Rabbit ears
| Rabbit ears | ||||||||||||
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Round-leaved rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum rotundifolium ), left, and sickle-leaved rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum falcatum ), right, illustration |
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| Bupleureae | ||||||||||||
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| Bupleurum | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The rabbit ears ( Bupleurum ) are a genus of plants within the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). The 150 to 180 species are widespread in the northern hemisphere .
description
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Appearance
Bupleurum TYPES rarely grow as annuals, usually perennial herbaceous plants , there are also half bushes and shrubs ( Bupleurum fruticosum ) up to a height of 3 meters. Lignifying species are rare in the Apiaceae family. They often have a short, lignified "root stock". The above-ground parts of the plant are bare.
leaves
The distinctive feature of the Bupleurum species are the ever undivided and full-margined leaves ; this occurs in only two other genera within the umbelliferae family. When petioles are present, they have a recognizable leaf sheath. The shape of the leaf blades can vary from grass-like linear to broadly elongated. The leaves are sometimes streaked with stems. The leaves are always completely bare.
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Inflorescences and flowers
The composite doldigen inflorescences are often of a conspicuous bract surrounding -Hülle. The döldchen contain three to twelve (up to 20) flowers. Sheath and sheath are usually formed, rarely, as with Bupleurum rotundifolium , the sheath is missing.
The flowers are hermaphrodite and small. The sepals are only indistinctly developed. The petals are entire and always folded or rolled up at the tip, as well as keeled on the outside by the protruding middle nerve. The color of the petals is almost always yellow or yellow-green (rarely reddish-yellow), only in the north-west African Bupleurum album it is purple.
fruit
The fruit is egg-shaped to elongated and not or only slightly flattened and contracted at the joint surface. The surface is usually smooth ( warty in Bupleurum tenuissimum ) and bare. The partial fruit has five distinct main ribs and no secondary ribs. There are one to five oil streaks, which are fading in some species. The short style is bent back after flowering.
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Systematics and distribution
The genus Bupleurum was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, pp. 236-239. Type species is Bupleurum rotundifolium L. A synonym for Bupleurum L. is Buprestis Spreng.
Bupleurum is the only genus of the tribe Bupleureae Spreng. in the subfamily Apioideae within the family Apiaceae .
The genus Bupleurum is widespread in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere . About 39 species are native to Europe . About 42 species occur in China, 22 of which are only there. In North America originally only Bupleurum americanum occurs in the Rocky Mountains . Only one species, Bupleurum mundtii , occurs in South Africa , but this one originally comes from Europe. In Australasia were Bupleurum introduced species. Most species only have very small areas. The species occur at all altitudes, from sea level (for example Bupleurum tenuissimum ) to an altitude of 4900 meters near Bupleurum longicaule in the Himalayas .
According to Neves & Watson 2004, the genus rabbit ears ( Bupleurum ) contains around 150 (depending on the source, between 70 and 180) species (selection):
- Bupleurum abchasicum Manden. : This endemic occurs only in Georgia .
- Bupleurum acutifolium Boiss. : It occurs only in southern Portugal and southern Spain .
- Bupleurum aequiradiatum (H.Wolff) Snogerup & B.Snogerup : It occurs in Croatia , Serbia , Albania , Bulgaria , Macedonia and Greece .
- Bupleurum affine Sadler : It iswidespreadin Central Europe , Southeastern Europe and in the Caucasus .
- Bupleurum aira Snogerup : This endemic occurs only on Naxos .
- Bupleurum album Maire : It occurs only in Morocco.
- Bupleurum alpigenum Jord. & Fourr. : It only occurs in France .
- Bupleurum americanum J.M. Coult. & Rose : It occurs in western North America .
- Bupleurum anatolicum Hub.-Mor. & Reese : It occurs in Turkey .
- Bupleurum angulosum L .: It occurs in Spain and France.
- Bupleurum antonii Maire : It occurs only in Morocco.
- Bupleurum apiculatum Friv. : It occurs in Bulgaria , Greece , Macedonia , Serbia and Romania .
- Bupleurum asperuloides Heldr. : It occurs in south-eastern Europe, in Turkey and in the Caucasus region.
- Bupleurum atlanticum Murb. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria .
- Bupleurum balansae Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
- Bupleurum baldense Turra : It is distributed in southern and western Europe from Spain and England to Albania .
