Golpar
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Heracleum persicum (specimen from Norway) |
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| Heracleum persicum | ||||||||||||
| Desf. ex fish. |
Golpar or Persian hogweed ( Heracleum persicum ), Persian گلپر(local name variants Gul-i-sipar, Gul-i-parr; Goleper; Giafari), called Tromsø palm in Norway, is a plant species within the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). It grows in humid mountain regions in Iran, northeast Turkey and northern Iraq. The species is wild in Scandinavia and naturalized as a neophyte . Naturalizations in other parts of Europe have been proven or suspected to be scattered, but so far not widespread.
description
The Persian hogweed grows as a perennial herbaceous plant , it reaches a height of 1.8 to 2.8 meters. A single plant can have one to five stems , these are furrowed, hollow on the inside and 30 to 40 millimeters thick in the basal section. The stems have bristly, protruding short hair. They are colored purple-red at the base, green towards the top, mostly with small, purple-red spots. The leaves have a large, purple leaf sheath, their stem is 55 to 100 centimeters long. The leaf blade is pinnate, it reaches 43 to 120 centimeters in length and 34 to 80 centimeters in width, the ratio of length to width is about 1.1 to 1.5. It is densely covered on the underside with protruding bristle hairs, the top is bare. The leaf is composed of two to four (rarely only one) leaflets , which are further divided into two to four sections, the edge of which is bluntly sawn. Their ends are broadly pointed.
The flowers are in a double-ended , convexly curved inflorescence , this is 10 to 15 centimeters high and 30 to 50 centimeters wide. The umbel has 10 to 18, the umbel 10 to 15 permanent envelope or envelope leaves, these are (glandless) hairy and covered with a whitish indument made of papillae. Each doel has about 40 (maximum up to 80) white flowers. As is typical of the genus, the petals of the marginal flowers are enlarged.
Unlike other large species of the Pubescentia section, Hieracium persicum is a real perennial plant (pollakanth) that can flower several times in a row. It is not easy to distinguish the species from other large hogweed species in the section with which it can form hybrids . A striking distinguishing feature is the distinctive aniseed smell of the whole plant.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.
distribution
The species grows in the mountains of Iran, especially in the Elburs Mountains , the Pontic Mountains and the mountains of Eastern Anatolia in Turkey and in the north of Iraq. It is absent in the Caucasus.
Heracleum persicum was introduced to Europe as an ornamental plant as early as the 19th century and has grown wild here. Its naturalization history is uncertain because until recently it was regularly confused with other closely related species such as the giant hogweed ( Heracleum mantegazzianum ), with which it can also occur in Scandinavia, but in general the giant hogweed is a lot in Scandinavia rarer and restricted to the south. Hybrids are known both with Heracleum mantegazzianum and Heracleum sphondylium and sometimes form large populations. The date given for the introduction is 1836. At the end of the 19th century, the first naturalization of southern Sweden is reported. The species has long been known as "tromsøpalme" after its abundant occurrence near Tromsø in northern Norway. For many decades, however, it was incorrectly given as Heracleum laciniatum or Heracleum mantegazzianum . In the flora of Tromsø from 1901 it is certainly not only characterized as a cultivated plant, but also as naturalized. Small deposits are also known from Denmark and England, but their exact distribution there is unclear. The species affiliation was confirmed in genetic studies. The genetic data suggests that there must have been at least two independent introduction events. The Norwegian plants could have descended from populations in Finland.
All previous information for Germany turned out to be incorrect determinations.
In 2016 the plant was included in the “List of undesirable species” for the European Union .
use
The seeds are used as a spice in Persian cuisine. The very thin, small seed capsules have an aromatic and slightly bitter taste. They are mostly available in powder form; they are often incorrectly referred to as "angelica seeds". The powder is used to season beans, lentils and other legumes and potatoes. Golpar is also used in soups and stews or as a salad dressing with vinegar and pomegranate seeds, in which the fresh salad is dipped. The pure variant of seasoning pomegranate seeds with Golpar is also popular.
In Persian cuisine, the flower petals are also used in spice mixtures such as B. Advieh used for rice, bean dishes and chicken. The leaves and petioles are stained (known as Golpar Toraei, Persian:گلپر تورایی). In Turkey ( province of Van ) the young stems and leaf stalks are used as vegetables or as a spice.
Golpar has only a limited shelf life, because it loses its aromas very quickly. Storage should be dark and in a dry environment.
The species is also used in folk medicine against flatulence and diarrhea, a pharmacological use is being tested.
Essential oils
The plant has a high number of essential oils:
- In the immature state, the most important components are e-anethole (47.0%), terpinolene (20.0%), γ-terpinene (11.6%) and limonene (11.5%).
- In full bloom the following values are obtained: (E) -Anethol (60.2%), Terpinolene (11.3%) γ-Terpinene (7.1%).
- Among the 30 compounds in the seed oil of H. persicum, the most important ingredients were hexyl butyrate (22.5% and 35.5%), octyl acetate (19% and 27%) and hexyl isobutyrate (9.1% and 3.2% respectively ) )
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ David Hooper (1937): Useful Plants and Drugs from Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 9 (3). 241 pp.
- ↑ Lars Fröhberg: Heracleum. Flora Nordica, review version accessed online 23 August 2016.
- ↑ Charlotte Nielsen, Hans-Peter Ravn, Wolfgang Nentwig, Max Rabe: Practical Guide to giant hogweed. Guidelines for the management and control of an invasive plant species in Europe. Forest & Landscape, Hoersholm, Denmark, 2005. ISBN 87-7903-211-7
- ↑ Heracleum persicum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Saman A. Ahmad (2014): Eighteen species new to the flora of Iraq. Feddes Repertory 124 (2-3): 65-68. doi: 10.1002 / fedr.201400001
- ↑ Šárka Jahodová, Lars Fröberg, Petr Pyšek, Dimitry Geltman, Sviatlana Trybush, Angela Karp: Taxonomy, Identification, Genetic Relashionships and Distribution of large Heracleum species in Europe. In: M. Cock, W. Nentwig, HP Ravn, M. Wade: Ecology and Management of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum Mantegazziannum). CABI Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84593-207-7 .
- ^ Torbjørn Alm (2013): Ethnobotany of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., an invasive species in Norway, or how plant names, uses, and other traditions evolve. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9:42 doi: 10.1186 / 1746-4269-9-42
- ^ Dilli Prasad Rijal: Invasive Heracleum in northern Europe: Introduction history and impact on native plant diversity. Thesis, University of Tromsø, 2015.
- ↑ Sárka Jahodová, Sviatlana Trybush, Petr Pysek, Max Wade, Angela Karp (2007): Invasive species of Heracleum in Europe: an insight into genetic relationships and invasion history. Diversity and Distributions 13: 99-114. doi: 10.1111 / j.1472-4642.2006.00305.x
- ↑ Stefan Nehring (2016): The invasive alien species of the first Union list of the EU regulation No. 1143/2014. BfN scripts 438. published by the BfN Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn-Bad Godesberg. ISBN 978-3-89624-174-0
- ↑ List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (PDF) accessed on July 15, 2016
- ↑ Brief description of the spice .
- ↑ Alice Arndt, Seasoning savvy: How to cook with herbs, spices, and other flavorings .
- ↑ H.persicum - description u. Usage (Persian) .
- ↑ Ahmet Doğan, Gizem Bulut, Ertan Tuzlacı, İsmail Şenkardeş (2014): A review of edible plants on the Turkish Apiaceae species. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Istanbul 44 (2): 251-262.
- ↑ Jila Dana-Haeri, Shahrzad Ghorashian, Jason Lowe, New Persian Cooking: A Fresh Approach to the Classic Cuisine of Iran .
- ↑ Jinous Asgarpanah, Gita Dadashzadeh Mehrabani, Maryam Ahmadi, Rezvaneh Ranjbar, Masoomeh Safi-Aldin Ardebily (2012): Chemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Heracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research (10): 1813-1820. doi: 10.5897 / JMPR11.1716
- ↑ Composition of the essential oils of H. persicum (English)