Mullein

Mullein
Small-flowered Mullein ( Verbascum thapsus )
Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Euasterids I Order : Mint family (Lamiales) Family : Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) Genre : Mullein
Scientific name
Verbascum
L.

The plant genus Mullein ( Verbascum ) belongs to the fig family ( Scrophulariaceae ). The genus, which comprises around 300 species, has a large distribution area in Eurasia . Many of the species are used as medicinal plants .

description

Leaf rosette in the first year of Verbascum epixanthinum

Illustration of the windflower mullein ( Verbascum phlomoides )

Floral diagram

Bear's tail mullein flowers ( Verbascum arcturus )

Vegetative characteristics

Verbascum species grow as annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants. The simple leaves stand together in basal rosettes and are alternately distributed on the stem . The leaf blades are usually simple.

Generative characteristics

In engständigen, ährigen , rispigen or racemose inflorescences are many flowers together.

The hermaphrodite flowers are slightly zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . There are five sepals . The colors of the petals are mostly yellow, rarely white or purple. The five petals are only fused at their base and the expanded corolla lobes are unequal. There is only one circle with four or five stamens . The stamens are mostly hairy and the anthers are shaped differently. Two carpels are an above-permanent, two-chambered ovary grown.

The septicidal capsule fruit contains many seeds. The conical-cylindrical seeds are six to eight ribs.

Usage and German-language trivial names

Hippocrates recommends Verbascum for wound treatments. The saponins contained in the plant are said to be poisonous for fish, according to Aristotle , the seeds scattered in a body of water anesthetize the fish and thus facilitate fishing .

Hildegard von Bingen mentions the mullein (probably Verbascum thapsus) as wullena as a remedy for a "sad heart". In phytotherapy , the woolly flowers of the woolly mullein ( Flores verbasci ) are used as an expectorant - as a single drug or in herbal tea mixtures - for colds .

As for many other medicinal plants, numerous common names are used for the mullein species : for example thunder and lightning candle, sky fire, kunkel, fiend candle, weather candle, winter blossom, woolly flower or woolly herb.

Systematics

Cockroach Mullein ( Verbascum Blattaria )

Verbascum boerhavii

Verbascum giganteum

Verbascum nevadense

Black Mullein ( Verbascum nigrum )

Violet Mullein ( Verbascum phoeniceum )

Leaf rosette of Verbascum sinuatum

The genus Verbascum was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 1, pp. 177-179. Type species is Verbascum thapsus L. Synonyms for Verbascum L. are: Celsia L. , Rhabdotosperma Hartl , Staurophragma Fisch. & CAMey. The genus Verbascum belongs to the tribe Scrophularieae within the family Scrophulariaceae .

There are more than 300 types of Verbascum (selection):

