Tuberous calf's head

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Tuberous calf's head
Bulbous calf's head (Chaerophyllum bulbosum)

Bulbous calf's head ( Chaerophyllum bulbosum )

Systematics
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Tribe : Scandiceae
Sub tribus : Scandicinae
Genre : Calf heads ( Chaerophyllum )
Type : Tuberous calf's head
Scientific name
Chaerophyllum bulbosum
L.

The bulbous calf's goiter ( Chaerophyllum bulbosum ), also known as chervil , chervil , beet chervil , beetroot , beetroot or chestnut, is a plant species within the umbelliferous family (Apiaceae). The chervil is a little known vegetable.

description

tuber
Stem base
Foliage leaf
Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants
Double-gold inflorescence

Vegetative characteristics

The tuberous calf's head is a biennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 0.8 to 2 meters.

The stem nodes, a hypocotyl - tuber is thickened craw like, hence the common name Chaerophyllum Bulbosum was. The hypocotyl tuber serves as a vegetable. and is conical to spherical, is about 3 to 6 cm thick, 1.5 to 10 cm long, 140 to 200 g in weight and has a gray surface .; however, many remain smaller. and the shape is reminiscent of small, short carrots. Hypocotyl tuber is used up to form flowers, is not persistent and dies after seed formation.

The hollow, stalk-round stem is smooth, with bristly to shaggy hair at the base and redspotted, glabrous on the top, mostly bluish frosted, reddish overgrown and thickened under the knot.

The leaves are two to four times pinnate, stalked below and hairy on the edge and on the nerves. The upper ones are sessile and have considerably narrower leaf sections than the lower ones. The leaf sections of the 1st order are triangular-egg-shaped and pointed, the tips of the last order narrow-lanceolate to linear, with entire margins and equipped with fine, white tips.

Generative characteristics

The bulbous calf's goiter does not bloom until the second year from June to August. The double-gold inflorescence has 15 to 20 bald, unequal long rays. The shell is missing or has few leaves. The five to six husk leaves are linear-lanceolate, with white skin and sometimes of unequal length.

The flowers are hermaphroditic. The petals are white, round, obovate to transversely elliptical, cut about halfway and pulled together at the base.

The fruit, which is yellowish-dark brown and striped when ripe, is 4 to 6 millimeters long and linear-oblong to narrow-conical.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

ecology

The tuberous calf's head is a self-pollinator .

The seeds of the bulbous calf's goiter are usually only able to germinate for one year, sometimes two and germinate in the next year. Their thousand grain weight is 2 to 2.5 g. The domestic chervil is a frost germer , which is why it only germinates in spring. It needs at least 6 weeks of cold before it germinates and does not germinate until about 6 months after seeding.

Systematics

Chaerophyllum bulbosum was 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , Vol 1, p 258, first published . Synonyms for Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. are Chaerophyllum caucasicum ( Hoffm. ) Schischk. , Chaerophyllum laevigatum Vis. , Chaerophyllum neglectum N.W. Zinger , Chaerophyllum prescottii DC. , Chaerophyllum rapaceum Aleph. , Chaerophyllum verticillatum Pers. , Myrrhis bulbosa Spreng. , Myrrhis bulbosum Spreng. and Scandix bulbosa Roth .

According to some authors, Chaerophyllum bulbosum has two subspecies:

  • Domestic chervil ( Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. subsp. Bulbosum ): with a white-fleshed tuber. It is originally from France, Germany, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Slovakia, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic States, European Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Iran and the Caucasus region.
  • Siberian chervil ( Chaerophyllum bulbosum subsp. Prescottii ( DC. ) Nyman , Syn .: Chaerophyllum prescottii DC. ): With a yellow-skinned, yellow-fleshed and larger but less aromatic tuber. However, the Siberian subspecies does not need to be stratified for spring sowing (exposure to cold before germination). It can survive in the soil with the roots for up to 10 years and sprouts in large numbers after a steppe fire (Russia) or after plowing, for example. The latter shoots immediately in the spring sowing and may only be sown from July. The Siberian chervil is also considered by some authors to be a separate species Chaerophyllum prescottii . It is originally found in Bulgaria, Ukraine, European Russia, Moldova, Armenia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan and western Xinjiang . In Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland it is a neophyte.

