Buddleia

Buddleia
	Butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii ) cultivar 'White Profusion'
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Tribe :	Buddleia
Genre :	Buddleia
Scientific name of the tribe
	Buddlejeae
	Bartl.
Scientific name of the genus
	Buddleja
	L.

The butterfly bush ( Buddleia ) and butterfly bush called, are since 2017 only plant genus of the tribe Buddlejeae within the family of Figworts (Scrophulariaceae). The best known species of the genus is the butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii ), its varieties are common ornamental plants for parks and gardens in temperate areas . They are not related to the ornamental shrubs or trees from the olive family, simply referred to as lilac in German .

description

Illustration by
A. Buddleja brasiliensis : Habitus.
B-E. Buddleja globosa : B. Habitus. C. Flower. D. Petals w / anthers. E. Ovary.
F / G. Buddleja americana : F. blossom. G. petals.
H. Buddleja asiatica : habitus.
J / K. Buddleja lindleyana : flower.
L. Buddleja salviifolia : flower.
M / N. Buddleja japonica : fruits.
from Hans Solereder: Loganiaceae In: Engler, Prantl (Ed.): The natural plant families ... IV. Part. 2nd department Leipzig between 1892 and 1895.

Chilianthus section : branch with opposite leaves of Buddleja saligna

Illustration from Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe , Volume 14 by Buddleja colvilei

Alternifoliae section : Detail of an inflorescence of Buddleja forrestii with four-fold flowers

Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine, London. , Volume 137 (= Series 4, Volume 7), plate 8401 from Buddleia officinalis

Nicodemia section : fruits of Buddleja madagascariensis

Alternifoliae section : capsule fruits from Buddleja asiatica

Alternifoliae section : Seeds of butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii )

Appearance

Buddleia species are woody plants and grow as subshrubs , shrubs , rare trees or vines . The branches are round, square or four-winged in cross-section. The bark initially has star hairs and later becomes bald. The bark is furrowed. Star-shaped and glandular trichomes are present on the above-ground parts of the plant .

leaves

The mostly opposite, rarely alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf stalks are often relatively short. The leaf margins are smooth, notched or serrated. There is pinnate nerve . The underside of the leaf has star hairs and sometimes there are also smaller glandular hairs ( indument ) under the star hairs . The upper side of the leaf is sparsely hairy to glabrous. The interpetiolaren Stipules are deciduous leaf-like, almost circular and auriculate or reduced to a transverse line.

Inflorescences and flowers

The terminal or lateral inflorescences are structured very differently, mostly paniculate in principle , they can be loose to very compact, sometimes a different number of zymous partial inflorescences are lined up to the extreme that there is only one head-shaped inflorescence. Usually they contain many flowers. The bracts are like foliage, the bracts are sepal-like.

The unisexual or hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold and radial symmetry with a double flower envelope . The flowers are often relatively small. Often the flowers are functionally unisexual, while the sterile flower organs are sometimes greatly reduced. The four green, mostly woolly hairy sepals are more or less bell-shaped, more rarely cup-shaped or obscure-conical. The straight or curved calyx tube is usually longer than the calyx lobes. The four yellow to orange, white or pink to purple colored petals are fused together in the shape of a bell, cup, plate or funnel. The straight or curved corolla tube is cylindrical and usually longer than the corolla lobes. It is covered with star hair on the outside and simple hairs ( trichomes ) are present on the inside . The four stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla tube usually do not protrude above it. The stamens are shorter to longer than the anthers. Two to four rare fruit leaves are a two- to rare vierkammerigen ovate to almost spherical ovary grown. There are a few to many ovules per ovary chamber . The short to long stylus often ends in a long, culled, capitate or less often two-lobed stigma .

Fruits and seeds

The calyx is present until the fruit is ripe. Usually, septicidal, double-sided, egg-shaped to elongated, rarely almost spherical capsule fruits are formed. Berries are only produced in the five species Buddleja axillaris , Buddleja fragifera , Buddleja fusca , Buddleja indica and Buddleja madagascariensis . The fruits usually contain many seeds.

