Figwort family

Figwort family
	Gnarled figwort ( Scrophularia nodosa )
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Figwort family
Scientific name
	Scrophulariaceae
	Yuss.

The figwort family (Scrophulariaceae), formerly also called Rachenblütler , form a family in the order of the mint-like (Lamiales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). There are around 1,700 species worldwide, mainly herbaceous plants .

description

Vegetative characteristics

They are mainly herbaceous plants , but there are also woody species. The leaves are mostly opposite .

Generative characteristics

Flower diagram of Verbascum

The flowers are often in racemose inflorescences together.

The four or five-fold flowers are mostly zygomorphic . The four or five sepals and petals are usually fused together. In some species the front petal is “masked” or there is a nectar spur or a bulge at the entrance to the corolla tube; this means that only strong insects, such as bumblebees , are able to get hold of the pollen . There is only one stamen circle, and the number of stamens is usually four or five. The ovary is on top.

The flower formula is: ${\ displaystyle \ downarrow K _ {(5)} \; [C _ {(5)} \; A_ {5-4-2}] \; G _ {\ underline {(2)}}}$

They usually form capsule fruits , which usually contain many seeds. There may be much to no endosperm .

Tribe Aptosimeae: Aptosimum linear

Tribus Buddlejeae: Buddleja alternifolia

Tribe Freylinieae: Phygelius capensis

Systematics and distribution

As a valid first publication of the Scrophulariaceae family under the "Scrophulariae" Antoine Laurent de Jussieu : Genera Plantarum , 1789, pp. 117–118. The name Scrophulariaceae was published in 1782 by Jean Francois Durande in Notions Élémentaires de Botanique, ... p. 265. Type genus is Scrophularia L. Synonyms for Scrophulariaceae Juss. are Bontiaceae Horan. , Buddlejaceae K.Wilh. , Caprariaceae Martynov , Hebenstretiaceae Horan. , Limosellaceae J.Agardh , Myoporaceae R.Br. , Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal , Selaginaceae Choisy , Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh nom. illegal. and Verbascaceae Bercht. & J. Presl .

The Scrophulariaceae family is divided into nine tribes , here complete with the 52 to 65 genera and around 1700 species (here each with distribution area and number of species):

Tribe Aptosimeae (Benth.) Benth. : It contains three genera with about 40 species:
- Anticharis Endl. : The approximately 14 species are common in Africa.
- Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth. : The 20 or so species are common in Africa.
- Peliostomum E. Mey . ex Benth. : The seven species are common in tropical and southern Africa.

Tribus Buddlejeae Bartl. (Syn .: Buddlejaceae K.Wilh. ): Since 2017 all 108 species belong to one genus:
- Buddleia ( Buddleja L. , Syn .: Chilianthus , Emorya Torr. Gomphostigma Turcz. , Nicodemia Ten. ): Of the 108 species are about 66 in the Neotropics , about 16 species in Southern Africa, East Africa and Madagascar and about 24 species in Asia spread.

Tribus Freylinieae Barringer : It contains one to four genera with about eight species:
- Antherothamnus N.E.Br. : It probably contains only one type:
  - Antherothamnus pearsonii N.E.Br. : It occurs in central and southern Africa.
- Freylinia Colla : The four or so species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa.
- Phygelius E. Mey . ex Benth. : The only two types are common in southern Africa.

Tribe Hemimerideae: Alonsoa warscewiczii

Tribus Hemimerideae Benth. : It contains six genera with about 134 species:

Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav .: The 16 or so species are common in the Neotropics and South Africa.

Colpias E. Mey . ex Benth. : It contains only one type:
Colpias mollis E. Mey. ex Benth. : It occurs only in the South African province of North Cape .

Diascia Link & Otto : The over 50 species are common in southern Africa.

Diclis Benth. : The ten or so species are distributed in tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.

Hemimeris L. f. : The four species are only found in the South African provinces of the North, West and Eastern Cape .

Elfenspiegel ( Nemesia Vent. ): The approximately 65 species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa.

Tribe Leucophyleae: Leucophyllum revolutum

Tribus Leucophyleae Miers : It contains only two genera with around 17 species:
- Eremogeton Standl. & LOWilliams : It contains only one species:
  - Eremogeton grandiflorus (A.Gray) Standl. & LOWilliams : It occurs from Mexico to Guatemala.
- Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl. : The twelve or so species are common in southwestern North America.

Tribe Limoselleae: Hebenstretia dentata

Tribe Limoselleae: Selago spuria

Tribe Limoselleae: Zaluzianskya villosa

Tribus Limoselleae Dumort. (Syn .: Manuleeae Hilliard , Selagineae): Since 2004 it contains 27 to 28 genera with about 566 species:

Barthlottia Eb. Fish. : It contains only one type:
Barthlottia madagascariensis Eb. Fish. : It only occurs in Madagascar.

Camptoloma Benth. : The only three species are only found in Somalia and Socotra .

Chaenostoma Benth. (The approximately 46 species wereincorporatedinto Sutera Roth for a while, but the genus Chaenostoma was reactivated so that the genus Sutera became monophyletic.)

Chenopodiopsis Hilliard : The only three species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape .

Cromidon Compton : Of the twelve or so species, ten occur only in South Africa, the other two are common in southern Africa.

Dischisma Choisy : The eleven or so species are distributed in southern Africa from the South African provinces of Eastern, Western and Northern Cape to Namibia .

Glekia Hilliard : It contains only one species:
Glekia krebsiana (Benth.) Hilliard : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape .

Globulariopsis Compton : Six of the seven species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape and one also in the North Cape.

Glumicalyx Hiern : The six or so species are distributed from southern to south-eastern Africa.

Gosela Choisy : It contains only one species:
Gosela eckloniana Choisy : It occurs only in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.

Hebenstretia L. (Syn .: Hebenstreitia L. orth. Var.): The approximately 25 species are common in tropical South America.

Jamesbrittenia Kuntze : The 83 or so species are common in South Africa.

Limosella L .: The eleven species are distributed almost worldwide, for example:
Muddy ( Limosella aquatica L. )

Lyperia Benth. : Of the approximately seven species, five are only found in the South African provinces of the Eastern, Northern and Western Cape and the other two are common in southern Africa.

Manulea L .: The approximately 73 species are common in South Africa.

Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz : It probably only contains one species:
Manuleopsis dinteri Thell. ex Schinz : It occurs in south-western Africa.

Melanospermum Hilliard : The six or so species are common in South Africa.

Micranthemum : see Linderniaceae

Microdon Choisy (Syn .: Agathelpis Choisy ): The seven to nine species are common in the southwestern Cape.

Phyllopodium Benth. : The approximately 26 species are common in the Southwest Cape.

Polycarena Benth. : The approximately 17 species are distributed in the Southwest Cape.

Pseudoselago Hilliard (sometimes in Selago L. ): The 28 or so species are common in western South Africa.

Reyemia Hilliard : The only two types are common in South Africa.

Selago L .: The over 190 species are distributed in tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.

Strobilopsis Hilliard & BLBurtt : It contains only one species:
Strobilopsis wrightii Hilliard & BLBurtt It is found in South Africa.

Sutera Roth : The approximately 49 species are common in South Africa.

Tetraselago Junell : The four species are common in South Africa.

Trieenea Hilliard : The nine species are common in the southwestern Cape.

Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt : The 55 or so species are common in western South Africa, for example:
Star balm ( Zaluzianskya capensis Walp. )

Tribe Myoporeae: Eremophila maculata

Tribe Myoporeae: Myoporum sandwicense

Tribus Scrophularieae: Black Mullein ( Verbascum nigrum )

Tribus Teedieae: Teedia lucida , illustration

Tribe Myoporeae (sensu Chinnock ): It contains about seven genera with about 236 species:

Androya H.Perrier : It contains only one species:
Androya decaryi H.Perrier : It only occurs in Madagascar.

Bontia L .: It probably only contains one species
Bontia daphnoides L .: It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in tropical South America.

Calamphoreus Chinnock : It contains only one species:
Calamphoreus inflatus (CAGardner) Chinnock : It occurs in western Australia.

Diocirea Chinnock : The four or so species are common in Australia.

Emus bushes ( Eremophila R.Br. ): The approximately 214 species are common in Australia (and one species in New Zealand).

Glycocystis Chinnock : It contains only one species:
Glycocystis beckeri (F.Muell.) Chinnock : It occurs in Australia.

Myoporum Sol. ex Forster : The 30 or so species are distributed in Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands and in eastern Asia.

Pentacoelium Zucc. : It contains only one type:
Pentacoelium bontioides sieve. & Zucc. : It occurs in Australia.

