Clusiidae

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Clusiidae
Clusia tigrina, female

Clusia tigrina , female

Systematics
Superordinate : New winged wing (Neoptera)
Order : Fly (Diptera)
Subordination : Flies (Brachycera)
Partial order : Muscomorpha
Superfamily : Opomyzoidea
Family : Clusiidae
Scientific name
Clusiidae
Handlirsch , 1884
Subfamilies

The Clusiidae are a family of the two-winged (Diptera) and are assigned to the suborder Muscomorpha within the flies (Brachycera) . The family is distributed worldwide, with most species being inhabitants of the tropical regions. Around 360 species in 17 genera were described by 2011; in Europe there are 14 species belonging to 4 genera.

features

Adult fly

Species from the family Clusiidae reach a length of 2 to 8 millimeters. The small to medium-sized flies have a slim, cylinder-shaped habit, their body has a matt to glossy surface. The basic color of the body varies depending on the type from black and brown to white or yellow, with brown patterns often being formed on a yellow background. The wings are mostly, at least in parts, dark in color, sometimes also patterned. The wing veins are largely fully developed, the closed anal cell arched at the outer edge; the costa is interrupted at the confluence of the fully developed subcosta. The head is wider than it is long and has 2 to 4 pairs of, mostly well-developed, orbital bristles. The vertical plates extend to the front edge of the fron , a pair of vibrissae is present and strongly developed. Typical of the family is a pointed, triangular extension on the outer edge of the second antennae ( pedicellus ) of the antennae and a bristle or feathery antennae bristle that arises from the end of the first flagellomer on the body side.

Eggs

The eggs reach about the length of the 6th sternite of the female and are usually 3 to 4 times as long as they are wide. They taper conically towards the ends, more pronounced towards the front end. The micropyle is small and bulges slightly over the warty, translucent surface.

Larvae

The previously known larvae from the genera Clusiodes and Clusia have tapering ends on both sides and are colored white, whereby the segmentation remains recognizable. The face mask is greatly reduced, the mandibles are small and severely sclerotized. The prothorax is surrounded by tactile bristles and bears the anterior respiratory openings ( spiracles ) on the rear side . The anal area is pale, the spiracles in front of it on the body side are arranged on sclerotized plates. The ability of the larvae to move by jumping is remarkable.

Way of life

A male Clusia tigrina defends his courtship area
Clusia flava laying eggs

Tropical species often prefer humid habitats near water. The species native to Europe, on the other hand, are mostly found as solitary animals in forests on old trees or on dead wood, from which the English-language name "druid flies" (druid flies) for the family is derived. In addition to flower nectar and plant juices, rotting plant material and the droppings of birds and mammals serve as food for the flies. The location of the oviposition on wood does not seem to be associated with a specific tree species, but is determined by the water content, degree of shade, the stage of wood degradation and the presence of mycelia of certain fungi. Larvae and puparia are found between the sapwood and heartwood in decaying trunks. The Clusiidae are one of the few families of flies in which pronounced lekking behavior has developed. Males defend their courtship arena against male intruders of the same species and present themselves there in order to attract females willing to mate. Fertilized females then lay their eggs in a suitable place away from the courtship area.

Systematics

In 1960, Frey divided the family into two subfamilies for the first time based on the head bristle, the Clusiodinae and the Clusiinae. Studies by Lonsdale & Marshall (2006), including the genital organs and other morphological features, then led to a redefinition of Clusiinae and Clusiodinae as well as the description of another subfamily Sobarocephalinae. The first phylogenetic investigation including molecular-biological data took place in 2010. As a result, the subfamily Sobarocephalinae had to be redefined; it now contains all New World endemic genera, while the subfamilies Clusiinae and Clusiodinae are likely to have originated in the Old World.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ T. Pape, V. Blagoderov, MB Mostovski: Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Z.-q. Zhang (Ed.): Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. (= Zootaxa. 3148). Magnolia Press, Auckland 2011, ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1 , pp. 222-229. (pdf)
  2. ↑ J. Roháček, B. Merz: Clusiidae. In: T. Pape (Ed.): Fauna Europaea: Diptera, Flies. Fauna Europaea version 1.3, 2007, Fauna Europaea , accessed April 20, 2015
  3. ↑ J. Roháček: Clusiidae Handl deer, 1884. In: L. Jedlička, M. Kúdela, V. Stloukalová (ed.): Checklist of Diptera of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Electronic version 2. (online)
  4. ↑ O. Lonsdale: Clusiidae (druid flowing). In: AH Kirk-Spriggs (Ed.): Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 2, Publications Unit of the South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 2018. (pdf)
  5. ↑ a b O. Lonsdale, SA Marshall: Clusiidae. In: B. Brown et al. (Ed.): Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2, NRC Research Press, Ottawa 2010, pp. 1041-1048.
  6. ↑ JR Malloch: A revision of the dipterous family Clusiodidae (Heteroneuridae). In: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Volume 20, No. 1, 1918, pp. 2-8.
  7. ↑ A. Sóos: Clusiidae. In: JF McAlpine (Ed.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2, (= monograph. 28). Research branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa 1987, ISBN 0-660-12125-5 , pp. 853-857.
  8. ↑ J. Roháček: Clusiidae (Diptera) of the Czech and Slovak Republics: Faunistics and notes on biology and behavior. In: Cas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A). Volume 44, 1995, pp. 123-140.
  9. ↑ GE Rotheray, D. Horsfield: Development sites and early stages of eleven species of Clusiidae (Diptera) Occurring in Europe. In: Zootaxa. No. 3619, 2013, pp. 401-427.
  10. ^ R. Frey: Studies on Indo-Australian Clusiids (Dipt.) Together with catalog of the Clusiids. In: Comment. Biol. Vol. 22, No. 2, 1960, pp. 1-31.
  11. ^ O. Lonsdale, SA Marshall: Redefinition of the Clusiinae and Clusiodinae, description of the new subfamily Sobarocephalinae, revision of the genus Chaetoclusia and a description of Procerosoma gen. N. (Diptera: Clusiidae). In: European Journal of Entomology. 103, 2006, pp. 163-182. (pdf)
  12. ^ O. Lonsdale, SA Marshall, J. Fu, B. Wiegmann: Phylogenetic analysis of the druid flies (Diptera: Schizophora: Clusiidae) based on morphological and molecular data. In: Insect Systematics & Evolution. Volume 41, 2010, pp. 231-274.

literature

Web links

Commons : Clusiidae  - collection of images, videos and audio files