Summer root plants

Summer root plants
Common eyebright ( Euphrasia rostkoviana )
Systematics
Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Euasterids I Order : Mint family (Lamiales) Family : Summer root plants
Scientific name
Orobanchaceae
Vent.

The summer root family (Orobanchaceae) form a family of plants in the order of the mint family (Lamiales).

description

Tribus Orobancheae: Illustration from A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon, plate LXIX by Christisonia thwaitesii

Vegetative characteristics

They usually grow as perennial herbaceous plants , rarely as shrubs . They are mostly hemiparasitic plants ; several members of the family have independently developed holoparasites ( e.g. Epifagus , Orobanche ). The leaves are often toothed to deeply lobed.

Generative characteristics

They usually have racemose inflorescences . The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The five petals have grown together to form a tube. There are four stamens per flower . There are fruit capsules formed.

Systematics and distribution

The family Orobanchaceae was set up in 1799 by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in Tableau du Regne Vegetal 2, p. 292 under the name "Orobanchoideae". Type genus is Orobanche L. Synonyms for Orobanchaceae Vent. nom. cons. are: Aeginetiaceae Livera , Cyclocheilaceae Marais , Melampyraceae Rich. ex Hook. & Lindl. , Nesogenaceae Marais , Pedicularidaceae Juss. , Phelypaeaceae Horan. , Rhinanthaceae Vent. , Scrophulariaceae tribus Buchnereae, Scrophulariaceae tribus Rhinantheae.

The family of the summer root plants (Orobanchaceae) belongs to the order of the mint family (Lamiales).

Tribus Orobancheae: Aeginetia sinensis

Tribe Buchnereae: Graderia subintegra

Tribe Buchnereae: Striga bilabiata

Tribe Castillejeae: Castilleja angustifolia

Tribe Castillejeae: Orthocarpus luteus

Tribus Orobancheae: Cistanche tubulosa

Tribus Orobancheae: Epifagus virginiana

Tribus Orobancheae: Hyobanche sanguinea

Tribus Orobancheae: Carnation Summer Arum ( Orobanche caryophyllacea )

Tribus Orobancheae: habit and flowers of Phacellanthus tubiflorus

Tribus Rhinantheae: Hidden Scalyroot ( Lathraea clandestina )

Tribus Rhinantheae: meadow quail wheat ( Melampyrum pratense )

Tribus Rhinantheae: Sticky Parentucellia ( Parentucellia viscosa )

Tribus Rhinantheae: Whorled louse herb ( Pedicularis verticillata )

Tribus Rhinantheae: inflorescence of Phtheirospermum japonicum

Lindenbergia grandiflora

Summer root plants are distributed almost worldwide, but they are mostly found in areas with a temperate climate . When it comes to the distribution of the genera, focal points can be found in the northern hemisphere or in the Old World . About 3/5 of the genera are only common in the northern hemisphere, eleven genera can be found on both hemispheres. The largest genus of the family with more than 350 species, the lice herbs ( Pedicularis ), has its distribution center in the Himalayas ; Castilleja with more than 200 species occurs mainly in western North America ; the approximately 150 species of summer sausage ( Orobanche ) have their main distribution in the Mediterranean area . The genus of eyebright ( Euphrasia ) comprising around 170 species shows an unusual distribution area: It occurs in the southern hemisphere as well as in the northern hemisphere in the Old World. Almost all of the 100 or so species of the Buchnera occur in the tropical and temperate regions of the ancient world. Many of the remaining genera of the family consist of only a few species and are only known to be of limited occurrence.

Depending on the author, between 80 and about 100 genera with 1700 to 2100 species are included in the family Orobanchaceae.

The Orobanchaceae family is divided into several tribes. With some authors there is the tribe Pedicularideae Duby with several subtribes for example Castillejinae; in the representation here they have the rank of tribe, so here the tribe Pedicularideae is divided into several tribe:

• Tribe Buchnereae Benth. : There are about 19 genera:
  • Bardotia Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Garbage. : It was established in 2012 and contains only one species:
    • Bardotia ankaranensis Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Garbage. : It thrives on limestone in the karst area called "Tsingy"only in northern Madagascar .
  • Baumia Engl. & Gilg : It contains only one species:
    • Baumia angolensis Engl. & Gilg : It occurs only in Angola .
  • Buchnera L .: These hemiparasites are widespread with more than 100 species, with a focus on biodiversity in Africa .
  • Centranthera R.Br. : The five to six species are distributed from China to Australia .
  • Cycniopsis Engl .: The only two species are common in tropical Africa and one of them extends to the Arabian Peninsula .
  • Cycnium E. Mey . ex Benth. : The 15 or so species are common in Africa.
  • Ghikaea G.Volkens & G.Schweinfurth : It contains only one species:
    • Ghikaea speciosa (Rendle) Diels : It occurs in Ethiopia , Somalia and Kenya .
  • Graderia Benth. : The four to five species are common in Africa and Socotra .
  • Hiernia S.Moore : It contains only one species:
    • Hiernia angolensis S.Moore : It occurs only in Angola and Namibia .
  • Parasopubia Hofmann & Eb.Fischer : It was established in 2004 and contains only two species in Southeast Asia .
  • Parastriga Mildbr. : It contains only one type:
    • Parastriga alectroides Mildbr. : It is common in tropical Central and East Africa.
  • Petitmenginia Bonati : The only two types are common in China (both types), Cambodia , Laos and Thailand .
  • Pseudosopubia Engl .: The five to seven species are common in northeastern tropical Africa and Angola .
  • Pseudostriga Bonati : It contains only one species:
    • Pseudostriga cambodiana Bonati : It iswidespreadin Southeast Asia.
  • Rhamphicarpa Benth. : The approximately six species are common in Africa, India, and Australia.
  • Sieversandreas Eb.Fisch. : It contains only one type:
    • Sieversandreas madagascarianus Eb.Fisch. : It only occurs in Madagascar .
  • Sopubia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don : The 40 to 60 species are common in Africa and Asia.
  • African witch herbs ( Striga Lour. ): The 33 to 40 species are common in the Paleotropic .
  • Tetraspidium Baker : It contains only one species:
    • Tetraspidium laxiflorum Baker : It occurs only in Madagascar.

• Tribe Buttonieae (uncertain): It contains about five genera:
  • Buttonia McKen ex Benth. : The only two to three species are common in Africa.
  • Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot : The three or so species only occur in Madagascar .
  • Radamaea Benth. : The five species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Rhaphispermum Benth. : It contains only one type:
    • Rhaphispermum gerardioides Benth. : It only occurs in Madagascar.
  • Thunbergianthus Engl .: The only two species are common in Africa.

• Tribus Castillejeae G.Don : It contains about seven genera with about 220 species:
  • Castilleja Mutis ex L. f. : The more than 200 species are mainly found in the New World .
  • Clevelandia Greene : It contains only one species:
    • Clevelandia bildingii (Greene) Greene : It is only found in California .
  • Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. : The approximately 18 species are common in western North America.
  • Gentrya Breedlove & Heckard (sometimes in Castilleja ): It contains only one species:
    • Gentrya racemosa Breedlove & Heckard : It occurs only in the Sierra Surutato in the Mexican state of Sinaloa .
  • Ophiocephalus Wiggins (sometimes in Castilleja ): it contains only one species:
    • Ophiocephalus angustifolius Wiggins : It is endemic to Baja California .
  • Orthocarpus Nutt. : The nine or so species are common in the New World.
  • Triphysaria fish. & CAMey. : The five to six species are common in western North America (mainly California) and one species is found in China.

• Tribus Cymbarieae D.Don : It contains five to six genera with around 14 species:
  • Bungea C.A.Mey. : The only two types are common in Asia.
  • Cymbaria L .: The four or so species are common in Russia and China.
  • Lesquereuxia Boiss. (sometimes in Siphonostegia Benth. ): It contains only one species:
    • Lesquereuxia syriaca Boiss. & Reut. : It is common in the Eastern Mediterranean .
  • Monochasma Maxim. ex franch. & Sav. : The two to four types are common in East Asia.
  • Schwalbea L .: It contains only one species:
    • Schwalbea americana L .: It is distributed in eastern North America .
  • Siphonostegia Benth. : The two to three types are common in Greece , in the Middle East and in East Asia.