The relatively small, egg-shaped to elongated seeds , rarely over 1.5 millimeters long, are often winged. The seeds contain a fleshy endosperm and a straight embryo .

Systematics and distribution

Taxonomy

The genus Buddleja was established in 1753 by the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 112. The type species is Buddleja americana L. The generic name Buddleja honors the English clergyman and botanist Adam Buddle (1660-1715). The botanical genus name caused a bit of confusion. The modern practice of using latized words would turn the family name "Buddle" into Buddleia , but Linnaeus wrote Buddleja in 1753 and 1754 . In the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants = ICN , it was specified in the 2006 edition (Articles 60, 60.5) that Linnaeus' notation is to be followed in this case.

Synonyms for Buddleja L. are: Adenoplea Radlk. , Adenoplusia Radlk. , Buddleia L. orth. Var., Chilianthus Burch. , Nicodemia Ten. , Emorya Torr.

External system

The genus Buddleja belongs to the tribe Buddlejeae in the family Scrophulariaceae . The Tribus Buddlejeae was created by Chau et al. Edited in 2017 and the scope of the genus Buddleja expanded somewhat and since then all species of the tribe Buddlejeae belong to the genus Buddleja , which is therefore monophyletic . The Tribus Buddlejeae was set up in September 1830 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling in Ordines Naturales Plantarum eorumque characteres et affinitates adjecta generum enumeratione , page 172. Synonyms for Buddlejeae Bartl. are: Buddlejeae Juss. , Buddlejaceae K.Wilh.

Inquirer subdivision of the genus Buddleja with the species and their distribution

The Buddleia species are distributed in the tropical to subtropical and temperate areas of the New World (around 66 species) and the Old World (around 42 species). There are at least 22 species and five hybrids in China. Few species are neophytes in some areas of the world, for example Europe .

According to Chau et al. In 2017 the genus Buddleja (including Gomphostigma , Chilianthus , Nicodemia and Emorya ) will be divided into seven sections, here with a total of around 108 species:

Alternifoliae section : inflorescence of Buddleja albiflora

Alternifoliae section : Alternate-leaved Buddleia ( Buddleja alternifolia )

Alternifoliae section : inflorescence of Buddleja colvillei with flowers in detail

Alternifoliae section : Buddleja crispa

Alternifoliae section : Branches with leaves and inflorescences from Buddleja delavayi

Buddleja section : inflorescence of Buddleja americana

Buddleja section : leaves and inflorescences of Buddleja araucana

Section Buddleja : Ball buddleia ( Buddleja globosa )

Buddleja section : Buds of Buddleja longifolia

Buddleja section : inflorescence of Buddleja marrubiifolia

Buddleja section : Buds of Buddleja tubiflora

Buddleja section : Two partial inflorescences of Buddleja utahensis

Chilianthus section : leaves and inflorescences of Buddleja auriculata

Section Chilianthus : Habitus , leaves and inflorescences of Buddleja dysophylla

Section Gomphostigma : Habitus and flowers of Buddleja virgata

Nicodemia section : Habitus and inflorescences of Buddleja madagascariensis

Salviifoliae section : inflorescence and leaves of Buddleja salviifolia

Incertae sedis: Habitus , leaves and inflorescences of Buddleja glomerata

Section Alternifoliae Kränzl. with the type species: Buddleja amentacea Kränzl. → Buddleja asiatica Lour. : The inflorescence is paniculate , thyrsoid or spike-like . The corollas are white or purple in color. The stamens do not protrude above the corolla. The 24 or so species are common in Asia:

White flowering buddleia ( Buddleja albiflora Hemsl. , Syn .: Buddleja hemsleyana Koehne ): It thrives in open wooded areas, on the edges of forests and on the banks of rivers at altitudes of 500 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guizhou , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Shaanxi , Sichuan and Yunnan .

Alternate leaf lilac ( Buddleja alternifolia Maxim. ): It thrives in thickets on river banks and on dry rivers at altitudes of 1500 to 4000 meters in Tibet , Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei , Henan, Ningxia , Qinghai , Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan.

