Jewelry bow ties

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Jewelry bow ties
Otites formosa

Otites formosa

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Fly (Diptera)
Subordination : Flies (Brachycera)
Partial order : Muscomorpha
Superfamily : Tephritoidea
Family : Jewelry bow ties
Scientific name
Ulidiidae
Macquart , 1835
Subfamilies

The ornamental flies (Ulidiidae, Syn .: Otitidae) are a family of the two-winged (Diptera) and belong to the flies (Brachycera). The family is distributed worldwide, with a distribution center in the Neotropic . There are around 110 species in Europe.

description

Decorative flies reach a body length between 2.5 and 11 millimeters. The flies are very differently colored, black, brown, sometimes whole, often partially yellow, sometimes gray-dusted or green (less often blue) metallic. The crystal-clear (hyaline) wings almost always have either a dark spot on the wing tip or an extensive black markings or bands, which are only completely absent in a few species. In this they resemble the closely related drill flies (Tephritidae). In some species it has been proven that the drawing of the males plays a role in courtship behavior and in mating. The marginal vein (costa) of the wing can have one or two interruptions, the subcosta is complete (it reaches the wing edge) and slightly curved towards the end. For a reliable differentiation from related families, the shape of the male phallus and features of the bristling (chaetotaxia) should be used. The wing drawing of a number of European genera is shown in the work of Galinskaya and colleagues.

In females, the tip of the abdomen (the seventh abdominal segment), related as in some families, strong sclerotized and tapered, it is comparable to a ovipositor used in the oviposition, to eggs to sink, for example in plant tissue. The structure is called the Oviscapus.

The best known species of this family is the metallic-green Physiphora alceae (from the tribe Ulidiini) which has a yellow-red head. The animals suck on dog excrement, in which they also lay their eggs and can jump.

Biology and way of life

As far as their way of life is known, the larvae of these flies mostly live in decomposing organic matter, for example on rotting fruits, occasionally in dung ( coprophagia ), trees injured by sap flows or damaged by beetle burrows or trees that have died under the bark. Most, but not all, species prefer herbal matter. From there, some lines have passed over to living plant tissue, so they are herbivorous (phytophag). Few species and are considered harmful on sugar beets (genus Tetanops ), onions (genus Tritoxa ) or maize (genus Euxesta , Chaetopsis ). The full-grown (imaginal) flies are found in a variety of habitats, from marshland or marshland to steppe lawns. They are mostly absent in closed forests, but often occur in open habitats, some of which are tree-lined. They are seen sitting on leaves, on manure or compost heaps, and occasionally also on flowers.

Phylogeny and Systematics

The Ulidiidae belong to the "acalyptrate" flies, i. H. the swinging bulbs ( holders ) are not covered by a flap-like appendix of the fore wing, called calyptra or calypter. In earlier times these were also systematically combined as Acalyptratae. This name is still in use as an association, although it has now been established that the grouping is paraphyletic. The Ulidiidae together with the families Platystomatidae , Ctenostylidae , Lonchaeidae , Pallopteridae , Piophilidae , Pyrgotidae , Richardiidae and Tephritidae (and some very small families of uncertain taxonomic position) form the superfamily of the Tephritoidea . The family's monophyly was somewhat in doubt based on previous genetic and morphological studies but has since been confirmed.

The family was first called Ortalidae, but this name is not available because the eponymous genus Ortalis Fallén, 1810, is a younger homonym of Ortalis Merrem, 1786 (the Chakalakas, chicken birds). The current subfamilies Ulidiinae and Otitinae were for a long time, following the work of the important systematist Willi Hennig , regarded as independent families in Europe, while in America and Australia they were treated as one family. If they are united in one family, the name Ulidiidae Macquart, 1835 has priority over Otitidae Aldrich, 1932. The union in one family has prevailed.

Subfamilies

The family comprises 94 genera in two subfamilies with a total of seven tribes and about 800 described species. The monophyly of the subfamily Ulidiinae is doubtful.

In Europe around 105 to 110 species of ornamental flies from 18 genera have been recorded, with the number of species increasing towards the south. 27 species live in the Czech Republic.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Elena Kameneva & Valery Korneyev: Myennidini, a New Tribe of the subfamily Otitinae (Diptera: Ulidiidae), with discussion of the Supra Generic Classification of the Family. Israel Journal of Entomology, 35-36, 6, pp. 497-586, 2005
  2. ^ Pjotr ​​Oosterbroek: The European Families of the Diptera: Identification - Diagnosis - Biology. KNNV Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978 9004278066 . P. 170.
  3. ^ Charles Reid Wallace: An Illustrated Identification Key to the Genera of Ulidiidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) of the United States and Canada. Chapter 2 in A Molecular and Morphological Analysis of the Picture-Winged Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea: Ulidiidae). Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2018.
  4. ↑ Tatiana V. Galinskaya, Anton Suvorov, Mikhail V. Okun, Anatole I. Shatalkin (2014): DNA barcoding of Palaearctic Ulidiidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea): morphology, DNA evolution, and Markov codon models. Zoological Studies 53, Article number 51 (2014). doi: 10.1186 / s40555-014-0051-1 (open access)
  5. ↑ Ho-Yeon Han & Kyung-Eui Ro (2016): Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) reanalysed based on expanded taxon sampling and sequence data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 54 (4): 276-288. doi: 10.1111 / jzs.12139

literature

  • J. Haupt, H. Haupt: Flies and mosquitoes - observation, way of life , Augsburg 1998
  • Willi Hennig: Diptera (two-winged) . Walter de Gruyter, 1973, ISBN 3-11-004689-X , p. 54 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Web links

Commons : Ulidiidae  - collection of images, videos and audio files