Carrot (plant species)

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carrot
Carrot (Daucus carota), illustration

Carrot ( Daucus carota ), illustration

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Genre : Carrots ( Daucus )
Type : carrot
Scientific name
Daucus carota
L.

The carrot ( Daucus carota ) is a species of the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). Several subspecies are distinguished.

The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Sativus ), also known as garden carrot, carrot, yellow beet, root, in Swiss carrots, in Vorarlberg called carrots, is a cultivated form of the wild carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Carota ), which is probably associated with the southern European giant carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. maximus ) and possibly the oriental black carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. afghanicus ) was crossed.

description

Daucus carota grow as biennial herbaceous plants and reach heights of up to 120 cm. A thick taproot is formed. It has roots up to 80 centimeters deep. The elongated leaves are two to three pinnate. The uppermost segments are linear to lanceolate, 2 to 15 × 0.5 to 4 mm.

The flowering period extends from May to July. The inflorescence shafts are 10 to 55 cm long. In the second year a double umbel is formed. The foliage-like bracts of the umbel are pinnate or rarely simple and 3 to 30 mm long. The unequal rays are 2 to 7.5 cm long. The five to seven bracts of the little doelets are single or two to three lobed and can tower above the flowers. The petals are white, sometimes yellow or pink.

The prickly, egg-shaped, dry, two-part split fruit , a double achane , is 3 to 4 × about 2 mm in size.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

Occurrence

The home of the species is Europe, west to central Asia and Pakistan, Macaronesia and North Africa. In addition, it has been abducted almost worldwide.

It likes to grow in pioneering ruderal societies on roads, dams and quarries. In Central Europe it occurs primarily in societies of the Dauco-Melilotion association, but also in societies of the Mesobromion association, the Origanetalia, Thlaspietalia and lean arrhenatheretes.

In the Allgäu Alps , the wild carrot rises in the Tyrolean part between Elbigenalp and Bernhardseck at altitudes of up to 1360 meters.

Daucus carota subsp. azoricus
Daucus carota subsp. hispanicus
Carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Sativus )

Systematics

The species name Daucus carota was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 242.

There are a number of subspecies (selection):

  • Oriental black carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Afghanicus )
  • Daucus carota subsp. azoricus Franco : It occurs in the Azores and Morocco.
  • Daucus carota subsp. cantabricus A. Pujadas : It occurs in Spain.
  • Wild carrot ( Daucus carota L. subsp. Carota )
  • Daucus carota subsp. commutatus (Paol.) Thell. : It occurs in North Africa, Southern Europe and Turkey.
  • Daucus carota subsp. drepanensis (Lojac.) Heywood : It occurs in North Africa, in Southern Europe and in Turkey.
  • Daucus carota subsp. gadecaei (Rouy & EG Camus) Heywood : It only occurs in France.
  • Daucus carota subsp. gummifer (Syme) Hook. f. : It occurs in North Africa, in South, West and North Europe to Denmark.
  • Daucus carota subsp. halophilus (bread.) A. Pujadas : It occurs only in Portugal.
  • Daucus carota subsp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell. : It occurs in North Africa, Southern Europe and Turkey.
  • Daucus carota subsp. hispidus (Ball) Heywood : It occurs on Madeira, in North Africa, in Southern Europe and in Turkey.
  • Daucus carota subsp. major (Vis.) Arcang. : It occurs in the Azores, in South and Southeast Europe and in the Middle East.
  • Daucus carota subsp. majoricus A. Pujadas : It occurs only in the Balearic Islands.
  • Giant carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Maximus (Desf.) Ball ): It occurs in the Azores, the Canaries, in North Africa, in Southern Europe and in the Near East.
  • Daucus carota subsp. rupestris (cast.) Heywood : It only occurs in Sicily and Corsica.
  • Carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G. Martens , Syn .: Carota sativa Rupr. )

Poisonous effect

Contact dermatitis can occur when handling the beet. The skin irritations are a phytotoxic reaction caused by the main allergen falcarinol .

etymology

The noun carrot is the medium high German mor (c) he , or OHG moraha also Old Saxon morha borrowed. In West Germanic parlance murhön carrot, also in Old English more , moru . Outside of Germanic, it may have been borrowed from Russian morkov . It does not come from the earlier Mohr, which appeared in the 8th century . Middle High German mor (e) , Old High German mor , which is borrowed from the Latin word maurus .

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the carrot : Resolute, Beslotene, Besteauw ( Middle High German ), Blutströmpflin, Eselsmöhren ( East Prussia ), Gälröw ( Altmark ), gehl Reiwe ( Pomerania ), Hofpasteren, Kattenklawe ( Middle Low German ), Maidele ( Württemberg auf dem Heuberg), Marach (Middle High German), Maurache (Middle High German), Mauren ( Westphalia ) Mauroch (Middle High German), Mauroche (Middle High German), Merchenstengel ( Augsburg ), Merl ( Transylvania ), Moor, Möre ( Silesia , Austria , Waldeck ), yellow Mören (Middle High German), Mörhe (Middle High German), Mörlen ( Carinthia ), Mörwortel (Middle Low German), Mohrenkimmich ( Switzerland ), carrots ( Saxony , Silesia), Moorwutteln ( East Frisia ), Mor (Middle High German), Morach ( Old High German ), Morachöpf ( St. Gallen bei Sargans ), Moraja (Old High German), Morch (Old High German), Morcha (Old High German), Morche (Old High German), wilde Morchen, Morel (Middle Low German), Morell (Middle Low German), Moren, Morha (Old High German), Morhe (Old High German), Morhel (Late Old High German), Morhelen (Late Old High German), Morhila (Late Old High German), Morich (Old High German), Morling (Old High German), Morochen ( Old High German), Morröw (Altmark), Morwortel (Middle Low German), Mouroh (Middle High German), Muren ( Eichsfeld ), Murke ( Vienna ), Murr (Siebenbürgen), Murrestängel (Transylvania), Murrworteln (Middle Low German), welde Pastenach (Middle High German), welde Paste egg, wild peterling, yellow beets ( Salzburg , Bavaria ), geel and red beets, wildi Rüabli (St. Gallen), Rübli ( Graubünden ) Schatthuatbengel (St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Tugendbleme (Transylvania), Bird's Nest, Bird's Nest, Wörteln ( Göttingen , Pomerania), Worteln (East Friesland), Wortlear ( Helgoland ), Wurtels (East Friesland), Wurzel (Oldenburg ) and Wutteln (East Frisia to Holstein ).

  • photos

  • Flower umbels with "false insect" = carrot in the middle

  • Umbels with carrot blossom

  • Fruit umbels rolled up in a nest

  • Prickly fruits

swell

  • She Menglan, Mark F. Watson: Daucus. in the Flora of China , Volume 14: Daucus carota , p. 205 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 . (Section description)
  • Eugene Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan. 20. Umbelliferae : Daucus carota - Online. (Section description)
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann: Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions. 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 (reprint from 1994).
  • F. Kluge, 2012: “Etymological Dictionary of the German Language”, (Walter de Gruyter).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 724. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  2. ^ Daucus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 290.
  4. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 24 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ralf Hand, 2011: Apiaceae. Datasheet Daucus carota In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
  6. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 131 f. ( Online ).

Web links

Commons : Carrot ( Daucus carota )  - Collection of images