Carrots

Carrots
	Wild carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Carota )
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family :	Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily :	Apioideae
Tribe :	Scandiceae
Genre :	Carrots
Scientific name
	Daucus
	L.

The carrots ( Daucus ) are a genus of plants within the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). The species are common in many areas of the world. Only two subspecies of the carrot ( Daucus carota ) are native to Central Europe : the wild carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Carota ) and the cultivated carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Sativus ), also known as garden carrot or cultivated carrot .

description

Illustration from Flora Atlantica, sive, Historia plantarum quae in Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt , plate 65 by Daucus setifolius

At Daucus s. st. there are the following characteristics:

Vegetative characteristics

The carrot species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . They often form tap roots . The above-ground parts of the plant are often downy or hairy. The alternate leaves are arranged two to three pinnate. The end sections are always narrow.

Inflorescence and flowers

The flowers are in compound double-gold inflorescences that are terminal or seemingly opposite to the leaf. Cover and envelope are three to many-leaved. The bracts, partly also the bracts, are pinnate. The umbel rays tend to ripen like a bird's nest together.

The flowers are polygamous with a double flower envelope . The calyx teeth are small and inconspicuous. The petals are pure white, reddish or yellowish. At the top they are sanded out and have a pointed, tapped lobe. The petals are also often of unequal size and the outermost of the marginal flowers is often zygomorphic and enlarged.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit is egg-shaped to ellipsoidal, also cylindrical or compressed. The main ribs are thread-like or bulging protruding, as well as bristly hairy. The secondary ribs form a row of spines, the two lateral secondary ribs form the edge of the partial fruit. The spines are barbed at the tip. These can be stunted to warts on the fruits of the small cones. There are oil streaks one under each secondary rib and two under the joint surface.

ecology

The pollination is effected by insects ( Diptera , Coleoptera , Hymenoptera ).

Section Anisactis : Daucus glochidiatus

Melanoselinum section : habit and leaves of Daucus decipiens

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

The genus Daucus was established by Carl von Linné . In classical Greek, the word δαυκοσ ( daykos ) was used by Hippocrates and Dioskorides . In the Latin language, the Greek word δαυκοσ became dahcum or dahcos and was used by Pliny Secundus and Aulus Cornelius Celsus for the carrot.

The genus Daucus s. st. is widespread in North Africa , Southwest Asia , Europe, Australia, New Zealand, North, Central and South America. Cultivated forms of a species are cultivated worldwide in the temperate areas and also grow wild there.

The genus Daucus belongs to the subtribe Daucinae from the tribe Scandiceae in the subfamily Apioideae within the family Apiaceae .

According to morphological characteristics, the genus Daucus s. st. with Conchita Sáenz Lain 1980 only about 20 species.

According to molecular genitic studies, the scope of the genus Daucus has been significantly expanded. According to Banasiak2016 et al. becomes the genus Daucus s. l. divided into several sections:

Daucus sect. Agrocharis (Hochst.) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Agrocharis Hochst. ): It was set up in 2016 and contains only three species:
- Daucus incognitus (C. Norman) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Agrocharis incognita ( C. Norman ) Heywood & Jury )

Daucus sect. Anisactis DC. :

Daucus arcanus García-Martín & Silvestre : It occurs only in Spain .
Daucus bicolor Sibth. & Sm .: It occurs in Turkey .
Daucus broteri Ten. : It is common in Southeast Europe and the Middle East.
Daucus conchitae Greuter : It occurs in Turkey and on the Aegean islands.
Daucus durieua Lange : It is common in Portugal , Spain , North Africa and the Middle East.
Daucus glochidiatus (Labill.) Fish., CAMey. & Avé-Lall. : It thrives in Australia and New Zealand .
Daucus guttatus Sm .: It occurs in Italy , Malta , Southeast Europe , the Middle East, Egypt and on the Sinai Peninsula .
Multilayered carrot ( Daucus involucratus Sm. ): It occurs in Greece , Turkey, on the islands of the Aegean Sea, on Crete and Cyprus .
Daucus littoralis Sm.
Daucus montanus Humb. & Bonpl.
Daucus pusillus Michx. : It is distributed from western Canada through the United States to northern Mexico and in Brazil , Argentina , Chile and Uruguay .

Daucus L. sect. Daucus :

Daucus annuus (Bég.) Wojew. & al. (Syn .: Tornabenea annua Bég. )
Daucus aureus Desf. : It is common in southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East.
Daucus biseriatus Murb.
Daucus carota L.
Daucus crinitus Desf. : It occurs in Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Portugal and Spain.
Daucus dellacellae (EADurand & Barratte) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Athamanta dellacellae E.A. Durand & Barratte )
Daucus elegans (Webb ex Bolle) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Cryptotaenia elegans Webb ex Bolle )
Daucus gracilis Steinh. : It only occurs in Algeria.
Daucus insularis (Parl. Ex Webb) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Tornabenea insularis (Parl. Ex Webb) Parl. )
Daucus mauritii herdsmen
Daucus minusculus Pau ex Font Quer (Syn .: Pseudorlaya minuscula (Pau ex Font Quer) Laínz )
Daucus mirabilis (Maire & Pamp.) Reduron & al. (Syn .: Pachyctenium mirabile Maire & Pamp. )
Jagged carrot ( Daucus muricatus (L.) L. ): It is common in southern Europe and North Africa.
False broad seed ( Daucus pumilus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link , Syn .: Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande )
Daucus rouyi Spalik & Reduron (Syn .: Rouya polygama (Desf.) Coincy )
Daucus sahariensis Murb. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and on the Sinai Peninsula.
Daucus setifolius Desf. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal and Spain.
Daucus syrticus Murb. : It occurs in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.
Daucus tenuisectus Coss. ex batt. : It only occurs in Morocco.
Daucus tenuissimus (A.Chev.) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Tornabenea tenuissima (A.Chev.) A.Hansen & Sunding )
Daucus virgatus (Poir.) Maire : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

Daucus sect. Melanoselinum (Hoffm.) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Melanoselinum Hoffm. ): It was established in 2016 and contains only two species:

Daucus decipiens (Schrad. & JCWendl.) Spalik & al. (Syn .: Melanoselinum decipiens (Schrad. & JCWendl.) Hoffm. )
Daucus edulis (Lowe) Wojew. & al. (Syn .: Monizia edulis Lowe )

Above not classified in the subsections of the genus Daucus (selection as of 1980, whether there are still accepted species and subspecies from 2016 are not known):
- Daucus aleppicus J.Thiébaut : It occurs only in Syria .
- Daucus blanchei Reut. : It occurs in Lebanon , Jordan and Israel .
- Daucus carota L .: There are numerous subspecies, including:
  - Wild carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Carota , Syn.Daucus foliosus Guss. )
  - Daucus carota subsp. capillifolius (Syn .: Daucus capillifolius Gilli ): It occurs only in Libya .
  - Daucus carota subsp. gadecaei (Rouy & EGCamus) Heywood : It only occurs in France .
  - Daucus carota subsp. gummifer
  - Giant carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Maximus (Desf.) Ball )
  - Carrot , carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens )
- Daucus glaber (Forssk.) Thell. (Syn. Daucus littoralis Sm. ): It occurs in Turkey, in the Middle East, on the Aegean islands, in Cyprus , Libya, Egypt and on the Sinai peninsula .
- Daucus jordanicus Post : It occurs in Jordan and Libya.
- Daucus reboudii Batt. : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

The Daucus sect section no longer belongs to the genus Daucus . Silphiodaucus Koso-Pol. which in 2016 received the rank of an independent genus Silphiodaucus (Koso-Pol.) Spalik, Wojew., Banasiak, Piwczyński & Reduron .

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Used literature

Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

She Menglan, Mark F. Watson: Daucus. s. st. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 , pp. 204 (English). text same online as the printed work.
Łukasz Banasiak, Aneta Wojewódzka, Jakub Baczyński, Jean-Pierre Reduron, Marcin Piwczyński, Renata Kurzyna-Młynik, Rafał Gutaker, Agnieszka Czarnocka-Cieciura, Sylwia Kosmala-Grzechnik, Krzysztealoe delik . In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 563-585. JSTOR taxon.65.3.563 doi: 10.12705 / 653.8

Individual evidence

^ Rader, R. et al .: Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination . In: PNAS, Volume 112 (48) . November 30, 2015. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1517092112 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Ralf Hand: Apiaceae. : Daucus. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Łukasz Banasiak, Aneta Wojewódzka, Jakub Baczyński, Jean-Pierre Reduron, Marcin Piwczyński, Renata Kurzyna-Młynik, Rafał Gutaker, Agnieszka Czarnocka-Cieciura, Sylwia Kosmala -Grzechnik, Krzysztof Spalik: Phylogeny of Apiaceae subtribe Daucinae and the taxonomic delineation of its genera. In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 563-585. JSTOR taxon.65.3.563 doi: 10.12705 / 653.8
^ ^A ^b Conchita Sáenz Lain: Research on Daucus L. (Apiaceae). In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. Volume 37, No. 2, 1980, pp. 481-533, PDF file.
^ ^A ^b Daucus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 12, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Carrots ( Daucus ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Daucus on Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
The genus Daucus Linnaeus and Daucus carota Linnaeus .
Michel Kerguélen: Index synonymique de la flore de France : Daucus. - some synonyms of the species found in France.