• Tribe Escobedieae Benth. : It contains about eight genera:
  • Alectra Thunb. : The (30 to) about 40 species distributed in tropical Africa and Asia .
  • Escobedia Ruiz & Pav .: The 8 to 15 species are common in the Neotropic .
  • Magdalenaea Brade : It contains only one species:
    • Magdalenaea limae Brade : It is common in southeastern Brazil.
  • Melasma P.J.Bergius : The (7 to) about 20 species are widespread in tropical Africa and the Neotropics.
  • Nothochilus Radlk. : It contains only one type:
    • Nothochilus coccineus Radlk. : It is common in Brazil .
  • Physocalyx Pohl : One or two species are common in Brazil.
  • Pseudomelasma Eb.Fish. : It contains only one type:
    • Pseudomelasma pedicularioides (Baker) Eb.Fisch. : It occurs only in central Madagascar.
  • Vellosiella Baill. : The two to three types are common in Brazil.

• Tribe Gerardieae Benth. : It contains about twelve genera:
  • Agalinis Raf. : The (40 to 70) about 45 species arewidespreadin New World .
  • Anisanthera Pennell ex Britton : It contains only one species:
    • Anisantherina hispidula (Mart.) Pennell : It is distributed from Mexico to Central America to Brazil and occurs in Cuba .
  • Aureolaria Raf. : The eight to eleven species are common in North America and Mexico .
  • Brachystigma Pennell (sometimes put to Agalinis Raf. ): It contains only one species:
    • Brachystigma wrightii (A.Gray) Pennell : It is distributed from Arizona to Mexico.
  • Dasistoma Raf. (sometimes in Agalinis Raf. ): It contains only one species:
    • Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. : It is widespread in North America.
  • Esterhazya J.C. Mikan : The four to seven species are common in South America .
  • Lamourouxia Kunth : The 26 to 28 species are distributed from Mexico and Peru .
  • Macranthera Nutt. ex Benth. : It contains only one type:
    • Macranthera flammea (W.Bartram) Pennell : It is common in the southeastern United States .
  • Seymeria Pursh : The 25 or so species are mainly found in North America.
  • Seymeriopsis Tzvelev : It contains only one species:
    • Seymeriopsis bissei Tzvelev : It only occurs in Cuba .
  • Silviella Pennell : The only two types are common in Mexico.
  • Tomanthera Raf. (sometimes put to Agalinis Raf. ): The only two species are common in North America.

• Tribus Micrargerieae (uncertain): It contains about four genera:
  • Gerardiina Engl .: Only one or two species are common in tropical to southern Africa .
  • Leptorhabdos Schrenk ex fish. & CAMey. : It contains only one type:
    • Leptorhabdos parviflora (Benth.) Benth. : It occurs in Central Asia , Southwest Asia, and Northwest China.
  • Micrargeria Benth. : The four to five species are common in tropical Africa and India.
  • Micrargeriella R.E.Fr. : It contains only one type:
    • Micrargeriella aphylla R.E.Fr. : It is native to the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo .

• Tribe Orobancheae Lam. &. DC. : There are 14 to 15 genera:
  • Aeginetia L .: The three to six species are distributed in East Asia from Sri Lanka , India, Cambodia , Myanmar , Thailand , China , Vietnam , Malaysia via Indonesia and the Philippines to Japan .
  • Boschniakia C.A.Mey. ex bong. (Syn .: Xylanche Beck , Kopsiopsis Beck ): The only two or three types are distributed in northern Russia , from northern India via China (two types) and Korea to Japan and in north-western North America .
  • Christisonia Gardner : The 16 to 23 species are common in tropical Asia.
  • Cistanche Hoffmanns. & Link : The 20 to 26 species are distributed in the Mediterranean area and from Ethiopia to India and China.
  • Diphelypaea (L.) Nicolson (Syn .: Phelipea Pers. , Phelypaea L. , Phelypaea Tournef. Non Phelypaea Thunb. Nec Phaelypea Browne , Anoplanthus sect. Euanoplon (Endl) Walpers. , Anoplanthus sect. Anblatum (Hill) Endl. , Anoplanthus Nyman , Anoplanthus sect. Macranoplon Reuter , Anoplon Rchb. , Orobanche sect. Anoplon Wallroth nom. Invalid., Lathraea L. , Lathraea sect. Phylipea Scapoli , Alatraea Necker nom. Illeg., Amblatum G.Don ): The only three species are common in Southwest Asia.
  • Epifagus Nutt. : It contains only one type:
    • Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton : It is widespread in North America.
  • Gleadovia Gamble & Prain : The only two to six species distributed in the Himalayas from India to China.
  • Harveya Hook. : The 25 to 40 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa and on the Mascarene Islands .
  • Hyobanche L .: The seven to eight species are common in southern Africa.
  • Mannagettaea Harry Sm .: The only two to three species occur in eastern Siberia and in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Gansu , southeastern Qinghai and Sichuan .
  • Necranthus Gilli (sometimes in Orobanche L. ): It contains only one species:
    • Necranthus orobanchoides Gilli : It occurs in Turkey.
  • Sommerwurzen ( Orobanche L. , Syn .: Aphyllon Mitch. , Boulardia F.W.Schultz , Myzorrhiza Phil .; Whether Phelipanche Pomel is contained is controversial): The approximately 200 species are mainly distributed in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere.
  • Paraharveya Eb.Fischer & Siedentop : It was set up in 2004 and contains only one species in Central and East Africa.
  • Phacellanthus Siebold & Zucc. (sometimes in Sopubia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don , Syn .: Tienmuia Hu ): It contains only one species:
    • Phacellanthus tubiflorus Siebold & Zucc. (Syn .: Phacellanthus continentalis Kom. , Tienmuia triandra Hu ): It is common in Russia's Far East , Japan, Korea and the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Hubei , Hunan , Jilin , Shaanxi and Zhejiang . Your host plants are Fraxinus species.
  • Platypholis Maxim. : It contains only one type:
    • Platypholis boninsimae Maxim. : It is native to Japan.

• Tribus Rhinantheae Lam. & DC. : These hemiparasitic plants are mainly found in the Old World . Depending on the author, there are 13 to 21 genres:
  • Bartsia L .: The 49 to 54 species distributed in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere and the mountains of the tropics.
  • Bartsiella Bolliger : It contains only one species:
    • Bartsiella rameauana (Emb.) Bolliger : It only thrives in the High and Middle Atlas Mountains in Morocco .
  • Bornmuellerantha Rothm. : This previously monotypical genus contains two species since 2010:
    • The new species, Bornmuellerantha alshehbaziana Dönmez & Mutlu , occurs only in the Turkish province of Antalyace.
    • The other species, Bornmuellerantha aucheri (Boiss.) Rothm. , is present in Armenia , in northern and northwestern Iran , in northwestern Syria , in Lebanon and in southern, central and eastern Turkey .
  • Conopholis Wallr. : The only two types are common in North and Central America .
  • Eremitilla Yatsk. & JLContr. : It was established in 2009 by G. A Yatskievych and JLR Contreras Jiménez in Novon , 19, 2, p. 267 and contains only one species:
    • Eremitilla mexicana Yatsk. & JLContr. : It wasfirst describedin 2009 from the Mexican state of Guerrero .
  • Eye rust ( Euphrasia L. ): The (more than 170 to) over 350 species are distributed almost worldwide, with a focus on the northern hemisphere.
  • Hedbergia Molau : Since Scheunert et al. 2012 three types:
    • Hedbergia abyssinica (Benth.) Molau : It is common in tropical Africa.
    • Hedbergia longiflora (Hochst. Ex Benth.) A. Fleischm. & Heubl (Syn .: Bartsia longiflora Hochst. Ex Benth. , Bartsia macrophylla Hedberg , Bartsia longiflora subsp. Macrophylla (Hedberg) Hedberg ): There are two subspecies.
    • Hedbergia decurva (Hochst. Ex Benth.) A. Fleischm. & Heubl (Syn .: Bartsia decurva Hochst. Ex Benth. )
  • Scale root ( Lathraea L. ): The seven or so species are common in the temperate areas of Eurasia .
  • Macrosyringion Rothm. : The only two species occur in northern and western Spain and in the higher mountains of the Balkans and Anatolia to the east of the Caucasus .
  • Quail wheat ( Melampyrum L. ): The (10 to) about 35 species are common in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
  • Nothobartsia Bolliger & Molau : The two to three species are common in southwestern Europe.
  • Omphalotrix Maxim. : It contains only one type:
    • Omphalotrix longipes Maxim. : It is common in northeastern Asia (China, Korea, Russia's Far East).
  • Odontitella Rothm. : It contains only one type:
    • Odontitella virgata (Link) Rothm. : It occurs only in the center and in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula .
  • Tooth grates ( Odontites Ludw. ): It contains 26 to 32 species (due to morphological characteristics, Macrosyringion Rothm. , Odontitella Rothm. , Bornmuellerantha Rothm. And Bartsiella Bolliger have been split off from the genus, a molecular biological confirmation is not yet available).
  • Tar herbs ( Parentucellia Viv. ): The two to four species are common in Western Europe. Including:
    • Sticky Parentucellia ( Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel )
  • Lice herbs ( Pedicularis L. ): The more than 350 to over 600 species are mainly found in the northern hemisphere (only one species in the Andes ) and especially in the mountains of Central and East Asia.
  • Phtheirospermum Bunge ex fish. & CAMey. : The four to seven species are common in East Asia.
  • Pterygiella olive. (sometimes in Monochasma Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. ): The only four to five species occur only in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi , Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Rattle pots ( Rhinanthus L. ): The 45 species are mainly found in the northern hemisphere.
  • Rhynchocorys Griseb. : Up to six species are distributed from southern Europe to Iran.
  • Tozzia L .: It contains only one species:
    • Alpine throat ( Tozzia alpina L. ): It occurs in the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains .

• Tribe Xylocalyceae (uncertain): It contains only one genus:
  • Xylocalyx Balf. f. : Of the approximately five species, three occur only in Somalia and two only on Socotra .

• Incertae sedis : The following list contains the genera not yet classified in a tribe:
  • Ancistrostylis T.Yamaz. : It contains only one type:
    • Ancistrostylis harmandii (Bonati) T.Yamaz. : It only occurs in Laos .
  • Lindenbergia clay. : The 15 or so species are common in Africa and Asia.
  • Pseudobartsia D.Y. Hong : It contains only one species:
    • Pseudobartsia yunnanensis D.Y.Hong : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of about 2300 meters only in Songming Xian in the Chinese province of Yunnan .
  • Rehmannia Libosch. ex fish. & CAMey. : The nine or so species are common in China.
  • Spirostegia Ivanina : it contains only one species:
    • Spirostegia bucharica (B.Fedtsch.) Ivanina : It is common in Central Asia.
  • Tienmuia Hu (sometimes in Phacellanthus Siebold & Zucc. ): It contains only one species:
    • Tienmuia triandra Hu (Syn .: Phacellanthus tubiflorus Siebold & Zucc. ): It is distributed in Russia's Far East, Japan, Taiwan , Korea and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Hubei , Hunan , Jilin , Shaanxi and Zhejiang .
  • Xizangia D.Y.Hong : The only two species in Tibet spread.

swell

• The Orobanchaceae family on the AP website . (Section systematics)
• The Parasitic Plant Connection : Orobanchaceae.

literature

• Agnes Scheunert: Evolutionary history and biogeography of the genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) and hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae (tribe Rhinantheae) with emphasis on reticulate evolution. Dissertation to obtain a doctorate in natural sciences (Dr. rer. Nat.) At the Faculty of Biology at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, December 2016 full text PDF.
• Joel R. McNeal, Jonathan R. Bennett, Andrea D. Wolfe, Sarah Mathews: Phylogeny and origins of holoparasitism in Orobanchaceae. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 100, 2013, pp. 971-983, doi : 10.3732 / ajb.1200448 . Appendix S3, Optimal phylogenetic tree inferred from PHYB using RAxML (Stamatakis, 2006) and assuming a general-time-reversible model of evolution and 4 nucleotide rate classes.
• Daniel M. Joel, Jonathan Gressel, Lytton J. Musselman: Parasitic Orobanchaceae: Parasitic Mechanisms and Control Strategies . Springer Science & Business, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-38146-1 ( limited preview in Google book search).
• Agnes Scheunert, Andreas Fleischmann, Catalina Olano-Marín, Christian Bräuchler, Günther Heubl: Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts. In: Taxon , Volume 61, Number 6, December 14, 2012, pp. 1269-1285.
• Jeffery J. Morawetz, Christopher P. Randle, Andrea D. Wolfe: Phylogenetic relationships within the tropical clade of Orobanchaceae. In: Taxon , Volume 59, Number 2, 2010, pp. 416-426. JSTOR 25677600
• David C. Tank, J. Mark Egger, Richard G. Olmstead: Phylogenetic Classification of Subtribe Castillejinae (Orobanchaceae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 34, Number 1, 2009, pp. 182-197. doi : 10.1600 / 036364409787602357 Full text online.
• Jonathan R. Bennett, Sarah Mathews: Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phytochrome A. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, 2006, pp. 1039-1051. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.93.7.1039 full text online.
• Daniel L. Nickrent & Lytton J. Musselman: Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants. In: The Plant Health Instructor , 2004. doi : 10.1094 / PHI-I-2004-0330-01
• Hans Christian Weber: Parasitism of flowering plants. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-10529-X .
• Hans Christian Weber: Schmarotzer: Plants that live on others. Belser, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7630-1834-4