- Bupleurum barceloi Willk. : It only occurs in Mallorca and Ibiza .
- Bupleurum benoistii Litard. & Maire : It only occurs in Morocco.
- Bupleurum boissieri Post : It occurs in Azerbaijan , Georgia , Syria and Turkey.
- Bupleurum brachiatum K. Koch ex Boiss. : It occurs in Asia Minor , the Caucasus , Syria , Lebanon and the Crimea .
- Bupleurum brevicaule Schltdl. : It occurs in Israel , Jordan , Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.
- Bupleurum canescens Schousb. : It occurs in Morocco.
- Bupleurum capillare Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs only in southern Greece .
- Bupleurum cappadocicum Boiss. : It occurs in Syria and Turkey.
- Bupleurum chinense DC. : It thrives at altitudes of 100 to 2700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Gansu , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Mongol , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi and Zhejiang .
- Bupleurum commutatum Boiss. & Balansa : It iswidespreadfrom southeast Europe to Iran .
- Bupleurum croceum Fenzl : It occurs in Asia Minor and Syria .
- Bupleurum dianthifolium cast. : This endemic occurs only on the island of Marettimo near Sicily.
- Bupleurum dichotomum Boiss. : It occurs in Israel, Jordan, Syria and Turkey.
- Bupleurum dumosum Coss. & Balansa : It only occurs in Morocco.
- Bupleurum eginense (H.Wolff) Snogerup : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum elatum cast. : This endemic occurs only in northern Sicily .
- Bupleurum erubescens Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum euboeum Beauverd & Topali : It occurs in Greece, on Crete , on the Aegean islands and in European and Asian Turkey.
- Sickle- leaved rabbit ear , or simply sickle rabbit ear, ( Bupleurum falcatum L. ): It is common from Europe to East Asia.
- Bupleurum faurelii Maire : It occurs only in Morocco.
- Bupleurum flavicans Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Serbia , Albania, Macedonia and Greece.
- Bupleurum flavum Forssk. : It occurs in Bulgaria , Greece and in European and Asian Turkey.
- Bupleurum foliosum DC. : It occurs in Morocco and Spain.
- Bupleurum fruticescens L .: There are two subspecies:
- Shrubby rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum fruticosum L. ): It is widespread in southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East.
- Bupleurum gaudianum Snogerup : This endemic occurs only in Crete.
- Jacquin's rabbit ear ( Bupleurum gerardi All. ): It is common in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
- Bupleurum gibraltarium Lam. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Spain.
- Bupleurum glumaceum Sm . : It occurs in Croatia, Montenegro, Albania and Greece.
- Bupleurum gracile d'Urv. : It occurs in Italy , Croatia, Greece, Crete, on the islands of the Aegean Sea and in Turkey.
- Bupleurum greuteri Snogerup : It occurs in Greece.
- Bupleurum gussonei (Arcang.) Snogerup & B.Snogerup : It occurs only in Italy.
- Bupleurum handiense (Bolle) G.Kunkel : It occurs only in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.
- Bupleurum heldreichii Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum irregular Boiss. : It occurs in Syria and Lebanon.
- Bupleurum kakiskalae Greuter : This endemic occurs only in Crete.
- Bupleurum karglii Vis. : It occurs in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro, Albania and Greece.
- Bupleurum koechelii Fenzl : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum koso-poljanskyi Grossh. : It only occurs in Armenia .
- Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem. : It is common in Europe, North Africa, MiddleEastand Central Asia.
- Bupleurum lateriflorum Batt. : It occurs in Morocco.
- Bupleurum libanoticum Boiss. & CIBlanche : It occurs in Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.
- Long-leaved rabbit ear ( Bupleurum longifolium L. ): It is common from Europe to East Asia.
- Bupleurum lophocarpum Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum lycaonium Snogerup : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum mayeri Micevski : This endemic occurs only in Macedonia.
- Bupleurum mesatlanticum litard. & Maire : It only occurs in Morocco.
- Bupleurum montanum Coss. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
- Bupleurum nodiflorum Sm . : It occurs in Libya, Egypt , Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus and Turkey.
- Bupleurum nordmannianum Ledeb. : It occurs in Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia.
- Bupleurum odontites L .: It iswidespreadin southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East.
- Bupleurum oligactis Boiss. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Lebanon.
- Bupleurum pachnospermum Pančić : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula , in Hungary , Bulgaria, Serbia and in Romania .
- Bupleurum papillosum DC. : It occurs in Turkey and Syria.
- Bupleurum pauciradiatum Fenzl : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Crimea.
- Bupleurum pendikum Snogerup : It occurs in Turkey.
- Rock rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum petraeum L. ): It only thrives in the southern and eastern Alps , in Italy , Slovenia , Croatia , Austria and France.
- Bupleurum plantagineum Desf. : It only occurs in Algeria.
- Bupleurum polyactis Snogerup : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum postii H. Wolff : It occurs in Syria and Lebanon.
- Bupleurum praealtum L .: It occurs in southern Europe and southeastern Europe to European Turkey.
- Bupleurum pulchellum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.
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Buttercup rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum ranunculoides L. ): With the subspecies:
- Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. ranunculoides (Syn .: Bupleurum bourgaei Boiss. & Reut. )
- Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. telonense (Timb.-Lagr.) Coste : It occurs only in France.
- Bupleurum rigidum L .: It is distributed from Algeria and Morocco over the Balearic Islands to Spain, Portugal, France to Italy including Sicily .
- Bupleurum rischawii Albov : It only occurs in Georgia.
- Bupleurum rohlenae Nábělek : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum rollii (Montel.) Moraldo : It occurs in Italy and Sicily.
- Round-leaved rabbit's ear , field rabbit's ear or streaked rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum rotundifolium L. ): It is widespread from Europe to Central Asia and is a neophyte in North America, Australia and New Zealand.
- Bupleurum salicifolium R. Br . : It occurs in Madeira , Porto Santo and the Canary Islands.
- Bupleurum schistosum Voronow : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum semicompositum L .: It occurs in southern Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia and the Middle East.
- Bupleurum setaceum Fenzl : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum sibiricum Vest : It is common in Siberia , Mongolia , Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang and Liaoning.
- Bupleurum sintenisii Huter : This endemic occurs only in Cyprus .
- Bupleurum sosnowskyi Manden. : It occurs in Armenia and Georgia.
- Star umbel rabbit ear ( Bupleurum stellatum L. ): It occurs only in the Alps and on Corsica .
- Bupleurum subnivale (Galushko) Galushko : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Bupleurum subovatum Link ex Spreng. : It spreads in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
- Bupleurum subspinosum Maire & Weiller : It occurs only in Morocco.
- Bupleurum subuniflorum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum sulphureum Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.
- Salt rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum tenuissimum L. ): It is widespread in North Africa, Europe and the Middle East.
- Bupleurum terminum A.P. Khokhr . : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum trichopodum Boiss. & Spruner : It occurs in Sardinia, Macedonia, Greece, Crete, the Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Libya .
- Bupleurum turcicum Snogerup : It occurs in Turkey.
- Bupleurum uechtritzianum Stoyanov : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.
- Bupleurum veronense Turra : It occurs in Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Georgia and the Caucasus.
- Tail rabbit ear ( Bupleurum virgatum Cav. ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain and France
- Bupleurum wittmannii Steven : It occurs in Azerbaijan and Georgia.
- Bupleurum yunnanense Franch. : It thrives on mountain slopes at altitudes of 2500 to 5000 meters in Dinggyê in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .
- Bupleurum zoharii Snogerup : It occurs in Turkey.
use
The "rhizome" of some species is used in traditional Chinese medicine as "chai hu" against coughs, fever and flu. However, since a few species (such as Bupleurum longiradiatum ) are poisonous, dangerous mix-ups can occur.
Sources and further information
literature
- She Menglan (佘孟兰), Mark F. Watson: Bupleurum , p. 60 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 . (Sections systematics, description and distribution)
- Susana S. Neves, Mark F. Watson: Phylogenetic relationships in Bupleurum (Apiaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequence data. In: Annals of Botany. Volume 93, Issue 4, 2004, pp. 379-398. (Sections systematics, description and distribution)
- Thomas Gaskell Tutin : Bupleurum L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 345–350 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Individual evidence
- ^ Bupleurum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b Bupleurum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq Ralf Hand, 2011 : Apiaceae. : Datasheet Bupleurum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
- ↑ a b c d She Menglan (佘孟兰), Mark F. Watson: Bupleurum , p. 60 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China . Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 .
- ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM, Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- ↑ Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
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