• Verbascum agrimoniifolium (C. Koch) Huber-Morath : It occurs in Turkey , Armenia and Palestine .
• Wool mullein ( Verbascum alpinum Turra ), occurs only in Europe
• Bear's tail mullein ( Verbascum arcturus L .; Syn .: Celsia arcturus (L.) Jacq. ), Occurs only in Crete
• Verbascum barnadesii Vahl (Syn .: Celsia barnadesii (Vahl) G.Don f. ): It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula.
• Cockroach mullein , cockwort ( Verbascum Blattaria L. ): It is common in Eurasia and northwest Africa and is a neophyte in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Afghanistan and India .
• Verbascum boerhavii L .: The homeland is Morocco , Spain , the Balearic Islands , France , Corsica and Italy .
• Silk hair mullein ( Verbascum bombyciferum Boiss. ): It has thick white hairs and occurs naturally in western Turkey. It is naturalized in the UK.
• Verbascum brevipedicellatum (Engl.) Huber-Mor. : The homeland is East Africa .
• Verbascum calycosum Hausskn. ex Murb. : The home is Turkey.
• Chaix mullein i. w. S., Austria mullein i. w. S. ( Verbascum chaixii Vill. S. Lat.): It occurs in Europe in southern, central, south-eastern and eastern Europe. With the subspecies:
  • Austrian mullein ( Verbascum chaixii subsp. Austriacum Hayek )
  • Actual Chaix mullein ( Verbascum chaixii subsp. Chaixii )
  • Verbascum chaixii subsp. orientale hayek
• Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau : It occurs in Afghanistan, Cambodia, India, Kashmir, Laos, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and China.
• Verbascum creticum (L.) Cav. (Syn .: Celsia cretica L. ), occurs in Europe and North Africa and is naturalized in Australia and New Zealand.
• Verbascum daenzeri (Fauché & Chaub.) O. Kuntze (Syn .: Celsia daenzeri Fauché & Chaub. ): This endemic occurs only in southern Greece .
• Large-flowered mullein , large-flowered mullein ( Verbascum densiflorum Bertol .; Syn .: Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad. ): It occurs in Europe and North Africa and is a neophyte in the USA.
• Verbascum drymophiloides Gritsenko : The homeland is Armenia .
• Verbascum epixanthinum Boiss. & Hero. : The home is Greece
• Verbascum freynii (Sint.) Murb. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Verbascum gadarense Post : It occurs in Jordan.
• Verbascum giganteum Willk. : The home is Spain .
• Verbascum graecum Boiss. : It occurs in Albania, in the former Yugoslavia, in Greece and in the European part of Turkey.
• Verbascum humile Janka : It occurs in Bulgaria, Greece and the European part of Turkey.
• Verbascum ikaricum Murb. : It occurs in the Aegean Sea.
• Verbascum insulare Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Verbascum krauseanum Murb. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Verbascum laxum Filar. & Jáv. : The homeland is the Caucasus .
• Verbascum linearilobum (Boiss.) Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Floury mullein , heather torch mullein ( Verbascum lychnitis L. ), occurs in Europe and Morocco
• Verbascum macrurum is native to Crete
• Verbascum megricum (Tzvelev) Huber-Morath : The homeland is Armenia .
• Verbascum nevadense Boiss. : The home is Spain.
• Black Mullein , Dark Mullein ( Verbascum nigrum L. ): It is common in Eurasia.
• Verbascum nudicaule (Wydler) Takht. : The homeland are Armenia and Turkey.
• Verbascum olympicum Boiss. : It has branched inflorescences and occurs in Greece and Turkey.
• Verbascum oreophilum C. Koch : The home is Turkey, Armenia, Iraq , Lebanon and Iran .
• Verbascum orientale (L.) All. (Syn .: Celsia orientalis L. ): It iswidespreadin southern and eastern Europe and in the Middle East.
• Verbascum × patris Bordz.
• Windflower Mullein ( Verbascum phlomoides L. ): It is widespread in Europe and the Middle East and is a neophyte in North America and Ecuador.
• Purple mullein , crimson mullein ( Verbascum phoeniceum L. ): They are common in Eurasia.
• Flaky mullein , flake mullein ( Verbascum pulverulentum Thuill. ), Occurs only in Europe
• Verbascum samniticum Ten. : The homeland is Italy, Croatia , Albania and Greece.
• Verbascum schachdagense Gritsenko : The home is the Caucasus.
• Verbascum sinuatum L .: It iswidespreadin Eastern and Southern Europe, North Africa and from the Middle Eastto Central Asia.
• Verbascum songaricum Schrenk ex fish. & CAMey. : It is widespread from West and Central Asia to China.
• Magnificent Mullein ( Verbascum speciosum Schrad. ): It occurs in Europe and in the Caucasus.
• Verbascum spinosum L .: This endemic occurs only in Crete .
• Verbascum suworowianum (C. Koch) Kuntze : The homeland is Armenia and Turkey.
• Small-flowered mullein , small-flowered mullein ( Verbascum thapsus L. , Syn .: Verbascum crassifolium Lam. & DC. ): It is widespread in Eurasia and is a neophyte in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand, as well as in Hawaii.
• Wavy-leaved Mullein ( Verbascum undulatum Lam. ): The home is Albania, Greece and the former Yugoslavia .
• Verbascum varians Freyn & Sint. : The homeland is Armenia and Turkey.
• Verbascum virgatum Stokes : The home is the Canaries , Madeira , Portugal , Spain , Italy , France and Great Britain . It is a neophyte in the Azores, North and South America, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and Hawaii.
• Verbascum wiedemannianum fish. & CA Mey. : It occurs in Turkey.

history

• Antiquity – late antiquity: Dioscorides 1st century --- Pliny 1st century --- Galen 2nd century --- Pseudo-Apuleius 4th century --- Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis . 6th century
• Arab Middle Ages: Constantine 11th century --- Circa instans 12th century --- Pseudo-Serapion 13th century --- Ibn al-Baitar 13th century
• Latin Middle Ages: Hildegard von Bingen 12th century --- Michael Puff 15th century --- Herbarius Moguntinus 1484 --- Garden of Health 1485 --- Hortus sanitatis 1491 --- Hieronymus Brunschwig 1500
• Modern times: Otto Brunfels 1532 --- Otto Brunfels 1537 --- Hieronymus Bock 1539 --- Leonhart Fuchs 1543 --- Mattioli / Handsch / Camerarius 1586 --- Nicolas Lémery 1699/1721 --- Onomatologia medica completa 1755 --- Hecker 1814/15 --- Pereira / Buchheim 1846/48