Buddleja asiatica Lour. : It is common in Pakistan , India , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Nepal , Myanmar , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , China , Vietnam , Indonesia , Malaysia , New Guinea and the Philippines . It is also cultivated.

Buddleja bhutanica Yamazaki : This endemic occurs only in Bhutan.

Buddleja brachystachya Diels : It thrives in bushes in the mountains and on dried up rivers at altitudes of 1000 to 2700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Buddleja candida Dunn : It is common in northeastern India, southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of southern Sichuan and Yunnan.

Buddleja caryopteridifolia W.W.Sm. : It is considereda synonym for Buddleja crispa in the Flora of China ; However, two samples from Yunnan and Sichuan are included in the molecular genetic investigation by Chau et al. 2017 included.

Buddleja colvilei Hook. f. : It thrives in the Himalayas in Bhutan, Sikkim , Nepal and India, in southern Tibet and in Yunnan.

Buddleja crispa Benth. : It is common in Afghanistan , Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, northern India, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Buddleja curviflora Hook. & Arn. : It occurs in southern Taiwan and on the Japanese islands of southern Kyushu , southern Shikoku and the Ryūkyū Islands .

Butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii Franch. ): It naturally thrives at altitudes of 800 to 3000 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guangdong , Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Shaanxi , Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang . It was probably naturalized early in Japan. For example in Europe and California it is a neophyte .

Buddleja delavayi L.F. Gagnep. : It thrives on the edges of forests, in thickets in valleys and on roadsides in mountains at altitudes of 2000 to 3000 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese province of Yunnan.

Buddleja fallowiana Balf. f. & WWSmith : It thrives in open woodlands and in thickets in the mountains at altitudes of 1200 to 3800 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is a medicinal plant.

Buddleja forrestii Diels : It is found in India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Japanese Buddleia ( Buddleja japonica Hemsl. ): It occurs only on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku . In France he is a neophyte.

Buddleja jinsixiaensis R.B.Zhu : It was found in 2013 at an altitude of about 1200 meters in Shaanxi and was first described in the same year.

Buddleja lindleyana Fortune : It thrives at altitudes of 200 to 2700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian , Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is a medicinal plant.

Buddleja macrostachya Benth. : It is common in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh , Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and China.

Buddleja microstachya E.D.Liu & H.Peng : It wasfirst describedin 2006 from southwestern Yunnan .

Buddleja myriantha Diels : It occurs in Myanmar, Tibet and in many Chinese provinces.

Snow Buddleia ( Buddleja nivea Duthie ): It thrives in open woodlands, on the edges of forests and in thickets in the mountains at altitudes of 700 to 3600 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Buddleja officinalis Maxim. : It is common in Myanmar, Vietnam and China.

Buddleja paniculata Wall. : It is common in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam and China.

Buddleja subcapitata E.D.Liu & H.Peng : It was first described in 2004 from southwest Sichuan. This endemic thrives on roadsides at the edge of the forest roadsides at altitudes of about 2200 meters only in Yanbian Xian.

