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To fly
Blowfly (Calliphora spec.)

Blowfly ( Calliphora spec.)

Systematics
Superclass : Six-footed (Hexapoda)
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Subclass : Flying insects (Pterygota)
Superordinate : New winged wing (Neoptera)
Order : Fly (Diptera)
Subordination : To fly
Scientific name
Brachycera
Schiner , 1862
Partial orders
  • Asilomorpha
  • Muscomorpha
  • Stratiomyomorpha
  • Tabanomorpha
  • Vermileonomorpha
  • Xylophagomorpha

The flies (Brachycera) form next to the mosquitoes (Nematocera) one of two sub-orders of the two-winged birds (Diptera). There are numerous families within the flies .

According to the way in which the flies hatch from their pupae, they are divided into the subgroups of the cleft panties (Orthorrhapha) and lidded panties (Cyclorrhapha). The split knickers slip out of their mummy dolls through a longitudinal or T-shaped gap. The lid slip with their forehead bladder blow off the lid of their barrel doll.

Way of life

The lifespan of an adult fly is often only a few weeks or days. The larval stage occupies the largest life span , although these occur in a wide variety of habitats and on different substrates . Its main activity as an imago unfolds in our latitudes from April to October. The animals can survive the winter in all stages of life in protected habitats. Many species are only active in winter even as adults.

nutrition

Fly on a pizza

Flies feed on all organic substances, both on decaying organic matter and as hunters of other insects or as parasites . In most cases, both the larval juvenile stages and the adults feed on . Some flies are competitors for humans because they prefer plants grown by them and are therefore referred to as pests (e.g. numerous bored flies ).

Multiplication

Two birds mating
Head of a fly

Numerous species lay their eggs very unspecifically and hardly care for the brood . Therefore, in order for the species to survive, very large quantities of eggs must be laid. However, there are also flies with pronounced care for brood, especially among the parasites. In the temperate latitudes with their clear turn of the year there are numerous species that can pass through several generations in one year. Most species probably have a one-year generation change . The rate of reproduction is very dependent on the climate and food availability and can therefore vary greatly from year to year.

Special adjustments

Flies are able to find a firm hold even on smooth surfaces. To do this, like spiders and geckos , they use so-called van der Waals forces , i.e. forces of attraction that arise between the molecules on the surface and those of their legs. Flies reinforce this adhesive effect through a strategy that has so far only been observed in them: the fine hairs, the so-called setae , with which their legs are covered, lead to tiny oval lobules. These secrete a thin film of liquid that is located between the smooth surface and the fly bone. In this way, capillary forces develop , which give an additional adhesive effect through a sticky substance.

Flies on a cow dung
Leg detail of a housefly
A meat fly in Portugal that uses its front and rear legs to clean its wings and head. In order to be able to see the very fast movements of the fly better, the film is played back at half speed.

Some species of flies spend part of their life cycle in meat, feces, or decaying organic matter. There it is possible that they pick up pathogenic germs, transport them as vectors and transfer them to humans and animals.

In particular, various species of the blowflies (Calliphoridae), meatflies (Sarcophagidae) and real flies (Muscidae, e.g. the widespread housefly ) families are important as pests and disease vectors. Your maggots are waste recyclers and live mainly on dead plant and animal substances. Individual species also live in living tissue and cause myiasis as pathogens (in the narrower sense , this means the clinical picture caused by parasitic skin maggots, including larva migrans ).

Systematics

The flies are divided into two groups - cleft hatchers (Orthorrapha) and lidded hatchers (Cyclorrhapha), the representatives of which differ mainly in the way the adult fly hatches out of the cocoon . Under systematics of the two-winged species there is a systematic representation of the animals, which focuses primarily on central European species. Below is a diagram of the Brachycera up to the systematic level of the family . The systematics of flies is the subject of current research and new findings regularly lead to changes in the systematics. The diagram shows rather many families. The status of some of these families is controversial.

 'Brachycera' 
 Cyclorrhapha 
 Muscomorpha 
 Carnoidea 

Acartophthalmidae Czerny , 1928


   

Australimyzidae Griffiths , 1972


   

Braulidae Egger , 1853


   

Canacidae Jones , 1906


   

Carnidae Newman , 1834


   

Chloropidae Rondani , 1856


   

Cryptochetidae Brues & Melander , 1932


   

Inbiomyiidae Buck , 2006


   

Milichiidae Schiner , 1862


   

Tethinidae Hendel , 1916


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 Conopoidea 

Conopidae Stephens , 1912



 Diopsoidea 

Diopsidae Bigot , 1852


   

Gobryidae McAlpine , 1997


   

Megamerinidae Hendel , 1913


   

Nothybidae Frey , 1927


   

Psilidae Macquart , 1835


   

Somatiidae Hendel , 1935


   

Strongylophthalmyiidae Hennig , 1940


   

Syringogastridae Prado , 1969


   

Tanypezidae Andersen , 1876


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 Ephydroidea 

Camillidae Frey , 1921


   

Curtonotidae Enderlein , 1914


   

Diastatidae Hendel , 1917


   

Drosophilidae Rondani , 1856


   

Ephydridae Zetterstedt , 1837


   

Mormotomyiidae Austen , 1936


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 Hippoboscoidea 

Glossinidae Theobald , 1903


   

Hippoboscidae Samouelle , 1819


   

Nycteribiidae Samouelle , 1819


   

Streblidae Kolenati , 1863


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 Lauxanioidea 

Celyphidae Bigot , 1852


   

Chamaemyiidae Hendel , 1910


   

Cremifaniidae McAlpine , 1963


   

Lauxaniidae Macquart , 1835


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 Muscoidea 

Anthomyiidae Latreille , 1829


   

Fanniidae Schnabl & Dziedzicki , 1911


   

Muscidae Latreille , 1802


   

Scathophagidae Robineau-Desvoidy , 1830


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 Nerioidea 

Cypselosomatidae Hendel , 1931


   

Micropezidae Desmarest , 1860


   

Neriidae Westwood , 1840


   

Pseudopomyzidae McAlpine , 1966


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 Oestroidea 

Calliphoridae Brauer & Bergenstamm , 1889


   

Mesembrinellidae Shannon , 1926


   

Mystacinobiidae Holloway , 1976


   

Oestridae Leach , 1815


   

Rhiniidae Brauer & Bergenstamm , 1889


   

Rhinophoridae Robineau-Desvoidy , 1863


   

Sarcophagidae Macquart , 1834


   

Tachinidae Robineau-Desvoidy , 1830


   

Ulurumyiidae Michelsen & Pape , 2017


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 Opomyzoidea 

Agromyzidae Fallén , 1810


   

Anthomyzidae Czerny , 1903


   

Asteiidae Rondani , 1856


   

Aulacigastridae Duda , 1924


   

Clusiidae Handlirsch , 1884


   

Fergusoninidae


   

Marginidae McAlpine , 1991


   

Neminidae Freidberg , 1994


   

Neurochaetidae McAlpine , 1978


   

Odiniidae Hendel , 1920


   

Opomyzidae Fallén , 1820


   

Periscelididae Oldenberg , 1914


   

Teratomyzidae Colless & McAlpine , 1970


   

Xenasteiidae Hardy , 1980


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 Platypezoidea 

Ironomyiidae McAlpine & Martin , 1966


   

Lonchopteridae Curtis , 1839


   

Opetiidae Rondani 1856


   

Phoridae Curtis , 1833


   

Platypezidae Walker , 1834


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 Sciomyzoidea 

Coelopidae Hendel , 1910


   

Dryomyzidae Schiner , 1862


   

Helcomyzidae Malloch , 1933


   

Helosciomyzidae Steyskal , 1965


   

Heterocheilidae McAlpine , 1991


   

Huttoninidae Steyskal , 1965


   

Natalimyzidae Barraclough & McAlpine , 2006


   

Phaeomyiidae Verbeke , 1950


   

Ropalomeridae Linder , 1930


   

Sciomyzidae Fallén , 1820


   

Sepsidae Walker , 1833


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 Sphaeroceroidea 

Chyromyidae Hendel , 1916


   

Heleomyzidae traps , 1820


   

Nannodastiidae Papp , 1980


   

Sphaeroceridae Macquart , 1835


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 Syrphoidea 

Pipunculidae Walker , 1834


   

Syrphidae Samouelle , 1819



 Tephritoidea 

Ctenostylidae Bigot , 1882


   

Lonchaeidae Loew , 1861


   

Pallopteridae Loew , 1862


   

Piophilidae Macquart , 1835


   

Platystomatidae Schiner , 1862


   

Pyrgotidae Schiner , 1868


   

Richardiidae Loew , 1868


   

Tachiniscidae Kertész , 1903


   

Tephritidae Macquart , 1835


   

Ulidiidae Macquart , 1835


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 Orthorrhapha 
 Asilomorpha 
 Asiloidea 

Apioceridae Bigot , 1857


   

Apsilocephalidae Nagatomi et al. , 1991


   

Apystomyiidae Nagatomi & Liu , 1994


   

Asilidae Latreille , 1802


   

Bombyliidae Latreille , 1802


   

Hilarimorphidae Williston , 1896


   

Mydidae Bezzi , 1903


   

Mythicomyiidae Melander , 1902


   

Scenopinidae Westwood , 1840


   

Therevidae Burmeister , 1837


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 Empidoidea 

Atelestidae Hennig , 1970


   

Brachystomatidae Sinclair & Cumming , 2006


   

Dolichopodidae Latreille , 1809


   

Empididae Latreille , 1804


   

Homalocnemiidae Collin , 1928


   

Hybotidae Fallén , 1816


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 Nemestrinoidea 

Acroceridae Leach , 1815


   

Nemestrinidae Leach , 1815



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 Stratiomyomorpha 
 Stratiomyoidea 

Panthophthalmidae Bigot , 1882


   

Stratiomyidae Latreille , 1802


   

Xylomyidae Verrall , 1901


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 Tabanomorpha 
 Tabanoidea 

Athericidae Stuckenberg , 1973


   

Austroleptidae Nagatomi , 1982


   

Oreoleptidae Zloty, Sinclair & Pritchar , 2005


   

Rhagionidae Latreille , 1802


   

Spaniidae Nagatomi , 1975


   

Tabanidae Latreille , 1802


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 Vermileonomorpha 
 Vermileonoidea 

Vermileonidae Nagatomi , 1975




 Xylophagomorpha 
 Xylophagoidea 

Xylophagidae Fallén , 1810




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Diptera collections

Diptera Collection, Admont Abbey

Admont Abbey : The Diptera collection of Father Gabriel Strobl (1846–1925) in the Natural History Museum of the Admont Abbey ( Styria , Austria) is one of the most important fly collections in Europe with around 80,000 preserved specimens and around 7500 different species. The dipter collection of the Senckenberg German Entomological Institute comprises approx. 855,000 specimens in 19,200 species.

The Natural History Museum Vienna has a dipteran collection with around 800,000 copies. The Zoological State Collection in Munich has a Diptera collection with around 12,500 determined species.

The Natural History Museum of Denmark has a collection of around 150,000 specimens with a particular focus on Western Palearctic brachyrera. The Biological Museum of Lund University has an important entomological collection that includes a diptera section. The Natural History Museum in London has a very important collection with 2.5 million copies. The Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris has a very important dipteran collection with around 2.5 million specimens in around 30,000 species. The Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden maintains an important entomological collection with a Diptera division. The CeNak in Hamburg houses a Diptera collection with 2218 species, including 1784 brachycera.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. Ilka Lehnen-Beyel: Good prison conditions for flies , Bild der Wissenschaft, from October 6, 2004
  2. ^ Diptera page of the SDEI. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  3. ^ Diptera collection page of the NHM Vienna. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  4. ^ Collection holdings of the Diptera section page of the Zoological State Collection Munich. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  5. ^ Diptera Collection page of the Natural History Museum of Denmark. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  6. ^ Diptera collections Page of the Natural History Museum. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  7. ^ Diptera page of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  8. The Entomological Collections of the Zoological State Institute and Zoological Museum Hamburg Weidner 1969

Web links

Commons : Flies  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Fly  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wikisource: Die Fliege  - Sources and full texts