Occurrence

The tuberous calf's head is a Eurasian-continental floral element . Chaerophyllum bulbosum occurs in Central Europe, for example, in Germany. In Germany, it is particularly widespread in the river valleys, but is absent, for example, in the Alps and the Alpine foothills. In Austria, the tuberous calf's goiter occurs frequently to absent- mindedly only in the Pannonian region , otherwise it is rare. It is considered endangered in the Alpine region of Austria and in the southeastern Alpine foothills. In Switzerland it is very rarely found wild or abducted. There is significant cultivation today in France in the Loire Valley and in the north of Great Britain.

The tuberous calf's head grows mainly on river banks and in the perennial vegetation of the floodplain area . It is often overgrown from gardens, where it was previously grown as a vegetable, and is also found on moist, nitrophilic borders and ruderal locations . The subsoil is water-rich, often trickling wet and rich in nutrients and bases. The bulbous calf's head is considered a character species of its own association, the Chaerophylletum bulbosi. She belongs to the Aegopodion Association.

use

There are hardly any varieties because, with the exception of Wädenswil , they have rarely been selected for breeding purposes. Researchers in France were still active in breeding, where after the variety 'Altan' in 1986 the varieties 'Véga' and 'M4.10' emerged through mass selection.

Origin and history

Native is Chaerophyllum bulbosum in Central and Southeastern Europe. It was introduced by monks in the Middle Ages and has been grown ever since. Clusius found it on the market in Vienna as early as 1580 . In 1588 Tabernaemontanus called the plant "Nappen- or Myrrhkörffel" and warned that it could be confused with the spotted hemlock in terms of the appearance of the leaves and stems . In Germany it is very common and grows in grassy, ​​dry places next to the streets, behind the fences of the fields, especially in the Worms Gau . It was only introduced in France in 1846. Prescott is said to have brought the Siberian form ( C. prescottii ) from St. Petersburg from a botanical garden to Bern around 1850 and distributed it for cultivation. Around this time, the tuberous calf's caper was already widespread across Europe. In 1862, after the late blight had broken out again in potatoes, it was even viewed in France as a possible substitute for potatoes. The plant is not native to Germany, but has become a permanent fixture. At the beginning of the 20th century it was hardly ever grown. At the same time, bulbous calf's head had acquired some cultivation importance in the Paris area. At the end of the 20th century, however, it regained importance in the search and reassessment of new and old vegetables. It was then bred for its high starch content and good aroma.

Cultivation and harvest

The cultivation is very similar to that of parsnips or carrots . Good locations are lighter soils to facilitate harvesting and locations that have not been freshly fertilized with manure. The cultivation period is 9 to 10 months. The culture can be put on for one year or two years. Sowing takes place directly without young plant cultivation after the seed harvest in September to November. Planting is not common because it makes the culture uneconomical. The seeds only germinate in spring and the germination result is irregular. The row spacing is 20 to 25 cm and the seed spacing in the row 4 to 6 cm. The dense seeds are separated in the row at a distance of 10 cm. The seeds only germinate in spring, as the dormancy has to be broken. This only takes place when there is at least 8 weeks of persistent moisture and temperatures below 5 ° C. After stratification, a temperature range of 5 to 10 ° C is best for germination. At temperatures above 25 to 30 ° C there is a significant inhibition of germs. From spring to June the culture is kept weed-free and watered as necessary. In June the leaves begin to turn yellow, which is the sign of root maturity. The harvest then begins in July. However, this type of vegetable has hardly spread in commercial cultivation because of the low yield and the poor germination ability of the seeds, but is important in the home garden. As a partner in the mixed culture, onions are suitable as intermediate planting in spring and then lettuce. Both are harvested before the chervil.

Multiplication

The bulbous calf's goiter is propagated using seeds. For this purpose, only the most beautiful and largest beets are selected, newly planted to 25 × 30 cm. The following spring they immediately shot with the onset of vegetation. The seed yield is high.

