Systematics of the Zweiflügler

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Fly viewed from above

The following classification of the two-winged species shows the membership of the different taxa of mosquitoes and flies in the two-winged system (Diptera).

The two-winged animals represent a very large group of animals with over 158,000 described species in around 10,000 genera and 155 families. The systematics of these animals is correspondingly extensive. Since they are rich in characteristics and ways of life both in the larval stage and as adults, the differentiation and reconstruction of the natural relationships in a systematic representation is subject to constant changes.

Order Diptera (Diptera)

Commonly the two-winged species are divided into the two sub- orders mosquitoes (Nematocera) and flies (Brachycera). The mosquitoes, however, are very likely not to be a natural group ( Monophylum ), but rather are a combination of several lines of development with a similar habitus .

Suborder mosquitoes (Nematocera)

Dung flies ( Scathophaga sp.) Mating

The mosquitoes (Nematocera) are considered paraphyletic . Six partial orders are distinguished.

Culicomorpha

The Culicomorpha and the Ptychopteromorpha form a monophyletic group that can be compared to the other Diptera as a sister group. Within the Culicomorpha there are the two superfamilies Culicoidea and Chironomoidea .

Ptychopteromorpha

Blephariceromorpha

The three families of Blephariceromorpha are characterized by several common features. The group is therefore considered to be monophyletic. The way their larvae live in fast-flowing waters is similar.

Bibionomorpha

The Axymyiidae are now sometimes counted among the Bibionomorpha , which formerly formed a separate group as Axymyiomorpha.

Axymyiomorpha

Psychodomorpha

The Psychodomorpha are likely polyphyletic. The window mosquitoes and the dung mosquitoes have close relatives with the Bibionomorpha.

Tipulomorpha

The position of the Tipulomorpha within the two-winged system is controversial, as is the relationship between the individual families. The Tipulomorpha are closely related to the Psychodomorpha, the winter mosquitoes are often associated with the Psychodomorpha.

Subordination flies (Brachycera)

Phasia hemiptera

Formerly as split slippers (Orthorrhapha) combined partial orders

Partial order Muscomorpha (Cyclorrhapha)

The suborder Muscomorpha (formerly cover slip ) is divided into the two sections Aschiza and Schizomorpha . The distinguishing feature of the two groups is an arched suture on the head of the Schizophora, which is missing in the Aschiza. This "seam" is created by a special adaptation of the schizophora, which facilitates hatching from the puparium after the pupa has rested . On the head, above the antennae , an evertable membrane is formed that fills with hemolymph . With this organ, which is called the ptilinum , the doll's shell can be blown open along a predetermined breaking point on the hatchers . After the adult fly has removed the doll's shell , the liquid is reabsorbed into the body and the membrane collapses. It is pulled back into the head capsule and all that remains is an arched scar between the compound eyes above the antennae. It marks the gap through which the membrane was everted in the pupal stage. The name Schizophora ( split beam ) is derived from it. It was first used by Eduard Becher .

The Schizophora are divided into two other large groups, the Acalyptratae and the Calyptratae . This distinction relates to the two calyptrs at the base of each fore wing of the calyptratae. The Calyptren (singular: Calypter ) are two lobe-shaped appendages of the wings, which usually cover the swinging bulbs . The acalyptrate flies do not have these attachments.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Flytree - Assembling the Diptera Tree of Life Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute (July 25, 2011, accessed April 18, 2012)
  2. ↑ David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann (Eds.): The Evolutionary Biology Of Flies. Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 14 ISBN 0-231-12700-6
  3. ^ David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann, Greg W. Courtney, Rudolf Meier, Christine Lambkin, Thomas Pape: Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects. Zootaxa, 1668, pp. 565-590, 2007
  4. ^ Brian R. Stuckenberg: The Athericidae, a new family in the lower Brachycera (Diptera) . Annals of the Natal Museum, 21, pp. 649-673, 1973
  5. ^ A b Brian R. Stuckenberg: Pruning the tree: a critical review of classifications of the Homeodactyla (Diptera: Brachycera) with new perspectives and an alternative classification. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 1, 3-41, 2001
  6. ↑ Eduard Becher: On the knowledge of the head formation of the Diptera. Entomologische Zeitung, 1, pp. 49–54, Vienna 1882
  7. ^ DK McAlpine: The Australian species of Diplogeomyza and allied genera (Diptera, Heleomyzidae). Proceedings of The Linnean Society of New South Wales, 92, pp. 74-106, 1967 PDF

literature

  • JF McAlpine: Morphology and terminology - adults. In: JF McAlpine, BV Peterson, GE Shewell, HJ Teskey, JR Vockeroth, DM Wood, (Eds.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, pp. 1-674, 1981.
  • DM Wood, A. Borkent: Phylogeny and classification of the Nematocera. In: JF McAlpine, DM Wood (ed.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 3. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Monograph 32, pp. 1333-1581, 1989.
  • David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann: Phylogeny and evolution of Diptera: recent insights and new perspectives. In: David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann (Eds.): The Evolutionary Biology Of Flies. Columbia University Press, pp. 14-44, 2005 ISBN 0-231-12700-6 .