Buddleja yunnanensis L.F. Gagnep. : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 2500 meters in Yunnan.
Section Buddleja with the type species: Buddleja americana L .: The inflorescence is paniculate , thyrsoid , ear -like , head-shaped or racemose . The flower crowns are white or yellow to orange in color. The stamens may or may not protrude above the corolla. The approximately 66 species are distributed from North to Central America and on the Caribbean islands to South America:
- Ball Buddleia ( Buddleja globosa Hope ): It is common in Argentina and Chile .
- Buddleja grandiflora Cham. & Schltdl. : It is common in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay.
- Buddleja hatschbachii E.M. Norman & LBSm. : It occurs in Brazil.
- Buddleja hieronymi R.E.Fr. : It occurs in from Bolivia to the southern part of South America.
- Buddleja ibarrensis E.M. Norman : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav .: It is common in Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, and is sometimes called Kiswar there.
- Buddleja interrupta Kunth : It occurs in Peru.
- Buddleja iresinoides (Griseb.) Hosseus : It occurs in from Bolivia to the southern part of South America.
- Buddleja jamesonii Benth. : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Buddleja kleinii E.M. Norman & LBSm. : It occurs in Brazil.
- Buddleja lanata Benth. : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Buddleja lojensis E.M. Norman : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Buddleja longiflora Brade : It occurs in Brazil.
- Buddleja longifolia Kunth : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
- Buddleja marrubiifolia Benth. : It occurs from Texas to Mexico.
- Buddleja megalocephala Donn.Sm. : It occurs from southern Mexico to Guatemala .
- Buddleja mendozensis Gillies ex Benth. : It occurs in the southern part of South America.
- Buddleja missionum Kraenzl. : It occurs in from Brazil to the southern part of South America.
- Buddleja montana Britton : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.
- Buddleja multiceps Kraenzl. : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
- Buddleja nitida Benth. : It occurs from Mexico to Central America.
- Buddleja normaniae J.H. Chau (Syn .: Emorya suaveolens Torr. ): This new combination took place in 2017 .: It occurs from North America to Mexico.
- Buddleja oblonga Benth. : It occurs in Brazil.
- Buddleja parviflora Kunth : It occurs from southern Mexico to Guatemala .
- Buddleja perfoliata Kunth : It is distributed from northern to southern Mexico.
- Buddleja pichinchensis Kunth : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
- Buddleja polycephala Kunth : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
- Buddleja racemosa Torr. : This endemic thrives only on the Limestone Edwards Plateau in Texas.
- Buddleja ramboi L.B.Sm. : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul .
- Buddleja rinconensis (Mayfield) JHChau (Syn .: Emorya rinconensis Mayfield ): This new combination took place in 2017 .: It occurs in Mexico.
- Buddleja rufescens Willd. ex Schultes & Schultes : It occurs in Peru.
- Buddleja scordioides Kunth : It occurs from the US states of central Arizona , southeastern New Mexico and southwestern Texas to the Mexican state of Chihuahua .
- Buddleja sessiliflora Kunth : It occurs in the US state of Texas and southern Arizona and is widespread in large parts of Mexico.
- Buddleja simplex Kraenzl. : This endemic appears only in the area around the Mexican Saltillo . Some authors suggest that it is extinct.
- Buddleja skutchii C.V. Morton : There are two subspecies:
  - Buddleja skutchii C.V. Morton subsp. costaricensis E.M. Norman : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama .
  - Buddleja skutchii C.V. Morton subsp. skutchii : It occurs in the Mexican state of Chiapas and in Guatemala.
- Buddleja soratae Kraenzl. : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.
- Buddleja speciosissima Deaf. : This rare endemic occurs only on Mount Itatiaia .
- Buddleja stachyoides Cham. & Schltdl. : It occurs in the Australian state of Queensland , Bolivia, Brazil , Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay .
- Buddleja suaveolens Kunth & Bouché : It occurs in the southern part of South America.
