located in the Minnesota River Valley ( Cansa'yapi - "where they the trees Mark red “), in Redwood County in central southwest Minnesota and covers approximately 7.05 km², across the Minnesota River is Birch Coulee, the scene of the defeat of a small division under Major Joseph R. Brown on September 2, 1862 during of the Sioux uprising of 1862, administrative center is about 3.20 km south of Morton , tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, total tribe members: approx. 930, more than half of them live on the reservation)
  • Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community (also Shakopee Mdewakanton Dakota Community or Shakopee Tribe , the Shakopee-Mdewakanton Reservation (formerly: Prior Lake Indian Reservation ) covers approximately 13.60 km² in the cities of Prior Lake and Shakopee , Scott County in southern Minnesota, south of the Minnesota River, about 30 km southwest of the Twin Cities , the tribe was named after Chief Sakpe (pronounced 'Shock-pay' - six ), the leader of a tiwahe called Teen-tah-o-tan-wa east of today's city Shakopee was, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute)
  • Prairie Iceland Indian community (the Prairie Iceland Indian Community (Tinta Winta) located along the wooded banks of the Mississippi River and Vermillion River , in and around the city of Red Wing in Goodhue County in southeastern Minnesota on the border with Wisconsin has, in addition the tribe still has land outside of the actual reservation, which almost doubles the size of the tribal land to approx. 4.32 km²: in Red Wing and Welch Township , Goodhue County, and in Ravenna Township , eastern Dakota County , tribal group: Dakota, tribes : Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, total tribe members: approx. 800, of which approx. 200 live on the reservation)
  • Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (mostly called Anishinabe (Chippewa in the US, Ojibwe in Canada), many of Santee-Dakota ancestry, but who today identify as Ojibwe, the tribe is divided into six bands, many groups dominated and incorporated by the Ojibwe can generally be identified by the individual Odoodeman (clans, singl. odoodem ): the Ma'iingan (Wolf Clan), Maanameg (Catfish Clan) and Nibiinaabe (Merman Clan, today mostly a clan of the Winnebago ) often belong to descendants of Mdewakanton and Wahpekute of the Dakota)
    • Bois Forte Band of Chippewa ( Zagaakwaandagowininiwag - 'Men of the Thick Fir-woods', mostly wrongly shortened to Zagwaandagaawininiwag - 'Men of the Thick Boughs', once a group of Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag )
    • Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Wayekwaa-gichigamiing Gichigamiwininiwag - 'Lake Superior Men at the far end of the Great Lake')
    • Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (once a group of the historical large group of Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag )
    • Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (also Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians , Leech Lake Band of Minnesota Chippewa Tribe or Gaa-zagaskwaajimekaag Ojibweg )
    • Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (also Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians ('Misi-zaaga'igani Anishinaabeg') or Mille Lacs and Snake River Band of Chippewa ('Misi-zaaga'iganiwininiwag'), come from both Ojibwe and Dakota ab, all drums of the Mille Lacs Band are of Dakota origin, the chants and melodies are also typical of the Dakota, but the lyrics were translated into Ojibwe and sung in this language, all members of the tribe identify themselves today as Ojibwe, including those with Dakota -Ancestry)
      • Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Dakota (Mdewakanton and Wahpekute der Santee, which after the defeat at Kathio Historic District (Battle of Kathio of 1750) (a Dakota settlement near present-day Vineland ) a large part of their historical settlement areas from the south shore of Mille Lacs Lake ( Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ - 'Spirit / Sacred Lake', German "Geistersee / Heiliger See") along three lakes (Ogechie, Shakopee and Onamia) and along the Rum River ( Watpa waḳaŋ / Wakpa waḳaŋ - 'Spirit (ual) / Mystic River ', dt. "Spirit River / Holy River", named after Mille Lacs Lake) south to the confluence of the Mississippi River and Minnesota River ( Bdote - "where two waters meet", the mythical sacred place of origin of the Dakota) Most of the Dakota then crossed the Mississippi River to the south and west, but due to the sanctity of the Mille Lacs Lakes, Mdewakanton and (some) Wahpekute Dakota bands in particular remained in their former tribal form ieten back and made peace, the bands in the Saint Croix River Valley and along its tributaries Kettle River (Céġa watpa) , Snake River and Knife River (named after the Isáŋyathi / Santee Dakota) identified themselves from now on as "Ojibwe" who had to Ojibwe In return for the peaceful integration of the Dakota, they adopt their traditional sacred customs and chants relating to Mille Lacs Lake)
      • Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa (once a group of the powerful Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians or Gichi-ziibiwininiwag )
      • Mille Lacs Band of Border-sitter Chippewa (also St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota , once a group of the historic St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( Manoominikeshiinyag - 'Ricing Rails'), a group of Border Sitters (' Biitan-akiing -enabijig '), which in turn were a large subgroup of the Lake Superior Chippewa or Gichigamiwininiwag ; because of their close relationship with neighboring Dakota, the Knife, Rice, Rush, Snake, Sunrise and Apple River bands were considered Ojibwe and Dakota, members of these Bands often had Dakota names and belong to the Ma'iingan (Wolf) Doodem , chiefs like Sakpe ( Shak'pi , mostly Shackopee) signed contracts as both Ojibwe and Dakota)
    • White Earth Band of Ojibwe (also White Earth Nation or Gaa-waabaabiganikaag Anishinaabeg )