Historical illustrations

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  Vienna Dioscurides ..... 6th century

• 

  Vienna Dioscurides ..... 6th century

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  Pseudo-Apuleius Leiden 6th century

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  Pseudo-Diosk. de herb. fem. 6th century

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  Vitus outlet 1479

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  Herbarius moguntinus 1484

• 

  Garden of Health 1485

• 

  Hortus sanitatis ......... 1491

• 

  Otto Brunfels 1537

• 

  Leonhart Fuchs 1543

• 

  Leonhart Fuchs 1543

• 

  Leonhart Fuchs 1543

• 

  Leonhart Fuchs 1543

• 

  Mattioli / Handsch / Camerarius 1586

literature

• Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill: Scrophulariaceae. P. 4: Verbascum - Online. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X (English).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
2. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Dezhao Chen, Dianxiang Zhang, Kai Larsen: Verbascum Linnaeus. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010.
4. ↑ Jürgen Martin: The Ulm surgeon Johannes Stocker and his nosologically structured pharmacopoeia. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 5, 1987, p. 192 ( Wülle , also wulli ).
5. ↑ Entry for plant identification .
6. ^ Verbascum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 12, 2011.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Verbascum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
8. ^ Ian Keith Ferguson: Verbascum L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al .: Flora Europaea . Volume 3, pp. 205-216. Cambridge University Press 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} Karol Marhold: Scrophulariaceae. Entry in: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
10. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 425 (Book IV, Chapter 102): Phlomos (digitized version )
11. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia Book XXV, Chapter 73 (§ 120–121): Verbascum (digitized version) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
12. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VIII, Chapter XXI / 5 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 150): Phlomos (digitized version )
13. ↑ First printing: Rome 1481, Chapter 74: Verbascum (digitized version )
14. ↑ Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis. 6th century edition: HF Kästner: Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis. In: Hermes. Vol. 31, 1896, Chapter 21: Flommos (digitized version )
15. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 387: Tapsia (digitized version )
16. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 210v – 211r: Tapsia (digital copy ) , sheet 211r: Tapsus barbassus (digital copy )
17. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet (No CCCXXXIX): Tapsia (digitized)
18. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 184-185 (digitized version ) ; Volume II 1842, pp. 74–75 (digitized version )
19. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 123: Wullena . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1180 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 95: Wullena is warm and dry and a bit cool. If you have a weak and sad heart, cook some wullenam with meat or fish or cakes without other herbs and eat it often. That strengthens and delights his heart. - Anyone who is rough in the voice and throat and has a pain in the chest, cook wullena and fennel of equal weight in good wine, strain it through a cloth and drink it often. He gets his voice back and his chest heals.
20. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . Johannes Bämler (print), Augsburg 1478: Himelprand plůmen (digitized version )
21. ↑ Frankfurt a. M., University Library Ms. Germ. qu. 17 , sheet 350v: Wullen (digitized version ) . Transcription: Wullen water is good for swell and for sick days in the libe Cpg 638 , Alsace / Basel, 2nd quarter of the 15th century, sheet 25r: (digitized) . Transcription: Item bulging water is good for all bulging in the body
22. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 144: Taxus barbatus wulle (digitized version )
23. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 110: Calendula wulkrut (digitized version )
24. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 469: Tapsus bar¬ba¬tus (digitized version )
25. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 115v: Wullen krut (digitized version )
26. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch. Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 331: Text: Künigs kertz or Wulkraut (digitized version )
27. ^ Otto Brunfels: Ander Teyl des Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs. Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1537, p. 131: Illustration of Wullkraut (digital copy )
28. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 72: Wulkraut (digitized version )
29. ^ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch [...]. Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, chapter 328: Wullkraut (digitized version )
30. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 402r – 404r: Wullkraut, mullein (digitized)
31. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. Paris 1699, p. 801: Verbascum (digitized) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 1169–1170: Verbascum (digitized version)
32. ^ Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 1317–1318: Verbascum (digitized version )
33. ↑ --- August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume II 1815, pp. 108–109: Flores Verbasci (digitized version )
34. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig Volume II 1848, pp. 302–303: Verbascum Thapsus (digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Mullein ( Verbascum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Mullein  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations