Barbasco

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The seeds (f, from the capsule d + e) ​​of the small-flowered mullein ( Verbascum thapsus ) have traditionally been used as fish poison in Europe since ancient times. Jan Kops: Flora batava , 1814.
Small-flowered mullein ( Verbascum thapsus ) with ripe fruits ( Ivanovo Oblast , Russia).
The "bearded" stamens of the mullein probably led to the interpretation of the plant name as Barbascum or Barbasco , "beard plant". Here Verbascum sinuatum , Alicante , Spain.
Ripe fruits of the large-flowered mullein ( Verbascum densiflorum )
Piscidia piscipula , a fish used in the Caribbean. Hermann Adolph Köhler : Köhler's medicinal plants , 1897.

Barbasco is in Spain and other Spanish-language name used countries for a number of toxic flowering plants , traditionally the fishing be used to fish to stun them to capture more easily. The extracts of these plants containing fish poison are also given this name. The name Barbasco derives from the Latin word Verbascum from that already in antiquity also used for fishing mullein called and since Carl Linnaeus is the scientific genus name.

history

Already Aristotle describes in his Historia animalium (Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι) that seeds of the mullein (with Aristotle πλόμος, with Hippocrates of Kos and also in modern Greek φλόμος, according to Pliny the Elder Verbascum ), sprinkled into a body of water and thus make fishing much easier. He mentions that the Phoenicians used this method themselves in the sea. The use of leaves or seeds of the mullein as fish poison is also mentioned by the Roman philosopher Claudius Aelianus in his work Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος ( De natura animalium ), which was written in Greek . The plant described by Aristotle is probably the Verbascum sinuatum mullein , which is widespread in the Mediterranean and was used for fishing in Greece at least until the 20th century.

In the Española Flora describes José y cross-Martinez (1762) under the section Verbascum , such as the seeds of mullein according to his own observation Verbascum thapsus (Syn .: Verbascum mas , latifolium , luteum ), Spanish Gordolobo , in the flow Ojailén ( Castilla La Mancha ) were thrown to stun the fish for fishing, in a similar way to European leadwort (belesa) and coca elsewhere . He also mentions the name Barbascum , which can be traced back to the very hairy, beard-like stamens (Latin and Spanish barba "beard"). The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort , who lived just outside Quer, even saw the name Verbascum as a corruption of Barbascum .

After the Spanish conquest of South America , the name, which was transformed from the Latin Verbascum to the Spanish Barbasco (also Verbasco or Varbasco ), was transferred to other, botanically unrelated plants that were used in a similar way for fishing by indigenous peoples of South America .

Alexander von Humboldt mentions the plants called Barbasco , which are used for fishing, in his travelogue from South America. He notes that roots of Piscidia piscipula (Syn .: Piscidia erythrina ), Jacquinia armillaris and some species of the genus Phyllanthus are extracted for fishing. However, the derived verb embarbascar [a los peces] is also used for another method in which horses are driven into the water, causing the fish to rise to the surface in excitement and thus become easy prey.

Besides Piscidia piscipula , the Jamaican cornel cherry (English Dogwood tree ), who turned Caribs also Jacquinia armillaris (French Bois bracelets , English Pircrust ) and Tephrosia sinapou (syn. Galega toxicaria ) - such as Spanish, all suitable for chemical fishing plants Barbasco called - when Fishing. The use of these plants had no influence on the quality of the meat, which means that the consumption of the fish caught with the bait was harmless to humans. As early as the 19th century, however, there were bans on the use of Barbasco on some islands because the fish stocks were massively damaged.

Even if the fishery with poisonous plants in South America is much older than the time of the Conquista, the Spanish word Barbasco has found its way into indigenous languages, for example in the Kichwa of the Quijos in the Amazon rainforest area of Ecuador , where especially legumes of the genus Lonchocarpus (or synonym of the genera Deguelia and Derris ) bear this name, phonetically adapted as warwasku in the Kichwa of Northern Peru (Pastaza-Inga) and through the intermediary of the same as huárahuasco in Shipibo-Conibo .

application

The fruits of the mullein, also called pescatoria by the Romans ( small-flowered mullein or another type of Verbascum ) with their tiny seeds are crushed and soaked in water. Fish are stunned and easy to catch.

The herb of Jacquinia armillaris is crushed, mixed with sledge and thrown into the water. Soon afterwards the fish swimming on top can be grasped with the bare hand. Catfish , which are among the largest fish in Ecuador, can also be caught in this way .

With legumes of the Deguelia , Lonchocarpus and Piscidia genera , but also with plants from the unrelated Phyllanthus and Jacquinia genera , it is the roots that are first crushed so that the escaping juice can be used for fishing - a work that is carried out at the kichwa of sarayaku is performed by men.

Active ingredient

The mullein protect themselves from predators through their content of iridoids , which are present as glycosides . These also have a poisonous effect on fish.

The active ingredient of numerous legumes ( Piscidia grandifolia , Piscidia piscipula , Deguelia utilis , Lonchocarpus urucu ), which is particularly toxic to fish , is Rotenone .

Plants called Barbasco

In Spain

Scrophulariaceae

other, not in Spain, Buddleja stachyoides (Syn .: Buddleja thapsoides , Buddleja brasiliensis ) (Brazil) (taxonomy unclear)

In Mexico

Dioscoreaceae

In the Caribbean, Central America

Fabaceae

In South America

Fabaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Primulaceae
Bignoniaceae
Canellaceae
Sapindaceae
Malpighiales
Asteraceae
Rutaceae
Piperaceae
Polygonaceae

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ιπποκράτης (460 π.Χ. - 380 π.Χ.): Περί ελκών (Wikisource)
  2. ↑ C. Plini Secundi Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII, Volumes 3-4. Recognovit atque indicibus instruxit Ludovicus Ianus . Sumptibus et Typis BG Teubneri, Lipsiae 1857. p. 89. No. 73. Verbascum Graeci phlomon vocant.
  3. ↑ Αριστοτέλης : Των περί τα ζώα ιστοριών, Βιβλίον 8, Κεφάλαιον 20 (Wikisource) . Ἀποθνήσκουσι δ 'οἱ ἰχθύες τῷ πλόμῳ · διὸ καὶ θηρεύουσιν οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι τοὺς ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς καὶ [...] λίμναις πλομίζοντες, οἱ δὲ Φοίνικες καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ. Ποιοῦνται δέ τινες καὶ δύ 'ἄλλας θήρας τῶν ἰχθύων.
  4. ^ Claudius Aelianus: De natura animalium . Book I, Chapter 58. Greek / Latin (Rudolf Hercher Amb Firmin Didot, Paris 1858, p. 18.) ... Έμβαλών δέ εις τὴν λίμνην φλόμου φύλλα ἢ κάρυα , ἀπώλεσε τους γυρίνους τῶν μελιττῶν δεσπότης ρᾷστα. … /… Ranarum lutariarum sobolem facile tollit apiarius verbasci foliis, vel nucibus in earum lacum injectis. ... German (Ernst Karl Friedrich Wunderlich. Metzler, Augsburg 1839, p. 448) ... ... The easiest way for the father of the bees to kill the brood of frogs is to throw leaves of woolly cabbage or nuts into the lake. ... [Instead of "nuts" better: the "seeds of the woolly herb"]
  5. ↑ Leopold Rosenthaler (1902): Phytochemical investigation of the fishing plant Verbascum sinuatum L. and some other Scrophulariaceen. Communications from the Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Strasbourg 240 (1), pp. 57–69.
  6. ↑ Γεώργιος Θεοδώρου Μπουρογιάννης: Πανίδα (Ψάρια) [fish fauna]. P. 30, το ψάρεμα με φλόμο [Fishing with Flomos (φλόμος)]; P. 33, φλόμος = φυτό πολυετές του γένους βερμπάσκα [Flomos (φλόμος) = perennial plant of the genus mullein (βερμπάσκο "verbasko")].
  7. Jump up ↑ Joseph Quer: Flora española o historia de las plantas que se crian en España (6 Tomos): Tomo primero. Joachin Ibarra, Madrid 1762. pp. 449 f. Verbascum .
  8. ^ Joseph Pitton de Tournefort: Élémens de botanique: ou Méthode pour connoître les plantes , Volume 1. L'Imprimerie Royale, Paris 1694. P. 123.
  9. ↑ Real Academia Española: Diccionario de la lengua española, barbasco , varbasco , verbasco (gordolobo) .
  10. ↑ a b c Valentín Anders et al. (2010–2017): Etimologías de Chile: Verbasco
  11. ↑ a b Alexander von Humboldt : Journey to the Equinoctial-Areas of the New Continent , Volume 2. In German adaptation by Hermann Hauff. JG Cotta'scher Verlag, Stuttgart 1859. P. 404.
  12. ^ Theodor Martius: About the medicinischen properties of the Piscidia Erythrina Linn. or the Jamaican cornel tree from Hamilton. Communicated from the Transactions of the Medico-Botanical Society of London. Pharmaceutisches Central-Blatt, Volume 6. First Volume. Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1835. pp. 413 f.
  13. ↑ Kerensa Louise Allison: Manioc Mothers: Subsistence Stability and the Influence of Tourism Among the Napo Kichwas in the Ecuadorian Amazon . Dissertation, Washington State University, 2010. p. 127.
  14. ↑ The Plant List: Lonchocarpus utilis ACSm. is a synonym of Derris utilis (ACSm.) Ducke .
  15. ↑ Christa Tödter, William Waters, Charlotte Zahn: Shimikunata asirtachik killka Inka - Castellanu. Diccionario Inga - Castellano (Quechua del Pastaza) ( Memento of November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Series Lingüística Peruana N ° 52, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano , Lima 2002, p. 256.
  16. ↑ Mary Ruth Wise (ed.): Diccionario Shipibo - Castellano ( Memento of March 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Series Lingüística Peruana N ° 31, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano , Lima 1993, p. 181.
  17. ↑ Don Antonio de Ulloa : Physical and Historical News from Southern and Northeastern America . Translated from Spanish by Johann Andreas Dieze. First part. Weidmanns Erben and Reich, Leipzig 1781, p. 259f.
  18. ↑ Jaime Giménez: Kawsak Sacha, la Selva Viviente de los kichwa de Sarayaku. Dentro del bosque exist seres supremos, pequeños y grandes, visibles e invisibles, móviles e inmóviles, que están vivos. Los humanos somos solo una parte de ellos . El País , December 10, 2016.
  19. ^ PH List, L. Hörhammer: Hager's handbook of pharmaceutical practice. Third volume: Chemicals and Drugs (Am – Ch) , Springer, 1972, p. 526.
  20. ↑ a b c Julian H. Steward: Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 5, Smithsonian Institution, Bulletin 143, US Government Printing Office, 1949, pp. 278-280.
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j José Armando Rondón Rangel: Guía descriptiva de los barbascos de Venezuela. In: Revista de la Facultad de Farmacia. Vol. 43, 2002, (PDF) .
  22. ↑ The Plant List: Deguelia rufescens var. Urucu (Killip & ACSm.) AMGAzeved is an unresolved name .
  23. ^ Georg Friederici: Americanist dictionary and auxiliary dictionary for the Americanist. 2nd edition, De Gruyter, 1960, pp. 80 f, 230, 610.