Windflower Mullein

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Windflower Mullein
Windflower Mullein (Verbascum phlomoides)

Windflower Mullein ( Verbascum phlomoides )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Genre : Mullein ( Verbascum )
Type : Windflower Mullein
Scientific name
Verbascum phlomoides
L.

The wind-mullein flower , common-mullein or winds light mullein ( Verbascum phlomoides ) is a plant from the genus mullein ( Verbascum ) in the family of Figworts (Scrophulariaceae). The specific epithet refers to the Greek word ϕλόμoς (phlómos) for mullein.

description

Stalked, hairy basal leaf
illustration
blossoms

Vegetative characteristics

The windflower mullein is a hapaxanthe herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 50 to 200 centimeters.

The leaves are densely covered with woolly felted hair on both sides. The basal leaves are clearly stalked. The stem leaves are only slightly sloping down the stem , clearly protruding and indistinctly notched. The stem leaves above are shorter and therefore appear triangular.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers smell faint. The yellow flower crown is colored measuring 35 to 55 millimeters in diameter. The three upper stamens are bearded yellow, the two lower ones, however, bare. The anthers of the lower filaments are 3 to 5.5 millimeters long and run down the filament. The scar is club-shaped and slightly sloping down on the stylus.

The chromosome number is 2n = 32 or 34. with a basic chromosome number of 8.

Diseases

The windflower mullein can be attacked by the rust fungus Uromyces verbasci .

Occurrence

The windflower mullein is found almost all over Europe, but only reaches Denmark northwards. It is also found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. In Austria, the windflower mullein occurs frequently to absent -mindedly in all federal states on the colline to submontane altitude level, but it is rare in western Austria. In Germany it is considered an archaeophyte and occurs scattered in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg , Rhineland-Palatinate , West North Rhine-Westphalia , Hesse , Thuringia , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Brandenburg , East Lower Saxony and Mecklenburg . It occurs rarely in East North Rhine-Westphalia, West Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein . Overall, the population is decreasing. In Switzerland it occurs scattered in the colline altitude range. It grows on embankments, roadsides and paths, as well as on rubble sites at altitudes of up to 800 meters. It thrives best on moderately fresh to moderately dry, alkaline and nutrient-rich loam soils . It is in Central Europe, a characteristic species of the association Onopordion acanthii.

ecology

In the case of the windflower mullein, female, male and hermaphrodite flowers are formed, which can be distributed differently among the individual plant specimens. Usually there are hermaphroditic and female flowers on one plant ( gynomonomy ). Only female and only hermaphrodite flowers were seldom found distributed on different plants, as well as purely female and monoecial flowers on different plants ( gynodioce ).

The windflower mullein is pollinated by insects . It does not offer nectar , but has an abundant supply of pollen for the pollinators. Therefore it is called a pollen flower according to Müller's flower classes . The main pollinators are short- nosed bees , syrphids , beetles and flies . The windflower mullein is self-incompatible according to the GSI type (gametophytic self-incompatibility). This means that the pollen can usually germinate on the scar , but the pollen tube in the style stops growing if the S allele of the haploid pollen matches one of the S alleles of the diploid style.

A septicidal capsule is formed as the fruit . Characteristic is that they are along the Verwachsungsnähte the former carpels opens. The seeds are spread by shock propagation ( semachory ), which means that the seeds of the capsule that opens upwards are shaken out by gusts of wind or by animals passing by.

The Wind Flower mullein poses for some moths from the family of owls , a forage crop. Thus, for agrochola lychnidis ( Agrochola lychnitis ) that Achateule ( Phlogophora meticulosa ) and mullein moth ( Shargacucullia verbasci ), the oligophagous to the genus Verbascum instructed is.

use

The windflower mullein is sometimes used as an ornamental plant in natural gardens and for terrace design. Due to its size, it is particularly effective as a single plant in suitable places. Occasionally it is also grown as a medicinal plant. It needs a full sun. Propagation takes place by sowing.

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold : Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. A book for identifying vascular plants that grow wild and often cultivated . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 93rd completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2006, ISBN 3-494-01413-2 .
  • Hans-Joachim Zündorf, Karl-Friedrich Günther, Heiko Korsch, Werner Westhus (eds.): Flora of Thuringia. The wild fern and flowering plants of Thuringia . Weissdorn, Jena 2006, ISBN 3-936055-09-2 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, 3rd edition ISBN 3-937872-16-7 .
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  827 .
  3. ↑ a b c Entry Verbascum phlomoides in biolflor database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany
  4. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. (PDF; 1.8 MB).
  5. ^ Verbascum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  6. ↑ a b c Eckehart J. Jäger: Rothmaler - excursion flora from Germany. 21st edition, Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49707-4 , p. 664
  7. ↑ Entry: Verbascum phlomoides L. in infoflora - The national data and information center for the Swiss flora
  8. ^ Entry self-incompatibility in Lexicon of Biology, Spektrum.de
  9. ^ Entry Verbascum Linnaeus in the Flore of China
  10. ^ Entry Fruchtformen in Pschyrembel online, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
  11. ↑ Verbascum phlomoides L., Windflower Mullein as a butterfly food plant in FloraWeb.de
  12. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 459, 842 .

Web links

Commons : Windflower Mullein  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files