To fly
To fly | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blowfly ( Calliphora spec.) |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Brachycera | ||||||||||||
Schiner , 1862 | ||||||||||||
Partial orders | ||||||||||||
|
The flies (Brachycera) form next to the mosquitoes (Nematocera) one of two sub-orders of the two-winged birds (Diptera). There are numerous families within the flies .
According to the way in which the flies hatch from their pupae, they are divided into the subgroups of the cleft panties (Orthorrhapha) and lidded panties (Cyclorrhapha). The split knickers slip out of their mummy dolls through a longitudinal or T-shaped gap. The lid slip with their forehead bladder blow off the lid of their barrel doll.
Way of life
The lifespan of an adult fly is often only a few weeks or days. The larval stage occupies the largest life span , although these occur in a wide variety of habitats and on different substrates . Its main activity as an imago unfolds in our latitudes from April to October. The animals can survive the winter in all stages of life in protected habitats. Many species are only active in winter even as adults.
nutrition
Flies feed on all organic substances, both on decaying organic matter and as hunters of other insects or as parasites . In most cases, both the larval juvenile stages and the adults feed on . Some flies are competitors for humans because they prefer plants grown by them and are therefore referred to as pests (e.g. numerous bored flies ).
Multiplication
Numerous species lay their eggs very unspecifically and hardly care for the brood . Therefore, in order for the species to survive, very large quantities of eggs must be laid. However, there are also flies with pronounced care for brood, especially among the parasites. In the temperate latitudes with their clear turn of the year there are numerous species that can pass through several generations in one year. Most species probably have a one-year generation change . The rate of reproduction is very dependent on the climate and food availability and can therefore vary greatly from year to year.
Special adjustments
Flies are able to find a firm hold even on smooth surfaces. To do this, like spiders and geckos , they use so-called van der Waals forces , i.e. forces of attraction that arise between the molecules on the surface and those of their legs. Flies reinforce this adhesive effect through a strategy that has so far only been observed in them: the fine hairs, the so-called setae , with which their legs are covered, lead to tiny oval lobules. These secrete a thin film of liquid that is located between the smooth surface and the fly bone. In this way, capillary forces develop , which give an additional adhesive effect through a sticky substance.
Some species of flies spend part of their life cycle in meat, feces, or decaying organic matter. There it is possible that they pick up pathogenic germs, transport them as vectors and transfer them to humans and animals.
In particular, various species of the blowflies (Calliphoridae), meatflies (Sarcophagidae) and real flies (Muscidae, e.g. the widespread housefly ) families are important as pests and disease vectors. Your maggots are waste recyclers and live mainly on dead plant and animal substances. Individual species also live in living tissue and cause myiasis as pathogens (in the narrower sense , this means the clinical picture caused by parasitic skin maggots, including larva migrans ).
Systematics
The flies are divided into two groups - cleft hatchers (Orthorrapha) and lidded hatchers (Cyclorrhapha), the representatives of which differ mainly in the way the adult fly hatches out of the cocoon . Under systematics of the two-winged species there is a systematic representation of the animals, which focuses primarily on central European species. Below is a diagram of the Brachycera up to the systematic level of the family . The systematics of flies is the subject of current research and new findings regularly lead to changes in the systematics. The diagram shows rather many families. The status of some of these families is controversial.
'Brachycera' |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diptera collections
Admont Abbey : The Diptera collection of Father Gabriel Strobl (1846–1925) in the Natural History Museum of the Admont Abbey ( Styria , Austria) is one of the most important fly collections in Europe with around 80,000 preserved specimens and around 7500 different species. The dipter collection of the Senckenberg German Entomological Institute comprises approx. 855,000 specimens in 19,200 species.
The Natural History Museum Vienna has a dipteran collection with around 800,000 copies. The Zoological State Collection in Munich has a Diptera collection with around 12,500 determined species.
The Natural History Museum of Denmark has a collection of around 150,000 specimens with a particular focus on Western Palearctic brachyrera. The Biological Museum of Lund University has an important entomological collection that includes a diptera section. The Natural History Museum in London has a very important collection with 2.5 million copies. The Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris has a very important dipteran collection with around 2.5 million specimens in around 30,000 species. The Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden maintains an important entomological collection with a Diptera division. The CeNak in Hamburg houses a Diptera collection with 2218 species, including 1784 brachycera.
literature
- Joachim Haupt, Hiroko Haupt: Flies and Mosquitoes. Observation - way of life . Weltbild, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89440-278-4 .
- Peter Geimer : Flying. A portrait. Edited by Judith Schalansky . Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-95757-617-0 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ilka Lehnen-Beyel: Good prison conditions for flies , Bild der Wissenschaft, from October 6, 2004
- ^ Diptera page of the SDEI. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Diptera collection page of the NHM Vienna. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Collection holdings of the Diptera section page of the Zoological State Collection Munich. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Diptera Collection page of the Natural History Museum of Denmark. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Diptera collections Page of the Natural History Museum. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Diptera page of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ↑ The Entomological Collections of the Zoological State Institute and Zoological Museum Hamburg Weidner 1969
Web links
- Lukian : The Fly (Μυίας ἐγκώμιον / Praise of the Fly )
- Anatomical Atlas of Flies page for understanding the anatomy of flies (large data download required)
- Dipteran Collection Natural History Museum Stift Admont (1866–1910)