Vicariism

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Vicariating (from Latin vicarius ) are phylogenetically closely related taxa that represent each other under ecological conditions (ecological vicariism) or in geographical areas (geographical vicariism).

Types of vicariism

The hooded crow is the horizontally vicarious species to the carrion crow
  • Horizontally vicarious species do not have to differ from one another in their ecological demands. Horizontal refers to a spatial separation of the distribution areas. An example would be the range of the hooded crow (in Eastern Europe) and the carrion crow (in Western Europe).
  • Vertical vicariism, or altitude vicariance, describes the phenomenon that species at different altitudes replace each other. Representative of this is the sharp buttercup ( Ranunculus acris ) with a planar or collinear distribution area, which vicariates with the montane buttercup ( Ranunculus montanus ).
  • Ecologically vicarious species are mostly taxonomically very close, but are found in ecologically very different locations. These differences in location can be felt, for example, in the pH value . The Kochian gentian ( Gentiana acaulis ), which prefers silicate soils, represents the Clusius gentian ( Gentiana clusii ), whose occurrence is bound to calcareous soils.

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Wolfgang Frey , Rainer Lösch : Textbook of Geobotany. Plant and vegetation in space and time. 2nd Edition. Elsevier, Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-8274-1193-9 .