Butterfly lilac

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Butterfly lilac
Buddleia (Buddleja davidii) with small cabbage white flowers

Buddleia ( Buddleja davidii ) with small cabbage white flowers

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Tribe : Buddleia plants (Buddlejeae)
Genre : Buddleia ( Buddleja )
Type : Butterfly lilac
Scientific name
Buddleja davidii
Franch.

The butterfly lilac ( Buddleja davidii ), also called buddleia , common buddleia , butterfly bush or lilac spear , is a species of the species buddleia ( Buddleja ) in the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae). They are not related to the ornamental shrubs or trees from the olive family, simply referred to as lilac in German .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The butterfly lilac grows in Central Europe as a shrub that only sheds its foliage indistinctly and which can reach heights of 0.5 to 5 meters. The almost square branches have a characteristic, felty hairy bark .

The constantly against arranged on the branches leaves measure up to 25 inches in length, the width is about 7 centimeters. The shape is narrow-lanceolate, the leaf margin is slightly serrated. The upper side of the leaf shows a dark green color, the underside of the leaf is hairy gray-tomentose. The mostly existing stipules are almost circular to ovate with a diameter of 1 to 6 millimeters.

Generative characteristics

The terminal, upright, dense, narrow-conical, apparently racemose or thyrsoid zymous inflorescence reaches a length of 4 to 30 centimeters and a diameter of 2 to 5 centimeters. The lower bracts are foliage-shaped, the others are small and linear.

The honey-scented blossoms open in June. The hermaphrodite flowers are four-fold with a double flower envelope . The four 2 to 3.5 millimeter long sepals are fused bell-shaped. The four lilac-colored petals are fused into a narrow corolla tube about 1 centimeter long with spread corolla lobes. They are bright yellow in the area of ​​the tube entrance; in the wild form, the remainder of the flower is blue-purple. Garden shapes can also have white, pink, purple, or dark purple flowers. The scars and anthers remain hidden in the corolla tube.

The two-lobed, brown capsule fruits have a length of 5 to 9 millimeters and a diameter of 1.5 to 2 millimeters. The seeds are ellipsoidal, chip-shaped with a length of 2 to 4 millimeters and a diameter of about 0.5 millimeters.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 76.

ecology

Part of an inflorescence
Four-fold flowers in detail
Pigeon tail on butterfly lilac

The pollination is done by langrüsselige insects , especially by our famous butterflies and Taubenschwänzchen . Honey bees, bumblebees and wood bees are also among the flower visitors and pollinators. The seeds are spread over the wind as balloon fliers. The seed coat has vesicular structures at both ends, which act as small wings to support the spread of the wind. One specimen can produce around 20 million seeds per year.

The butterfly lilac offers bumblebees and other bees , butterflies and pigeon tails a rich source of nectar, especially in the blooming period in July and August.

Toxicity

The butterfly bush is classified as slightly poisonous, with all parts of the plant being poisonous, in particular the leaves and the seeds. Active ingredients are the glycosides Catalpol , Methylcatalpol, Aucubin and various saponins .

The BUND assumes that as a result of this poison, butterflies show behavior changes after sucking nectar from the plant and thus become easy prey for birds.

distribution

The butterfly lilac comes from China and Tibet .

The butterfly lilac is used as an ornamental plant in temperate areas around the world . As a garden refugee, the butterfly lilac also established itself in the wild in these areas. It is a neophyte in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand . The butterfly lilac thrives well on soils rich in skeletons . It can therefore be found on railway tracks, on the banks of streams or rivers, or on the rubble in cities in the post-war years. In the Alpine region it finds its optimum in the societies of the Sambuco-Salicion association.

The butterfly lilac was first discovered in Germany on a gravel bank in the Rhine in 1928 . It is a species of flora that is often found along railway tracks and on fallow industrial areas, as well as along embankments . The northern limit of distribution is determined by the winter climate. In winter temperatures below 20 degrees minus the plant specimens usually die. In the United Kingdom and Switzerland , the butterfly lilac is rated as an invasive species (and included on the black list of invasive neophytes in Switzerland), which has a tendency to reduce biodiversity due to its rapid and rapid spread.

Systematics

The first description was in 1887 by the French botanist Adrien René Franchet. The specific epithet davidii honors the French naturalist in China and Lazarist father Armand David . A synonym for Buddleja davidii Franch. is Buddleja variabilis Hemsl.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The distinction between the following varieties within the species is controversial:

  • Buddleja davidii var. Nanhoensis (Chitt.) Rehder : Syn .: Buddleja variabilis var. Nanhoensis Chitt.
  • Buddleja davidii var. Superba (de Corte) Rehder & EHWilson : Syn .: Buddleja variabilis var. Superba de Corte
  • Buddleja davidii var. Veitchiana (JHVeitch) Rehder : Syn .: Buddleja variabilis var. Veitchiana J.H.Veitch

Similar species

In addition to Buddleja davidii and its varieties, the alternate leaf buddleia ( Buddleja alternifolia ) is also widespread in the parks and gardens in the temperate latitudes . In contrast to Buddleja davidii, it blooms on the previous year's branches.

swell

  • Mario Ludwig, Harald Gebhard, Herbert W. Ludwig, Susanne Schmidt-Fischer: New animals & plants in the native nature - recognizing and determining immigrant species , BLV Verlagsgesellschaft Munich, ISBN 3-405-15776-5 .
  • Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg: Loganiaceae. : Buddleja davidii Franchet , p. 334 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 . (Section description)
  • Bruno P. Kremer: Recognize & identify shrub trees - Steinbach's natural guide , 2002, ISBN 3-8001-4275-9 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger (ed.): Excursion flora from Germany. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 .

Web links

Commons : Buddleia ( Buddleja davidii )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 824 .
  2. ↑ Summer death of bumblebees at NABU .
  3. ^ Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 , pp. 178-179 (reprinted 1994).
  4. ↑ RB Duff, JS Bacon et al .: CATALPOL AND METHYLCATALPOL: NATURALLY OCCURRING GLYCOSIDES IN PLANTAGO AND BUDDLEIA SPECIES. In: The Biochemical journal. Volume 96, July 1965, ISSN  0264-6021 , pp. 1-5, PMID 14343132 , PMC 1206900 (free full text).
  5. ↑ 8.4.2013, The butterfly bush - really butterfly-friendly? http://region-hannover.bund.net/themen_und_projekte/schmetterlinge/schmetterlinge_brauchen_nahrung/
  6. ^ A b Buddleja davidii in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  7. ↑ a b Georg Philippi : "Buddlejaceae." In Oskar Sebald et al .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 5, page 16. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 .
  8. ↑ David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. Volume 2m, page 178.Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna Haupt-Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 .
  9. ^ Tanya Gupta: Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways. BBC News, July 15, 2014, accessed July 15, 2014 .
  10. ↑ Buddleia, Black List Type. (PDF) info flora, 2012, accessed on July 31, 2016 .
  11. ↑ S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
  12. ↑ Franchet: Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. , sér. 2, 10, 1887, 65.