Black Mullein

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Black Mullein
VerbascumNigrumHabitus.jpg

Black Mullein ( Verbascum nigrum )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Tribe : Scrophularieae
Genre : Mullein ( Verbascum )
Type : Black Mullein
Scientific name
Verbascum nigrum
L.

The black mullein ( Verbascum nigrum ), also known as dark mullein , is a species of the mullein ( Verbascum ) genus .

description

illustration
Detail of an inflorescence with flowers

Vegetative characteristics

The black mullein is a perennial or biennial herbaceous plant that reaches stature heights of 50 to 120, sometimes up to 150 centimeters. The stem is sharp-edged at the top and is often covered with dark red.

The leaves are gray-tomentose on the underside, but - in contrast to many other Verbascum species - on the upper side, they are almost bare and therefore appear fresh-green. The basal leaves are usually long-stalked, heart-shaped and unevenly notched at the base , the central stem leaves are simply notched and oblong ovoid .

Generative characteristics

In the elongated, glandless inflorescence , the flowers sit in similarly arranged clusters . The inflorescence is spike-shaped and unbranched, at most a few lateral clusters can arise at the base. The longest flower stalks are each twice as long as the calyx.

The hermaphroditic flowers have a double flower envelope . The yellow, often red-spotted corolla is hairy on the outside and sometimes has a diameter of over 2 centimeters. The stamens are hairy purple-violet woolly.

The flowering period extends from May to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.

ecology

The black mullein is a half rosette plant with root beet. From an ecological point of view, these are homogeneous "pollen disc flowers". The nectar secretion is low and probably ecologically irrelevant.

Occurrence

The black mullein occurs scattered to widespread in large parts of Europe with the exception of Portugal, Ireland and south-eastern Europe. It is also found in Siberia. It grows on rubble sites, embankments, roadsides and roadsides, dry meadows and in sparse forests. In Austria it can be found frequently in all federal states, only in the Pannonian region it is absent. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of up to 1,300 meters on the Pointalpe in Bavaria. The black mullein occurs in Central Europe in societies of the Atropion and Arction associations or of the Origanetalia order.

The black mullein and the real Austria mullein ( Verbascum chaixii Vill. ) Vicarious ecogeographically, i. H. in a certain area either (almost exclusively) one species occurs or the other. While the Austria mullein occurs mainly in dry and warm locations, it is largely replaced by the black mullein in cool, humid areas.

Systematics

Verbascum nigrum was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné . A synonym of Verbascum nigrum L. is Verbascum minutiflorum Stef.

Of Verbascum nigrum there are about two subspecies:

  • Verbascum nigrum L. subsp. nigrum :
  • Verbascum nigrum subsp. abietinum (Borbás) IKFerguson (Syn .: Verbascum abietinum Borbás , Verbascum bornmuelleri Velen. ): It occurs in Albania , Serbia , Bulgaria , Romania and Greece .

literature

  • Bertram Münker: Wildflowers of Central Europe (= Steinbach's natural guide ). New, edit. Special edition. Mosaik, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10563-8 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  2. ^ Verbascum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 431.
  4. ↑ a b c Karol Marhold: Scrophulariaceae. , 2011: Datasheet Verbascum nigrum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Black Mullein ( Verbascum nigrum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files