Diseases and pests

Similar diseases are possible with the bulbous calf's goiter as they also occur with carrots, parsnips, celery and other umbelliferae. These are mainly carrot fly , storage rot and root lice. Otherwise the plant is also host for aphid species on the herb, eaten by field mice, powdery mildew ( Erysiphe heracley ) or celery mosaic virus. It can also host carrot motley dwarf (CMD), also known as carrot check, and Parsley Yellow Fleck Virus (PYFV), both of which are transmitted by the grass aphid ( Cavariella aegopodii ).

use

kitchen

Tuberous calf's head is rather a rare gourmet vegetable. Only a few months after the leaves have moved in at the end of autumn does the root of the tuberous calf's goat develop its proper aroma. So the taste of the root is best from December to March. The taste of the bulbous calf's goat comes closest to that of chestnuts. Roots that have been frozen have an aroma reminiscent of hazelnut. The roots are sweet. The tuber is prepared in a similar way to the Teltower turnips , but only the large ones. They are also braised similar to new potatoes and served as a side dish. The smaller, falling roots can be better prepared for soup or ragout. After cooking, the tuber meat can easily be separated from the root skin and pressed out. The leaves of the young plant and peeled parts of the plant were also used in the kitchen in the past. These were prepared as herb soup, eaten as a substitute for spinach or added to salad as a seasoning.

ingredients

The tuber is a starchy and protein-rich food, but relatively low in fat. The domestic chervil contains up to 57% starch and 5% sugar when dried. The Siberian chervil contains significantly less starch at around 17%. If the tuber is stored for 4 months at 4 ° C immediately after harvest, a large part of the starch is converted into sugar.

storage

Roots such as parsnips, root parsley or carrots are stored in damp, not wet sand. Or in foil bags at 4 ° C.