- Buddleja thyrsoides Lam. : It occurs from Brazil to the southern part of South America.
- Buddleja tubiflora Benth. : It occurs in Argentina and Paraguay.
- Buddleja tucumanensis Griseb. : It is common in Bolivia and Argentina.
- Buddleja utahensis Coville : It occurs in the US states of Arizona , California , Nevada and Utah .
- Buddleja vexans Kraenzl. & Loes. ex EMNorman : It occurs in Peru.
Section Chilianthus (Burch.) Leeuwenberg with the type species: Chilianthus oleaceus Burch. → Buddleja saligna Willd. : The inflorescence is paniculate . The corollas are white or cream-colored. The stamens may or may not protrude above the corolla. The four or so species are common in southern Africa:
- Buddleja auriculata Benth. : It occurs in Zimbabwe , Mozambique and in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape , KwaZulu-Natal , Limpopo , Mpumalanga .
- Buddleja dysophylla (Benth.) Radlk. : It occurs in Zaire , Tanzania , Malawi , Swaziland and in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga .
- Buddleja loricata Leeuwenb. : It occurs in Lesotho and in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal , Free State and Eastern Cape .
- Buddleja saligna Willd. : It is common in South Africa , Zimbabwe and Swaziland .
Section Gomphostigma (Turcz.) JHChau with the type species: Gomphostigma scoparioides Turcz. → Buddleja virgata L. f. : The inflorescence is racemose . The corollas are white. The stamens rise above the corolla. There are about two species common in southern Africa:
- Buddleja incompta L. f. (Syn .: Gomphostigma incomptum (L. f.) NEBr. ): This endemic occurs only in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape .
- Buddleja virgata L. f. (Syn .: Gomphostigma virgatum (L. f.) Baill. , Gomphostigma scoparioides Turcz. ): It is widespread in southern Africa.
Section Nicodemia (Tenore) Leeuwenberg with the type species: Nicodemia diversifolia (Vahl) Tenore → Buddleja indica Lam. : The inflorescence is thyrsoid , spike or capitate . The flower crowns are white or yellow to orange in color. The stamens do not protrude above the corolla. The nine or so species are distributed in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Mascarene Islands, in East Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula:
- Buddleja acuminata Poir. : It occurs in eastern Zaire and northern Madagascar .
- Buddleja axillaris Willd. : It occurs in Tanzania , Madagascar and the Comoros .
- Buddleja cuspidata Baker : This endemic occurs only in northern Madagascar.
- Buddleja indica Lam. (Syn .: Nicodemia diversifolia (Vahl) Tenore ): It occurs in Madagascar , the Comoros and the Mascarene Islands .
- Buddleja fragifera Leeuwenb. : This endemic occurs only in southern Madagascar.
- Buddleja fusca Baker : This endemic occurs only in central Madagascar.
- Buddleja madagascariensis Lam. : It occurs in Madagascar .
- Buddleja polystachya Fresen. : It occurs in Eritrea , Ethiopia , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Yemen , Kenya and Tanzania.
- Buddleja sphaerocalyx Baker : It occurs in a few locations in Madagascar .
Section Pulchellae J.H.Chau : It was set up in 2017 with the type species: Buddleja pulchella N.E.Br. : The inflorescence is paniculate . The flower crowns are white or yellow to light orange in color. The stamens do not protrude above the corolla. It contains only one species and is distributed from eastern to southern Africa:
- Buddleja pulchella N.E.Br. : It occurs in Zimbabwe, Kenya , Tanzania and in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Eastern Cape.
Section Salviifoliae J.H. Chau : It was set up in 2017 with the type species: Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam. : The inflorescence is paniculate . The flower crowns are white or lavender to purple in color. The stamens do not protrude above the corolla. It contains only one species and is distributed from eastern to southern Africa:
- Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam. : It is common in Tanzania, Malawi , Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland.
Incertae sedis : One species was identified by Chau et al. 2017 not be classified in a section:
- Buddleja glomerata H. Wendl. : It occurs in the South African provinces of Eastern, Northern and Western Cape .