Tribe Scrophularieae Dumort. : It contains five genera with about 564 species:
- Antherothamnus N.E.Br. : It probably contains only one type:
  - Antherothamnus pearsonii N.E.Br. : It is common in central to southern Africa.
- Nathaliella B. Fedsch. : With only one type:
  - Nathaliella alaica B. Fedsch. : It is common in China and Kyrgyzstan.
- Oreosols Hook. f. : The only three species are common in the Himalayas.
- Braunwurzen ( Scrophularia L. ): The approximately 200 species are distributed in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere and up to the Neotropic.
- Mullein ( Verbascum L. , including Staurophragma Fisch. & CAMey. , Celsia L. ): The approximately 360 species are distributed in Eurasia and in Eastern Africa.

Tribus Teedieae G.Don : It contains three to five genera with about six species:
- Oftia Adans. : With three species in South Africa.
- Ranopisoa J.-F.Leroy : It contains only one species:
  - Ranopisoa rakotosonii (Capuron) J.-F.Leroy : It occurs only in Madagascar.
- Teedia Rudolphi : The only two types are common in South Africa.
- Dermatobotrys Bolus : It contains only one type:
  - Dermatobotrys saundersii Bolus : It occurs in South Africa.

Genera assigned to other families (selection)

Formerly part of the figwort family, since 2001 part of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), the following genera are included:
- Acanthorrhinum Rothm.
- Achetaria Cham. & Schltdl.
- Adenosma R.Br.
- Albraunia Speta
- Hole Throat ( Anarrhinum Desf. )
- Snapdragons ( Antirrhinum L. )
- Asarina Mill.
- Capraria L.
- Orant ( Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. )
- Cheilophyllum Pennell ex Britton
- Cymbal herbs ( Cymbalaria L. )
- Thimbles ( Digitalis L. )
- Alpine balm ( Erinus L. )
- Herbs of grace ( Gratiola L. )
- Seaweed ( Kickxia Dumort. )
- Flax herbs ( Linaria Mill. )
- Mänderle ( Paederota L. )
- Speedwell ( Veronica L. )
- Wulfenia ( Wulfenia jacq. )

Formerly like Ilysanthes (synonym) to the figwort family , since 2001 to the Linderniaceae the
following genus has been included:
- Box herbs ( Lindernia All. )

Formerly the figwort family, today the summer root family (Orobanchaceae) the following genera:
- Bartsia L.
- Eyebright ( Euphrasia L. )
- Lathraea ( Lathraea L. )
- Quail wheat ( Melampyrum L. )
- Tooth rust ( Odontites Ludw. )
- Parentucellia Viv.
- Lice herb ( Pedicularis L. )
- Rattlespot ( Rhinanthus L. )
- Alpine throat ( Tozzia L. )

Formerly to the figwort plants, since 2001 to the family of bluebell plants (Paulowniaceae) the following genus is included:
- Paulownia ( Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. )

Formerly a figwort family, since 2001 a juggler flower family (Phrymaceae), the following genus is included:
- Juggler flowers ( Mimulus L. )

swell

The Scrophulariaceae family on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)

literature

Richard G. Olmstead, Claude W. de Pamphilis, Andrea D. Wolfe, Nelson D. Young, Wayne J. Elisons, Patrick A. Reeves: Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 88, No. 2, 2001, pp. 348-361 ( full text online. ).
Richard G. Olmstead: Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? In: Fremontia. Volume 30, 2002, pp. 13–22 ( PDF file; 678 kB ) (generally understandable presentation of the systematics, which is more than 15 years old).
Bengt Oxelman, Per Kornhall, Richard G. Olmstead, Birgitta Bremer: Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae. In: Taxon. Volume 54, No. 2, 2005, pp. 411-425 ( PDF file; 383 kB ).

Individual evidence

↑ Scrophulariaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ Richard G. Olmstead: List of the tribes with their genera with distribution and number of species.
^ ^A ^b John H. Chau, Nataly O'Leary, Wei-Bang Sun, Richard G. Olmstead: Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Buddlejeae (Scrophulariaceae) based on multiple nuclear and plastid markers. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 184, Issue 2, June 2017, pp. 137–166. doi: 10.1093 / botlinnean / box018
↑ Colpias mollis in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ Species list for Hemimeris in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ ^a ^b Per Kornhall, Birgitta Bremer: New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae. In Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 146, No. 4, 2004, pp. 453-467, doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x .
↑ Species list for Chenopodiopsis in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ Glekia krebsiana in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ Species list for Globulariopsis in the Red List of South African Plants
^ Gosela eckloniana in the Red List of South African Plants
^ Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 172 f.

Web links

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