Common names

The other German-speaking common names exist or existed for the tuberous veal crops: Barebächer ( Transylvania ), Beperle ( Austria ), Beperlesalat (Austria), Bush carrots ( Silesia ), chestnuts, chervil, Köpken ( Mark Brandenburg ), Köpkensalat (Mark Brandenburg), Myrrh, Nappenkörfel, Nipenkörfel (Mark Brandenburg), Päperläpä ( Bernburg ), Peperle ( Anhalt , Silesia), Peperli (Austria), Peperlilein (Austria), Peperlepep (Mark Brandenburg), Pimperlimpimp (Silesia), Pöperl (Austria) and Rübenkärbel ( Silesia).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d H.L. Vilmorin: Les Plantes Potagères; Descroption et culture des Proncipaux Légumes des climats tempéré. - Cerfeuil tubereux , 8th edition. 1925, pp. 87-88.
  2. ^ A b W. Franke: Nutzpflanzenkunde: usable plants of the temperate latitudes, subtropics and tropics. , 6th edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, p. 202.
  3. ↑ a b c K. Lauber, G. Wagner: Flora Helvetica - No. 1408 Chaerophyllum bulbosum , 4th edition. 2007, ISBN 978-3-258-07205-0 , pp. 742-743.
  4. ↑ a b Chaerophyllum bulbosum L., Rüben-Kälberkropf. In: FloraWeb.de.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k J. Becker-Dillingen: Handbook of the entire vegetable cultivation , 5th edition. Paul Parey 1950, pp. 689-692.
  6. ↑ a b c J. Groenland: Le Cerfeuil tubéreux. In: Revue horticole: journal d'horticulture practique , Librairie Agricole de la Maison Rustique, 1862, pp. 349-350.
  7. ^ A b c L. Bussard: Culture Potagère et Culture Maraîchère , 2nd edition. Librairie JB Baillière et Fils, Paris, 1909, pp. 139-141.
  8. ↑ A. Krumbiegel: Morphology of the vegetative organs (except leaves). In: Series for Vegetation Science , Issue 38, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, 2002, p. 107.
  9. ^ JH Dierbach: Handbuch der medicinisch-pharmaceutischen Botany or systematic description of all officinal plants: ... K. Groos, Heidelberg, 1819, p. 112.
  10. ^ A b c d Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  11. ↑ a b c d Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  12. ^ A b c d Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Exkursionsflora von Österreich . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  13. ↑ a b c d e G. Vogel et al .: Handbook of special vegetable cultivation , Ulmer 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5285-1 , pp. 1046-1049.
  14. ↑ a b c d e A. Heistinger: Handbook of seed gardening - preserving varieties, increasing diversity, enjoying vegetables , 1st edition. 2004, ISBN 3-7066-2352-8 , pp. 82-83.
  15. ↑ a b c d e J. Vercier: Culture Potagère 6th edition. Librairie Hachette, Paris, 1939 ?, pp. 161-164.
  16. ↑ M. Loison: Légumes anciens, Saveurs nouvelles , France Agricole Editions, 2006, ISBN 2-85557-141-3 , pages 28-30.
  17. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . tape 1 . Stockholm 1753, p. 258 ( (Online) - First publication of Chaerophyllum bulbosum scanned at Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
  18. ↑ Chaerophyllum bulbosum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 31, 2015.
  19. ↑ a b c d e Chaerophyllum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  20. ↑ a b Ralf Hand, 2011: Apiaceae. : Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  21. ↑ a b A. Wilda: Landwirthschaftliches Centralblatt für Deutschland: Repertory of scientific research and practical experience in the field of agriculture , Volume 11, 1863, pp. 302-303.
  22. ↑ a b c d e M. Pitrat, C. Foury: Histoires de légumes: des origines à l'orée du XXIe siècle , Editions Quae, 2003, ISBN 2-7380-1066-0 , p. 104.
  23. ↑ M. Begon, JL Harper, CR Townsend: Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities , 3rd edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 0-632-03801-2 , pp. 197-198.
  24. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 838 .
  25. ↑ a b c Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (2) (Cactaceae - Cornaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1966, ISBN 3-489-74021-1 , p. 998–1001 (unchanged reprint from 1926 with addendum).
  26. ↑ a b c d J. Y. Péron, M. Briard: Breeding Advances in touberous-rooted Chervil (Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.), a new "old Vegetable" among the Apiaceae , Acta Hort. (ISHS) No. 598, 2003, pp. 235-242.
  27. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 701 .
  28. ↑ a b H. Buser: Selection and seed cultivation in wild vegetables and old vegetable varieties. In: Der Gemüsebau , No. 12, 1989, pp. 13–15.
  29. ↑ a b L. Jäger: The cultivated useful plants of the fields and gardens of the German museums. In: VEN - Writings of the association for the preservation of crop diversity. No. 4, Lennestadt, 2003, p. 23.
  30. ↑ Jacobus Theodorus and Nicolaus Braun . Neuw Kreuterbuch: With beautiful, artificial and lively figures and conterfeytes of all plants of the herbs, roots, flowers, fruit, cereals, spices, trees, shrubs and hedges ... with specific description of them, including their differences, strength and effects ... .; Much has been described in it and many a wonderful art scene ... is sampled from its useful use: as there are drink, juice, syrup, conseru ... Volume I, Nicolaus Basseus, Frankfurt / Main 1588, chapter 36 (page 363) digitized Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
  31. ^ CH Kleemann, RE Clemen: General Handbook of Horticulture: or, Brief practical approach to vegetable growing ... 2nd edition. C. Flemming, Glogau 1859, pp. 62-63.
  32. ↑ JY Péron, D. Dubost: Revalorization of lost Vegetables: a Contribution to Preservation of Genetic Recources , Acta Hort. (ISHS) No. 318, 1992, pp. 263-270.
  33. ↑ R. Augé, P. Bourgeais, JY Péron: Germination Conditions of bulbous-rooted Chervil Seeds (Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.). , Acta Hort. (ISHS) No. 242, 1989, pp. 239-248.
  34. ↑ a b c Gressent: Le Potager Moderne traité complet de la Culture des Légumes intensive & extensive ... 5th edition. A. Goin, Paris, 1879, p. 638.
  35. ↑ H. Saucke, S. Fittje: Avoidance of virus diseases (carrot redness) in organic carrot cultivation. , Final report, University of Kassel, Kassel, 2004, pp. 13 + 51.
  36. ^ OJ Ayala Garay, M. Briard, JY Péron, V. Planchot: Chaerophyllum bulbosum: A new Vegetable interesting for its Root Carbohydrate Reserves. In: Acta Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) , No. 598, 2003, pp. 227-234.
  37. ↑ E. Geoffriau, A. Suel, M. Briard, JY Péron, OJ Ayala Garay: Evolution of Amylase Activity in Tuberous-rooted Chervil (Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.) Roots during Storage at various Temperatures. In: Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) , No. 682, 2005, pp. 1153-1158.
  38. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 89. ( online ).

annotation

  1. ↑ As "Napen" were turnips called. "Myrrh körffel" because the bulbous calf's head was interpreted as the plant which Dioscurides called "Myrrhis". ( Julius Berendes : Des Pedanius Dioskurides medicament theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902. Book IV, chapter 114 digitized university library Düsseldorf ). From the chapter “Myrrhis” of Dioscurides Tabernaemontanus took the information that he listed on the medicinal use of the bulbous calf's crop.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .

Web links

Commons : Knolliger Kälberkroppf ( Chaerophyllum bulbosum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files