Castilleja
Castilleja | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Castilleja | ||||||||||||
Mutis ex L. f. |
Castilleja is a genus within the family of Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae). These semi-parasites (= semi-parasites or hemiparasites) are common in the New World and a few species occur as far as northern Asia . English-language common names are "Indian paintbrush", "Paintbrush", "Owl's-Clover"; Castilleja species are known for beingable to colorthe prairie redwith their inflorescences.
Description and ecology
Vegetative characteristics
The Castilleja species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants , and very rarely also shrubs .
The alternate leaves are sessile. The leaf blades are simple to divided. The leaf blades are very different in shape and size in the individual species. Nothing general can be said about the hair ( indument ) either. There are no stipules .
Generative characteristics
Characteristic for the genus Castilleja are the terminal, racemose or spiked inflorescences . The flowers stand individually over a bract , which is often wider than the upper leaves, often lobed and colored. In Castilleja species, the bracts are the visual organs that determine the appearance of the inflorescence. Their color, at least on the visible front edge, is usually bright red to orange-red, but yellow or cream-colored shades or green are also found.
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The calyx tube, which is usually similarly colored, has two or four lobes, whereby in the latter case the upper and lower incisions are usually significantly deeper than the two lateral incisions. The corolla tube usually only protrudes slightly over the calyx and is often more yellowish in color. The lower lip is short and three-lobed. The upper lip is relatively long, narrow, beak-shaped and bilobed. At the front it is bent down like a boat and closes the stamens in itself. The four stamens are in pairs. The ovary is on top. The style ends in a single or bilobed scar.
The columnar (= loculicidal) capsule fruits are ± asymmetrical and contain many seeds. The relatively small seeds are angular and ± brown.
ecology
All Castilleja species are semi-parasites that parasitize grass with their roots.
The pollination is usually by insects and in some species of birds .
Location requirements
Most Castilleja species thrive best in open locations such as in meadows or steppes , on the edges of forests or along roads, and in clearly continental climates . Many species also tolerate salty locations.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Castilleja was set up in 1781 by José Celestino Mutis ex Carl von Linné the Younger in Supplementum Plantarum 47-48, 293. The generic name Castilleja honors the Spanish doctor and botanist Domingo Castillejo (1744–1786). Type species is Castilleja fissifolia L. f.
The genus Castilleja has traditionally been assigned to the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae); according to gene sequence analyzes , it belongs to the summer root family (Orobanchaceae).
Almost all species are found in North America . About ten species can be found in northern Asia to western Russia .
The genus Castilleja contains around 200 species, some of which are very variable and difficult to distinguish from one another, for example:
- Castilleja affinis hook. & Arn. : It occurs in three subspecies in the US states of western Oregon , California and in the northern Mexican state of Baja California Norte .
- Castilleja ambigua hook. & Arn. : It occurs in three varieties or three subspecies in western North America, southwest British Columbia , western Oregon, western Washington, and western California.
- Castilleja angustifolia (Nutt.) G.Don : It occurs in two varieties in the US states of southern Idaho , southwestern Montana , eastern Oregon, northwestern Wyoming , western Utah, and eastern Nevada .
- Castilleja annua Pennell
- Castilleja applegatei Fern. : It occurs in five subspecies in the US states of southern to eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, western Wyoming, northern Utah, western to northern Nevada, California and the northern Mexican state of Baja California Norte .
- Castilleja aquariensis N.Holmgren
- Castilleja arachnoidea Greenm : It occurs in the US states of southwestern Oregon, northern California and northern Nevada.
- Castilleja arvensis Bad. & Cham. : It is widespread from Mexico to Central America to Panama and in South America and is a neophyte in Hawaii and Haiti.
- Castilleja attenuata (A.Gray) Chuang & Heckard : It occurs in British Columbia, in the US states of western Oregon, western Washington, California, in the northern Mexican state of Baja Norte and in central Chile .
- Castilleja austromontana Standl. & Blumer
- Castilleja brevistyla (Hoover) Chuang & Heckard : It only occurs in California.
- Castilleja campestris (Benth.) Chuang & Heckard : It occurs in two varieties or two subspecies in southern Oregon and in northern to central California.
- Castilleja caudata (Pennell) Rebr. : It occurs in Siberia , Alaska and northern Canada .
- Castilleja cervina Greenm.
- Castilleja chlorotica Piper
- Castilleja christii N.Holmgren : It only occurs in Idaho.
- Castilleja chromosa A. Nelson : It occurs in the US states of eastern Oregon, central to southern Wyoming, southern Idaho, western Colorado , Utah, Nevada, Arizona , eastern California and northwestern New Mexico .
- Castilleja chrymactis Pennell
- Castilleja chrysantha Greenm.
- Castilleja cinerea A.Gray : This endemic occurs only in south-central California.
- Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. : It occurs in Canada in Ontario , in southern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan, and in the eastern and north-central United States.
- Castilleja covilleana Hend.
- Castilleja crista-galli Rydb.
- Castilleja cryptantha Pennell & GNJones
- Castilleja cusickii Greenm. : It occurs in Canada in southwest Alberta , in southern British Columbia and in the US states northeast Oregon, eastern Washington, Wyoming, Idaho, western Montana and Nevada.
- Castilleja densiflora (Benth.) Chuang & Heckard : It occurs in three subspecies from California to the Mexican state of Baja California Norte .
- Castilleja dissitiflora N.Holmgren
- Castilleja elegans painted
- Castilleja elmeri Fern.
- Castilleja elongata Pennell : It occurs only in Texas .