United States - Nebraska

  • Santee Sioux Nation (also Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska , the Santee Sioux Reservation covers approx. 447.84 km² in Knox County, bounded in the north by the Missouri River, it extends southwards for approx. 27 km, and from east to west for approx 21 km. The majority of the population lives in the village of Santee along the Missouri River in the northwest of the reservation, the administrative seat is Niobrara , Nebraska, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, approx. 878 tribal members lived on the reservation in 2000, 64 of them , 10% Indians (mostly Sioux) and 33.70% white)

First Nations in Canada

The descendants of the Wahpekute are now tribe members in four First Nations (sometimes called bands ) in the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada :

Canada - Manitoba

Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council

  • Birdtail Sioux First Nation ( Beulah's administrative centeris on the most populous and largest reservation, Birdtail Creek # 57, approx. 96 km northwest of Brandon , which is located directly on the Assiniboine River in southwest Manitoba, tribal group: Dakota, Western Dakȟóta, tribes: Mdewakanton , Wahpekute and some Yanktonai, reservations: Birdtail Creek # 57, Birdtail Hay Lands # 57A, Fishing Station # 62A, approx. 28.85 km², 410 of the 805 tribe members live on the reservation)

Independent First Nations

  • Canupawakpa First Nation (also Canupawakpa Dakota Nation , the First Nation lives approx. 72 km southwest of Brandon, approx. 27 km south of Virden, Manitoba and 6 km north of Pipestone , Manitoba, the administrative center. The tribal members have retained their language and theirs Culture Preserved Tribal groups: Dakota, Western Dakȟóta, tribes: Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai, Reserves: Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation, Fishing Station # 62A, Oak Lake # 59A, approx. 11.53 km², of the 661 tribal members 298 live on the Reservations)
  • Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation (formerly: Oak River Sioux Band , for today's First Nation) was founded in 1873 under the leadership of Wambdiska (interpreter), Tahampagda (Rattling Moccasins) and the chief Taninyanhdinazin (came into sight) 43 km northwest of Brandon, Manitoba , the Oak River Reserve ('Wipazoka Wakpa', later called Sioux Valley Dakota Nation ) established, administrative seat is Griswold, Manitoba, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, as well as some Mdewakanton and Wahpekute, reservations: Fishing Station # 62A, Sioux Valley Dakota Nation, approx. 42.01 km², 1,368 of the 2,434 tribe members live on the reservation)

Canada - Saskatchewan

File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council

  • Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation (named after Chief Tatankanaje (Standing Buffalo), whofled north to the Plains of Canadawith Chief Wapahska (Whitecap) after the Sioux uprising of 1862 in Minnesota, the First Nation's reservation is approx. 8 km northwest of Fort Qu'Appelle in the south of Saskatchewan, administrative seat is Fort Qu'Appelle, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, some Wahpekute, reservation: Standing Buffalo # 78, approx. 22.46 km², of the 1,212 Tribal members live 444 on the reservation)

In addition, there are probably descendants of some Wahpekute among the White Bear First Nations , mostly consisting of members of the Cree , Western Saulteaux , Assiniboine (Nakota) and Dakota.

swell

  1. ^ Santee Indians - Native Americans in South Carolina
  2. ^ Southern Santee Tribe
  3. ^ SC Commission for Minority Affairs - Federal and State Recognized Native American Entities ( Memento August 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ^ History of the Council Fires.
  5. ^ Beginning Dakota - Lesson One: The Dakota People
  6. ↑ since the number seven plays an important role with the Sioux - see also the "Seven Council Fires of the Sioux" or again the seven Lakota tribes or the seven tribes of the Sisseton, Wahpeton or Upper and Lower Yanktonai
  7. ↑ Sota Iya Ye Yapi On-Line - Dakota History and Culture - Brief Historical Overview of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Of the Lake Traverse Reservation South / North Dakota (IDENTITY OF BANDS)
  8. ↑ Canku Ota (Many Paths) - History & Culture of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe (THE SISSETON SUB-BANDS) ( Memento from September 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Bdote Memory - Memory Map - Mississippi River
  10. ↑ How the Dakota Have Shaped the State - The Land, Water, and Language of Minnesota's First People ( Memento from December 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ^ Lower Sioux ( Memento of December 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ^ Minnesota Historynet - The importance of Mille Lacs Lake in the history and culture of the Dakota people
  13. ^ History. ( Memento of January 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Prairie Island Mdewakanton
  14. ↑ The Cannon River is named after a rock formation within the Unincorporated Community Castle Rock in the Castle Rock Township of the same name , the Dakota living here called the rock Inyan Bosdata - 'Rock Standing on End'
  15. ^ University of Minnesota - Dakota Dictionary Online ( July 5, 2010 memento in the Internet Archive )
  16. ^ Cannon and Straight Rivers
  17. ↑ Wahpekute Dakota Sioux
  18. ↑ Homepage of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe ( Memento from August 30, 2008)
  19. ^ Homepage of the Lower Sioux Indian Community
  20. ↑ Homepage of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community ( Memento from January 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ^ Homepage of the Prairie Island Indian Community
  22. ^ Homepage of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
  23. ↑ Homepage of the Bois Forte Band of Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  24. ↑ Homepage of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  25. ↑ Homepage of the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  26. ↑ Homepage of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  27. ↑ Homepage of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  28. ↑ in English incorrectly translated as "rum river", since the whites equated the "spirit" with the spirit of the alcohol in rum , the Ojibwe originally called the river Misi-zaaga'igani-ziibi - "river of the great lake, ie of the Mille Lacs Lakes ", later they also adopted the English name as Ishkodewaaboo-ziibi -" River of fire water "
  29. ↑ Thomas' blog: Mille Lacs History: Dakota and Ojibwe Unification
  30. ↑ Homepage of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe)
  31. ^ Homepage of the Santee Sioux Nation ( Memento from January 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska
  33. ↑ The reserve is shared by three Dakota First Nations: Birdtail Sioux First Nation, Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation and Sioux Valley First Nation
  34. ↑ Homepage of the Canupawakpa First Nation ( Memento from January 15, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  35. ^ Homepage of the Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation
  36. ^ Homepage of the File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
  37. ^ Homepage of the Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation ( Memento from December 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )

See also

literature

Web links