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner. Claude W. dePamphilis: The evolution of parasitism in Scrophulariaceae / Orobanchaceae: Plastid gene sequences refute an evolutionary transition series. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 86, Number 4, 1999, pp. 876-893.
2. ↑ Orobanchaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 20, 2014.
3. ↑ Orobanchaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
4. ^ ^{A b} Andrea D. Wolfe, CP Randle, L. Liu, KE Steiner: Phylogeny and Biogeography of Orobanchaceae. In: Folia Geobotanica , Volume 40, 2005, pp. 115-134. doi : 10.1007 / BF02803229
5. ↑ Eberhard Fischer, Bastian Schäferhoff, Kai F. Müller: The new monotypic genus Bardotia (Orobanchaceae) from Madagascar and remarks on the phylogenetic relationships of the African and Madagascan genera Parastriga, Radamaea, Rhamphicarpa and Sieversandreas. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 46, 2012, pp. 19-33.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill: Scrophulariaceae , p. 1 and Zhi-Yun Zhang, Nikolai N. Tzvelev: Orobanchaceae p. 229 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X .
8. ^ David C. Tank, Richard G. Olmstead: The evolutionary origin of a second radiation of annual Castilleja (Orobanchaceae) species in South America: The role of long distance dispersal and allopolyploidy. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 96, Number 10, 2009, pp. 1907-1921. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800416 : full text PDF.
9. ↑ Agnes Scheunert: Evolutionary history and biogeography of the genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) and hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae (tribe Rhinantheae) with emphasis on reticulate evolution. Dissertation to obtain a doctorate in natural sciences (Dr. rer. Nat.) At the Faculty of Biology at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, December 2016 full text PDF.
10. ↑ ^{a b} Agnes Scheunert, Andreas Fleischmann, Catalina Olano-Marín, Christian Bräuchler, Günther Heubl: Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts. In: Taxon , Volume 61, Number 6, December 14, 2012, pp. 1269-1285. JSTOR 24389112
11. ^ Ali A. Dönmez, Birol Mutlu: Bornmuellerantha alshehbaziana (Orobanchaceae), a New Species from Turkey. In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature , Volume 20, Number 3, 2010, pp. 265-267: doi : 10.3417 / 2008110
12. ↑ Anuar G. Rodrigues, Alison EL Colwell, Saša Stefanović: Molecular systematics of the parasitic genus Conopholis (Orobanchaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear sequences. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 98, May 2011, pp. 896-908. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.1000375
13. ↑ Markus Bolliger: Monograph of the genus Odontites (Scrophulariaceae) and the related genera Macrosyringion, Odontitella, Bornmuellerantha and Bartsiella . In: Willdenowia: Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem , Volume 26, 1996, pp. 37-168. (Online: Part 1 (PDF; 2.4 MB), Part 2 (PDF; 1.2 MB), Part 3 (PDF; 1.2 MB), Part 4 ; PDF; 2.1 MB)
14. ↑ Zhi Xia, Yin-Zheng Wang, James F. Smith: Familial placement and relations of Rehmannia and Triaenophora (Scrophulariaceae sl) inferred from five gene regions. In: American Journal of Botany , 2009, Volume 96, pp. 519-530: doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800195

Web links

Commons : Orobanchaceae  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

• The Parasitic Plant Connection : Orobanchaceae. (English speaking)
• The Parasitic Plant Connection : Orobanchaceae-Scrophulariaceae systematics. (English speaking)
• The family Orobanchaceae s. st. at Delta . (engl.)
• The Orobanchaceae family at Western Australian Flora . (engl.)

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap