List of useful plants
The list of useful plants contains plant species that grow wild or cultivated as food plants , forage plants , plants for technical purposes, etc.
In the following list, the useful plants are broken down according to the ingredients that are important for nutrition, according to their use and their technical use. Their classification is based on Wolfgang Franke's book Nutzpflanzenkunde in the 6th edition from 1997.
The medicinal plants are grouped according to the main active ingredients based on Gessner / Orzechowski (1974).
The most important crops by harvest volume
According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), a total of 9.23 billion tons of crops were harvested in 2018. The list contains 166 different crops. Of the 20 most important crops, a total of around 7.48 billion tons were produced.
rank | fruit | Quantity (in t ) |
rank | fruit | Quantity (in t) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sugar cane | 1,907,024,730 | 11 | tomatoes | 182.256.458 | |
2 | Corn | 1,147,621,938 | 12 | barley | 141.423.028 | |
3 | rice | 782.000.147 | 13 | Bananas 2 | 115,737,861 | |
4th | wheat | 735.179.776 | 14th | Watermelons | 103.931.337 | |
5 | Potatoes | 368.168.914 | 15th | Onions | 96,773,817 | |
6th | Soybeans | 348.712.311 | 16 | Sweet potatoes | 91.945.358 | |
7th | Fresh vegetables, naa 1 | 297,596,674 | 17th | Millet 3 | 83,753,861 | |
8th | Manioc / cassava | 277,808,759 | 18th | Apples | 86.142.197 | |
9 | sugar beet | 274.886.306 | 19th | Grapes | 79.125.982 | |
10 | Oil palm fruit | 272.055.131 | 20th | Oranges | 75.413.374 | |
Total 20 | 7,474,165,573 |
Food crops
Food plants are plants that can be used as food. Since many plant ingredients (e.g. sugar, starch, vegetable oils) are used both as food and as feed, bioenergy carriers and renewable raw materials for material use, many of the plants mentioned here are used as food crops technically as renewable raw materials, both in terms of material and used in the energetic area. This applies above all to plants that are grown for the production of carbohydrates (sugar and starch), vegetable oils and waxes, and proteins.
Plants that provide carbohydrates
Starch-supplying plants
Turnips, tubers, roots, rhizomes
- Potato , cassava , tuber bean , sweet potato , yam , Lathyrus tuberosus , arracacia xanthorrhiza , Oxalis tuberosa , mashua , Ulluco , East Indian arrowroot , arrowroot , Ahira , Taro , tannia , chayote , Yacón
Above-ground shoot axes
Seeds
-
Cereal crops
- Wheat ( spelled , emmer , einkorn , kamut ), barley , rye , oats , rice , corn , millet ( teff , finger millet , proso millet , Panicum Sumatrense , barnyardgrass , fonio , pearl millet , foxtail millet , sorghum )
-
Pseudocereals
- Buckwheat , amaranth , quinoa , sea lily
Seeds in the pulp
Jackfruit tree , okwa tree , breadnut tree
Sugar-producing plants
- (see article sugar plant )
- Sugar cane , sugar beet , sweet sorghum , sugar maple , Walddattelpalme , honey palm , sugar palm , palmyra ,
Plants producing inulin
Protein-producing plants
High protein seeds
- Broad bean , runner bean , bush bean , lima bean (Moon bean), Phaseolus acutifolius , Vigna mungo , mung bean (Lunjabohne), moth bean , adzuki bean , cowpea (cowpea), rice bean , lablab , horse bean , pea bean , Jack bean , sword bean , Goa bean , Samtbohne ( Mucuna argyrophylla ), African Carob Bean , Mexican Chia , Lupine
- Soybean , garden pea , lentil , chickpea , velvet bean , tylosema esculentum
- Earth fruit legumes
- Peanut , pea , ground bean
Oil-producing plants
Sprout tubers
Pulp
Seeds
- Soybean , canola , rape seed , sesame , cottonseed , linseed , poppy , castor oil , tung oil tree , Oiticicabaum , peanut , hemp , European hazel , Filbert , beech , maize , sunflower , coconut palm , oil palm , BaBassu , almond tree , cocoa tree , shea butter tree , walnut , Arganie , Taler pumpkin , Kemirinussbaum , safflower , crambe , Jatropha , Moringa oleifera
Plants that provide vegetables and lettuce
Seaweed vegetables and mushrooms
- Wild mushrooms
- Silver ear , Judas ear (ear lobe mushroom), Morchella esculenta , Morchella elata (or High Morel), cauliflower mushrooms , chanterelle , horn-of , hydnum repandum , sheep Porling , truffle , Tuber aestivum , Burgundy truffles , kalaharituber , lions truffles , Perigord truffles (or black truffle, winter truffle), white truffle (or Piedmont truffle).
- Gold Boletus , Suillus , Cow Boletus , Suillus variegatus , goats lip , Rotfußröhrling , Boletus badius , Boletus , Birkenröhrling , Eichenrotkappe , Espenrotkappe , leccinum versipelle , Ivory Röhrling , neoboletus luridiformis , Suillus granulatus .
- Patty , precious saffron milk caps , apple Täubling , Women's Täubling (or Purple Green Täubling), Green-span Täubling , Russula vesca , honey fungus , green body , calocybe gambosa , Erdritterling , Blewit , tricholoma portentosum (or Gray Ritterlingsartige) flammulina , garlic Schwindling , MARASMIUS OREADES (or meadow Schwindling), oyster mushroom , parasol , saffron Schirmling , blusher , Anischampignon , Agaricus campestris (Medium Gerling), forest mushroom , sheep mushroom , Coprinus comatus , Stockschwämmchen .
- Cultivated mushrooms
- Agaricus bisporus , Stockschwämmchen , Pholiota nameko (nameko or Chinese), shiitake , flammulina , oyster mushroom , Judas ear (ear flaps mushroom), rice straw mushroom , silver stud , stropharia rugosoannulata (Kulturträuschling), Coprinus comatus .
root vegetable
- Salsify , carrots , carrot , parsnip , Common evening primrose , radish , salsify , turnip , root parsley , Yacón
Sprout vegetables
Tuber vegetables
- Rutabaga , radish , chervil , celery , kohlrabi , Stachys affinis , water chestnut , Yacón
Onion vegetables
Leaf stalk vegetables
- Turnip greens , sea kale , celery , cardy , common rhubarb
Leaf vegetables and lettuce
- White cabbage , red cabbage , savoy cabbage , Brussels sprouts , Chinese cabbage .
- Garden cress , watercress , bitter cress , winter cress , spooncress , nasturtium .
- Lettuce , leaf lettuce , Romaine lettuce , endive , chicory , dandelion , corn salad
- Spinach , garden melon , Swiss chard , garden dock , sorrel , water spinach , New Zealand spinach , tree spinach ( Chaya , Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ), chayote , Cuban spinach , rocket , shiso
Inflorescences as vegetables
Seed vegetables
Fruit vegetables
Edible plant parts are referred to as fruit vegetables, which according to different definitions are assigned to vegetables on the one hand and fruit on the other.
fruit
Fruit is a collective term for the edible fruits and seeds of mostly perennial trees and shrubs, most of which can be eaten raw.
Plants providing sweeteners
Aromatic plants
Aromatic plants that mainly contain essential oils
- Ginger , galangal , turmeric , sweet flag , angelica , cassia , laurel , rue , dill , Garden chervil , celery , lovage , parsley , Sweet Cicely (or myrrh chervil), purslane , borage , hyssop , lemon balm , peppermint , basil , marjoram , oregano , rosemary , sage , savory , thyme , Eberraute , wormwood , tarragon , mugwort , lavender , clove , saffron , Nigella sativa , nutmeg , cardamom , allspice , caraway , cumin , coriander , fennel , anise , Real vanilla , star anise , juniper , Lemon verbena
Aromatic plants that mainly contain sharp-tasting alkaloids
Aromatic plants that mainly contain mustard oil glycosides
Sulfur-containing spices in Allium species
- Shallot , garlic , winter onion , chives , wild garlic , kitchen onions , leeks , winter onions, garlic-chives
Spice plants, with sour tasting substances
Spice plants that mainly contain bitter substances
Spice plants containing coumarin
Aromatic plants with other ingredients
Luxury food plants
Plants containing caffeine and theobromine
- Coffee tree , tea plant , cacao tree , cola , yerba mate , guarana
Plants containing nicotine
Drug plants
- African lion ear , Anadenanthera colubrina (Vilca) Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo), Aztec sage , Banisteriopsis caapi , Areca , betel , henbane , Chacruna , Echinopsis Lageniformis , echinopsis peruviana , Engelstrompete , Hawaiian wood Rose , hemp , Iboga , Kanna , khat , Kava , coca , Kratom , sea poppy , muirapuama , ololiuqui ( Turbina corymbosa , Ipomoea violacea ), peyote , San Pedro cactus , sand mallow , opium poppy , sinicuichi , thorn apple , rue , deadly nightshade , dream herb , Voacanga africana , yohimbe
Forage plants
Forage grasses
- Meadow Foxtail , Oats , Defenseless Trespe , Maize , Knuckle Grass , Meadow Fescue , Reed Grass , Meadow Timothy
Forage legumes
- Alfalfa , clover , horn clover , Esparsette , vetch , white sweet clover , lupine
Other forage plants
Green manure plants
Technically used plants
As early as the Middle Ages, the use of “technical plants” ranged from the manufacture of cosmetics, paints, adhesives and insecticides in private households to the extraction of fibers, dyes, tannins and building materials from field cultivation.
Plants that provide fibers ( fiber plants )
Fibers made from hair
Fibers from shoot axes
- Fiber flax , industrial hemp , fiber nettle , ramie plant , jute , abaca , bamboo
Fibers from leaves
- Manila hemp , leopoldinia piassaba , Raphia species, knitted palm , internal palm , sisal , Agave fourcroydes , Agave cantala , Furcraea foetida , Furcraea hexapetala (syn. Furcraea macrophylla ), New Zealand flax , dwarf palm , esparto , some Sansevieria species, Raphia farinifera , Cultivars of Ananas comosus
Fibers from fruits
Plants that provide wood
Non-European conifers
- River cedar , yellow pine , sequoia , hemlock , Virginian juniper , swamp pine , African pencil cedar
Non-European, special tropical hardwoods
- Balsa wood , obeche , Senbaum , Honduras mahogany , Limba , Genuine mahogany , Iroko , Yellow birch , teak , sugar birch , Gambia mahogany , Makore , Woolly Hickory , rosewood , Brazilian rosewood , iron wood , ebony tree , Pockholzbaum
Wood from monocots
Plants that provide cork
Plants providing tannins
Plants that supply rubber, natural resins, balms and varnish
Plants that provide wax
- Balsam fir , mastic , Pockholzbaum , Kauri , Lacksumach , carnauba , jojoba , wax fig tree
Plants providing dyes (dye plants , dye plants)
- Annatto shrub , brazilwood , logwood tree , Quercus velutina , henna , indigo , Rukustrauch , smoke tree , yellow wood , sandalwood
- Woad , madder , Dyer's weed , saffron root , safflower , Färberkamille , saw-wort , pokeweed , tansy , hollyhock , Galium Mollugo , alkanna tinctoria (Alkanna tinctoria)
Plants that provide insecticides
- Tubawurzel , Deguelia utilis and Lonchocarpus Urucu (also fish poison: Barbasco ) Bitter wood tree ( Quassia amara ), Nicotiana rustica (-> anabasine ), Neem (-> azadirachtin ) tanacetum (formerly belonged to the chrysanthemums, -> Pyrethrum ), Stemona , Veratrum nigrum , water pepper ( Polygonum hydropiper , -> 1,4-Cineol ), midsummer milkweed ( Euphorbia helioscopia )
Plants that provide energy and fuel
Biogas , ethanol , biodiesel , oil and other bioenergy sources from energy crops ;
- Energy maize , cruciate milkweed , copaiva tree , eucalyptus , rape , physic nut , sugar cane , jojoba , giant Chinese reed ( Miscanthus x giganteus , elephant grass ),
Medicinal plants
Plants containing alkaloids as main active ingredients
Alkaloids acyclic or carbocyclic
Alkaloids heterocyclic
- Hemlock , Hundspetersilie , water lobelia , Lolium temulentum , Nicotiana tabacum , Diptam , belladonna , henbane , Datura , broom , yellow lupine , Laburnum , Dyer's broom , poppy , celandine , Hollow Corydalis , Real fumitory , barberry , White Germer , black nightshade , bittersweet nightshade , True Monkshood , Yellow monkshood , larkspur , boxwood , yew , Stunning chervil , comfrey , Real dog tongue , piston-club moss , huperzia selago , Akuamma , Voacanga africana , Yohimbe
Plants containing glycosides as the main active ingredients
Plants with mustard oil glycosides
Plants with hydrocyanic acid glycosides
Plants with Anthra Glycosides
- Aloe ( Aloe ferox , Liliaceae); Buckthorn ( Rhamnus frangulae , Rhamnaceae); Cascara bark ( Rhamnus purshianus , Rhamnaceae); Rhubarb ( Rheum palmatum , Polygonaceae)
Plants with emodin glycosides
Plants with di- and trioxyanthraquinone glycosides
Plants with cardiac glycosides
- Red thimble , yellow thimble , large-flowered thimble , woolly thimble , lily of the valley , spring devil's eye , black hellebore , green hellebore , oleander , colorful vetch , gold lacquer
Plants with saponins
- Soapwort , Cowslip , Bitter finial , corn cockle , Herb Paris , cyclamen , ivy , Common Goldenrod , Eryngium Campestre , pansies , Fragrant violet , silver birch , Perennial Bingelkraut , horse chestnut , asparagus , Nigella sativa , Turkish black cumin , Figwort , oats , corn , washing Walnut , Jiaogulan , Gotu Kola
Plants with phenolic glycosides
Plants with coumarin glycosides
Plants with flavone glycosides (flavone plants)
Plants with indoxyl glycosides
Other medicinal plants containing glycosides
- Mercy herb , red-fruited bryos , white bryos , bindweed , swallowweed , milkweed , verbena , saffron , purple loosestrife
Plants containing tannins as the main active ingredients
- Summer oak , winter oak , dysentery , snake knotweed , blueberry , small ormennig , large meadow button , forest strawberry , blackberries , meadow lady's mantle , swamp blood-eye , dog rose , raspberry , brook-clove root , real clove root , meadows -Storchschnabel , wood cranesbill , Ajuga reptans , Perilla , Small Brunelle , healing woundwort , ivy , garden sage , Acker-Skabiose , Parnassia palustris , biennial evening primrose , willow herb , water chestnut , Real Houseleek , meadow knapweed , black -Erle , elm , walnut , chestnut , staghorn sumac .
Plants containing essential oils as the main active ingredients
- Sand pine , juniper , juniper , Thuja occidentalis , tansy , feverfew , garden sage , wormwood , Mugwort , Eberraute , Elecampane , Fragrant pigweed , wild ginger , sweet flag , wild rosemary , arnica , marigold , Archangel Wurz , Wild Angelica , Meadow hogweed , real chamomile , Roman chamomile , yarrow , real thyme , field thyme , fennel , anise , caraway , coriander , masterwort , peppermint , polei mint , savory , real dost , marjoram , lemon balm , lavender , rosemary , brook Clove root , real clove root , parsley , lovage , bay tree , rue , water pepper , Canadian fleabane , thorny restorer , carrot , real St. John's wort , black elder , winter linden , summer linden , real valerian , small valerian , garlic , wild garlic , onion , damiana
Plants that contain nitrogen-free bitter substances or other N-free organic substances as the main active substances
- Yellow gentian , Real centaury , buckbean , blessed thistle , chicory , white horehound , water hemlock , rosemary , Poison lettuce , hops , hemp , male fern , Thorny shield fern , forest Frauenfarn , cypress spurge , cowbells , meadow buttercup , Ranunculus sceleratus , Knolliger buttercup , marsh marigold , globe flower , Clematis , Genuine clematis , baneberry , cup Primrose , poison sumac , stinging nettle , daphne , mountain ash , midland hawthorn , Crataegus monogyna , meadow Lein , dandelion , German Bertram , Bleicher Wallflower , Ashwagandha
Plants containing nitrogen, non-alkaloid, non-glycosidic main active ingredients
Plants containing mucilage as the main active ingredient
- Mann's orchid , common marshmallow , hollyhock , wild mallow , mullein , coltsfoot , lungwort , Icelandic moss , German iris , common flax (seeds), fenugreek , crab apple (or wild apple)
Plants containing organic acids as the main active ingredients
Plants containing inorganica as the main active ingredient
- Silicic acid plants : field horsetail , knotweed , yellow hollow tooth , stone seed , sand sedge , canary grass
- Iodine plants : bladderwrack , watercress
- Salt plants : Kali salt herb , samphire
- Plants that store radium : Small duckweed
Plants containing vitamins as the main active ingredients
Plants containing the main active substances chemically little or not researched
- Common Honeysuckle , Sambucus racemosa , dwarf elder , Cramp , privet , beech , Bladder Senna , holly , euonymus , Arum maculatum , snake weed , stonecrop , Trunkelbeere , milk thistle , Everlasting Flower , Common Everlasting , Eupatorium , artichoke , cow parsley , tansy , sundew , shore Wolf Trapp , motherwort , Marrow , polypody , buckwheat , Kicherling , Sushni
Mushrooms with drugs or toxins
- Amanita phalloides , White Death cap , Amanita Verna , Amanita citrina , Toadstool , Pantherpilz , inocybe erubescens , morel , Satanspilz , Russula Emetica , torminosus , meat Red Schirmling , Psilocybe spp., Ergot fungus
- Medicinal mushrooms, known as Vital fungi: Coprinus comatus / asparagus mushroom ( Coprinus comatus ), Grifola frondosa / Laubporling / Maitake ( Grifola frondosa ), reishi / Reishi / Ling Zhi ( Ganoderma lucidum ), shiitake / Pasaniapilz ( Lentinula edodes ), Judas ear / elderberry sponge / Mu err ( Auricularia polytricha or Auricularia auricula-judae ), Polyporus umbellatus ( Polyporus umbellatus ), hedgehog Stachelbart ( Hericium erinaceus ), almond fungal / Agaricus subrufescens ( Agaricus subrufescens or Agaricus blazei murrill ), Chinese caterpillar fungus ( Ophiocordyceps sinensis ), Trametes versicolor / Butterfly sporling ( Trametes versicolor or Coriolus versicolor )
See also
Web links
- www.nutz Pflanzenvielfalt.de - Association
- www.arche-noah.at - Society for the Conservation of Cultivated Plants Diversity & Their Development
- www.ethno-botanik.org - Diversity of crops from all over the world
- Crop plants database of the Philipps University of Marburg
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b FAO production statistics 2018 (Crops) , fao.org, accessed on March 7, 2020.
- ↑ Ben-Erik van Wyk: Handbook of food plants. An illustrated guide. Stuttgart 2005.
- ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , p. 103.
- ^ Reinhard Lieberei, Christoph Reisdorff, Wolfgang Franke: Nutzpflanzenkunde. Usable crops of the temperate latitudes, subtropics and tropics . 7th, completely revised and expanded edition, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart / New York 2007, ISBN 9783135304076 , pp. 367-370.
- ↑ Susanne Ehlers: Chinese medicinal mushrooms , Lübbe Verlag, 2003, ISBN 978-3431040661