use

Play media file

A swallowtail ( Papilio machaon ) sucks on flowers of a cultivar of the butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii )

Of some Buddleia species and hybrids are varieties, such as Buddleja alternifolia , Buddleja auriculata , Buddleja colvilei , Buddleja crispa , Buddleja fallowiana , Buddleja globosa , Buddleja lindleyana , Buddleja madagascariensis , Buddleja nivea , Buddleja saligna , Buddleja salviifolia , Buddleja x weyeriana , But above all the varieties of the butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii ), used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. There are hundreds of breeds and hybrids between some species. Some species are already significant in traditional Chinese garden art . What the varieties have in common is that they stand out for their intense smell and often attract butterflies and other insects.

Some species, for example Buddleia asiatica (Chinese: bai bei feng), Buddleja crispa (Chinese: 皱叶醉鱼草 zhou ye zui yu cao), Buddleja davidii (Chinese: 大叶醉鱼草 da ye zui yu cao), Buddleja fallowiana (Chinese: 紫花醉鱼草 zi hua zui yu cao), Buddleja lindleyana (Chinese: 醉鱼草 zui yu cao), Buddleja madagascariensis (Chinese: 浆果醉鱼草 jiang guo zui yu cao), Buddleja officinalis (Chinese: 密蒙花 mi meng hua) are used as medicinal plants in traditional Chinese medicine . For example, Buddleja coriacea and Buddleja incana are used in folk medicine . The medicinal effects of Buddleia asiatica , Buddleja officinalis and Buddleia paniculata were examined.

Buddleja davidii is used as a dye plant.

The dried and ground underground plant parts of Buddleia asiatica are used in the production of a liqueur . Buddleia asiatica is used in the manufacture of perfume .

swell

literature

Antony JM Leeuwenberg: The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen, Nederland, 1979.
Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg: Loganiaceae. : Buddleja , p. 329 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
E. Norman: Buddlejaceae. In: Flora Neotropica Monogr. , Volume 81, 2000, 169 pages.
John H. Chau, Nataly O'Leary, Wei-Bang Sun, Richard G. Olmstead: Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Buddlejeae (Scrophulariaceae) based on multiple nuclear and plastid markers. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 184, Issue 2, June 2017, pp. 137–166. doi : 10.1093 / botlinnean / box018

Individual evidence

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↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
↑ RB Zhu, B. Kang, J. Cheng, B. Zhang, X. Zhao: Buddleja jinsixiaensis (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from Shaanxi, China. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 159, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 291-294.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as Vascular Plants of the Americas Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ ^a ^b Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Species list for Buddleja in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ ^a ^b Species list for Gomphostigma in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (pages 158-160).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Entries on Buddleja at Plants For A Future . Retrieved December 15, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Buddleia ( Buddleja ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoPakistan-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[FoPanama-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Chau2017-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw John H. Chau, Nataly O'Leary, Wei-Bang Sun, Richard G. Olmstead: Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Buddlejeae (Scrophulariaceae) based on multiple nuclear and plastid markers. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 184, Issue 2, June 2017, pp. 137–166. doi : 10.1093 / botlinnean / box018

[FoC-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg: Loganiaceae. : Buddleja , p. 329 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 .

[Tropicos-5] Buddleja at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 11, 2018.

[Burkhardt2018-6] Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. online.

[Linné1753-7] Carl von Linné: Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii , Stockholm , 1, 1753, p. 112: scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[Linné1754-8] Carl von Linné, Lars Salvius, 1754: Genera plantarum: eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium. , 5th edition, p. 51: scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[MelbourneCode2012-9] J. McNeill, FR Barrie, WR Buck, V. Demoulin, W. Greuter, DL Hawksworth, PS Herendeen, S. Knapp, K. Marhold, J. Prado, WF Prud'homme van Reine, GF Smith, JH Wiersma, NJ Turland: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. electronic publication Bratislava. International Association for Plant Taxonomy, 2012, accessed December 15, 2018 (English, Article 60.5 ).

[GRIN-10] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Buddleja in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program . National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 11, 2018.

[Euro+Med-11] Benito Valdés, 2012: Scrophulariaceae. : Datasheet Buddleja In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[Zander2008-12] Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

[Zhu2013-13] RB Zhu, B. Kang, J. Cheng, B. Zhang, X. Zhao: Buddleja jinsixiaensis (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from Shaanxi, China. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 159, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 291-294.

[VascularPlantsAmericas-14] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as Vascular Plants of the Americas Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Flora_Mesoamericana-15] Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[RedListSA-16] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Species list for Buddleja in the Red List of South African Plants

[RedListSA_Gomphostigma-17] Species list for Gomphostigma in the Red List of South African Plants

[CPoMadagascar-18] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Buddleja at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Botanica2003-19] Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (pages 158-160).

[PFAF-20] Entries on Buddleja at Plants For A Future . Retrieved December 15, 2018.