Sápmi
Sápmi (or Same-Ätnam ) is the Sami name for the settlement area or the cultural area of the Sami , an indigenous people in the north of Fennoscandinavia . According to the self-image of this people, the "land of the Sami" comprises the landscape of Lapland north of the Arctic Circle in Fennos Scandinavia including most of the Kola Peninsula in Russia and extends in southern Scandinavia to Engerdal in the Norwegian administrative district of Hedmark and to Idre in the Swedish province of Dalarna . In the southern part, the Sápmi border is recognizable by the areas where reindeer graze.
Seeds in Sápmi
The Sami or Sámi are an indigenous people who used to be called "Lappes". Sápmi never had its own statehood and is now divided between the four states of Norway , Sweden , Finland and Russia . In the growing national consciousness of the indigenous peoples, the generally recognized Sami flag , which was designed in 1986, can now be seen more and more frequently. The pattern with the circle is a sun (red) and moon (blue) symbol. The remaining colors are the traditional Sami colors. Today, however, the Sami are only a minority of the population, making up around 4% of them.
The population density of Sápmi is around 2 inhabitants per km², with the vast majority of the inhabitants living in the cities on the coasts. Outside the cities, the population density is therefore in fact close to 0. In addition, the rural areas have suffered from significant migration to the cities for years.
Nature, culture, economy, traffic
Political position
The common concerns of the Sami are expressed in a political program that was adopted in Tromsø in 1980 . The program contains the following principles:
“We Sami are a people whose togetherness should not be divided by national borders. We have our own history, our traditions, our own culture and our own language. From our ancestors we acquired the rights to land and water and our own economic activities. It is our inalienable right to maintain and develop our own economic activities and our communities in accordance with our living conditions, and together we will preserve our territories, our natural resources and our national heritage for generations to come. "
As can be seen from this program, the seeds ideally strive for autonomy .
The Sámi have been politically active since the beginning of the 20th century and strive to have their rights as an indigenous people recognized on a national and international level. Sápmi now has a transnational parliament, the " Sámediggi " in Karasjok , which, however, has only limited rights. There is also a Sami parliament in every country, each with a different legal status. In Norway the Sami have the most rights, in Russia the least. The Sami “capitals” are Guovdageaidnu ( Kautokeino ) in Norway, Gíron ( Kiruna ) in Sweden, Anár ( Inari ) in Finland and Luyawr ( Lowosero ) in Russia.
Sameting
| Country | houses of Parliament | Seat | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
 Finland
|
Sámediggi (Saamelaiskäräjät) |
 Inari |
|
 Norway
|
Sámediggi (Sametinget) |
 Karasjok |
|
 Russia
|
Kuelnegk Soamet Sobbar (Куелнегк Соамет Соббар) |
Murmansk | is not recognized by the Russian government |
 Sweden
|
Sámediggi (Sametinget) |
 Kiruna |
The Sami Parliament plenary does not currently have its own permanent premises, the main office is in Kiruna. |
Seed Council
The Sami Council ( North Sami : Sámiráđđi ) is an independent non-governmental organization that works together on cultural and political issues affecting the Sami in Finland , Norway , Sweden and Russia . The council is composed of 15 representatives from nine member organizations, five of which are from Norway, four each from Sweden and Finland and two from Russia. The Sami Conference elects additional members when proposed by the organizations' delegations. A representative is elected for each member.
Nordic Council
In accordance with Article 13 of the Nordic Council's Rules of Procedure , only the Sami Parliamentary Council , which represents the Sameting elected representatives in Finland , Norway and Sweden , has the status of observer and is involved in the work of the Council in relation to Sami topics included.
Arctic Council
As the umbrella organization of the indigenous people of the Arctic, the Sami Council, representing the Sami of Norway, Sweden and Finland, has a guaranteed right to participate in the Arctic Council as a so-called permanent participant.
history
In Sápmi there are traces of a hunting and fishing culture from the Neolithic Age . From around 100 BC The Sami inhabited the land in its current size. In the 17th century they were pushed further north by the rural population of Sweden. They gradually went from reindeer hunting to reindeer herding and, since the annexation by the Central Europeans, from nomadic life to sedentary life .
Lapland was divided early between Norway, Sweden, Russia and later Finland. As early as the Viking Age , taxes were levied in Nordsápmi by both the Norwegian king and the Russian tsar .
In 1751, analogous to the definition of the border between Norway and Sweden, the hunting rights between the settlers and the Sami, as well as their right to cross the border at any time, were established. In fact, the Sami remained disadvantaged.
It was not until 1826 that the border between Russia and Norway was drawn. The southern part of Sápmis belonged completely to Sweden until 1809. In the following years, today's Finland and thus Finnish Sápmi was the Russian Grand Duchy, in 1917 Finland finally became independent.
Around 1870, Sweden set the so-called "Fjällodlingsgräns" ( Fjällodlingsgräns ) to protect the rights of Sami reindeer herders. It ran from north to south through Sápmi and reserved the fell west of the border for Sámi reindeer herding. However, implementation in practice failed in many places.
- In 1904 the Sami people's first political organization, Lapparnas Centralförbund, came into being .
- In 1928 the rights of the Swedish reindeer herders were established by law, but the non-reindeer herding seeds were not taken into account.
- In 1950 the Svenska Samernas Riksförbund (SSR) was established in Sweden.
- In 1956 the Nordic Sami Council was created , which was created as a transnational community body for all Sami in Finland, Norway and Sweden and later also in Russia.
- In 1963 the Sami youth organization Sáminuorra was established .
- In 1972 the first Sami parliament was established in Finland .
- 1970–1981 Because of the controversial Alta Dam project , Sámi appear for the first time as an environmentalist across Europe.
- 1975 Via the "Nordic Sami Council", the Sami took part for the first time in the World Council of Indigenious Peoples (WCIP), the worldwide organization to promote community between the indigenous peoples of the world as well as the meaningful exchange of knowledge and experience between indigenous peoples and to strengthen their organizations in the various member countries.
- In 1977 Sweden recognized the Saami as an indigenous population.
- In the 1980s, the Sami Legal Committee and the Sami Culture Committee were established in Norway.
- In 1989 the Norwegian Sameting was established .
- 1990 Norway is the only northern European country to ratify Convention No. 169 of the UN International Labor Organization , which guarantees indigenous peoples legally binding protection and the right to a large number of basic rights. The EU has also recommended ratification to Sweden and Finland.
- 1991 The Russian Kola-Saami get observer status in the Saamirat.
- 1992 Norway and Finland recognize the Sami languages as official languages.
- In 1993 a parliament was also elected by the Sami in Sweden, the Sametinget .
- In 1999 they were officially recognized by Russia as an indigenous people of the Kola Peninsula.
- In 2000, a Sami national fund was set up to the amount of 75 million Norwegian kroner (approx. 10 million euros). It is intended to be used to strengthen the Sami language and culture and to serve as compensation for the damage and injustice caused by oppression.
- 2002 Sweden recognizes the Sami languages as additional national languages.
- 2008 The Kola-Sami work out the basics for a Russian seeding or, alternatively, a Sami representative council.
- 2010 At the 2nd Congress of the Russian Sámi in Murmansk on December 12, 2010 the new Kuelnegk Soamet Sobbar (Kola Sámi Assembly) was elected. It was also decided that the congress should take place every four years from now on. The aim of the assembly is to represent the Sami people and to work towards a recognized Russian Sami parliament.
- 2020 In January 2020, Sweden's highest court passed a decision which referred to an overriding customary law of the indigenous population “from ancient times” and which allowed them to administer hunting and fishing rights.
See also
literature
- Halvard Bjørkvik: Folketap og Sammenbrudd 1350–1520. In: Aschehougs Norges Historie Vol. 4. Oslo 1996.
- Sápmelaccat / doammaheaddji: Aage Solbakk. Sámi Instituhtta [u. a.], Guovdageaidnu [u. a.] 1993, ISBN 82-7374-175-3 (textbook on Sami history).
- I. Hemmer: The Sami reindeer economy 10 years after Chernobyl . In: Geographische Rundschau , Volume 48, 1996, Issue 7/8, pp. 461–465.
- R. Lindemann: The Sami - a minority in Northern Europe . In: Geographie heute , Volume 85, 1990, pp. 28-31.
- Hans Ulrich Schwaar: At the edge of the Arctic - Adventure Lapland . Waldgut 1994. ISBN 3-7294-0099-1 .
- Kuoljok, Sunna and Utsi, John-Erling: The Sami - people of the sun and the wind . Ajtte - Svenskt Fjäll- och Samemuseum, Luleå 1995, ISBN 91-87636-10-7 .
- Kvarfordt, Karin, Sikku, Nils-Henrik and Teilus, Michael: Sami - a people of origin in Sweden . Ministry of Agriculture u. Sami Parliament, Västerås 2007, ISBN 978-91-975444-9-8 ( samer.se [PDF; 3.2 MB ]).
- Dauch, Bettina: Sami for Lapland. Word by word. Gibberish . Reise Know-How Verlag Rump, Bielefeld 2005, ISBN 3-89416-360-7 .
Web links
- The Finnish Sami Parliament (Finnish, English, Sami)
- The Norwegian Sami Parliament (Sami, English, Norwegian)
- The Swedish Sami Parliament (also in German)
Individual evidence
- ^ Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ( Memento from February 17, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Idre Sami Siida - southern border of the Sami reindeer culture. ( Memento from May 31, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ The Sami, a people of origin in Sweden . Swedish Ministry of Agriculture brochure.
- ^ Rules of Procedure for the Nordic Council
- ↑ Sweden's natives fight for a “historic victory” in court , NZZ, January 24, 2020