- Castilleja exserta (Heller) Chuang & Heckard : It occurs in three varieties or three subspecies in Arizona, California and in the Mexican states of Baja California Norte and northwestern Sonora .
- Castilleja fissifolia L. f. : It occurs in southwestern Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Bolivia and Peru .
- Castilleja flava S. Watson : It occurs in the US states of northeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, northwestern Colorado, western Wyoming, southwestern Montana, northeastern Utah and northeastern Nevada.
- Castilleja foliolosa hook. & Arn. : It occurs from California to the northern Mexican state of Baja California Norte .
- Castilleja fraterna Greenm.
- Castilleja fulva Pennell
- Castilleja genevievana Nesom
- Castilleja glandulifera Pennell
- Castilleja gleasoni Elmer : This endemic occurs only on Mount Gleason in California.
- Castilleja grisea Dunkle : This endemic occurs only on San Clemente Island in California.
- Castilleja haydenii (A. Gray) Cockerell : It occurs in Colorado and in northern New Mexico.
- Castilleja hispida Benth. : It occurs in western North America in Canada in British Columbia and Alberta and in the US states Oregon, Washington and Idaho.
- Castilleja hololeuca Greene : This endemic occurs only in California.
- Castilleja hyetophila Pennell
- Castilleja hyperborea Pennell
- Castilleja indivisa Engelm. : It occurs in eastern and central Texas, Arkansas and Louisiana .
- Castilleja integra A.Gray : It occurs in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, southern Colorado and northern Mexico.
- Castilleja integrifolia Kunth
- Castilleja irasuensis Oerst.
- Castilleja kaibabensis N.Holmgren : It is only found in Arizona.
- Castilleja kuschei Eastw.
- Castilleja lacera (Benth.) Chuang & Heckard : It occurs in California and southern Oregon.
- Castilleja lanata Gray : It occurs in the US states of Colorado, New Mexico, western Texas, southern Arizona and northern Mexico.
- Castilleja lasiorhyncha (Gray) Chuang & Heckard : This endemic occurs only in California.
- Castilleja latifolia Hook. & Arn. : This endemic occurs only in west-central California in the coastal area.
- Castilleja lemmonii A. Gray : This endemic occurs only in California in the mountains.
- Castilleja levisecta Greenm. : It occurs on Vancouver Island , in western Washington and in northwestern Oregon.
- Castilleja linariifolia Benth. : It occurs in the US states of Oregon, Wyoming, Idaho, Colorado, southern Montana, northern Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah and northern New Mexico.
- Castilleja lineariiloba (Benth.) Chuang & Heckard : This endemic occurs only in California in the mountains to the foothills.
- Castilleja lineata Greene : It occurs only in Colorado.
- Castilleja lutescens (Greenm.) Rydb.
- Castilleja martinii Abrams
- Castilleja mendocinensis (Eastw.) Pennell : This endemic species occurs only along the coast in Mendocino County , California.
- Castilleja mexicana (Hemsl.) A. Gray
- Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. : It occurs in two subspecies in western North America in southern Alaska , in Canada in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan as well as in western Ontario and in the western to central United States. It is called "Common Red Paintbrush" there and is the most common type that can occur in bulk.
- Castilleja minor (A.Gray) A.Gray : It occurs in four subspecies in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, southern Montana, western Colorado, western Wyoming, southern New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, southeastern Arizona, and presumably also found in northern Mexico.
- Castilleja mollis Pennell : This endemic occurs off California only on the Channel Islands of Santa Rosa and in the eastern part of San Miguel .
- Castilleja montigena Heckard : This endemic occurs only in the San Bernardino Mountains in California.
- Castilleja muelleri Pennell
- Castilleja nana Eastw. : This endemic occurs only in California in the mountains.
- Castilleja nervata Eastw.
- Castilleja nivea Pennell & Ownbey
- Castilleja occidentalis Torr.
- Castilleja oresbia Greenm. : It occurs in northeast Oregon and western Idaho.
- Castilleja organorum Standl.
- Castilleja ornata Eastw.
- Castilleja pallescens (Gray) Greenm. : It occurs in the US states of Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and Nevada.
- Castilleja pallida (L.) Spreng. : It occurs in Europe in the southern Urals , in Russia , in Mongolia, in Inner Mongolia , in Heilongjiang , and in northern North America. It iswidespreadin the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere , except in Central and Western Europe.
- Castilleja parviflora bong. : It occurs in Alaska, British Columbia, Alberta, Washington and Oregon.
- Castilleja parvula Rydb.
- Castilleja patriotica Fern.
- Castilleja peckiana Pennell : It occurs only in central to eastern Oregon.
- Castilleja peirsonii Eastw. : It occurs from Alaska to California.
- Castilleja pilosa (S.Watson) Rydb. : It occurs in three varieties in the US states of Idaho, southeast Oregon, southwest Montana, northwest Wyoming, California and northwest Nevada.
- Castilleja plagiotoma A.Gray : It occurs in California.
- Castilleja porterae Cockerell
- Castilleja praeterita Heckard & Bacig. : This endemic occurs only in the higher Sierra Nevada in California.
- Castilleja pruinosa Fernald : It occurs in southwest Oregon and California.
- Castilleja puberula Rydb.
- Castilleja pulchella Rydb.
- Castilleja pumila (Benth.) Wedd. ex Herrera : It occurs in Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and northern Chile.
- Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G.Don : It occurs in the US states of Texas, Oklahoma , southern Kansas and southwest Missouri .
- Castilleja raupii Pennell
- Castilleja revealii N.Holmgren
- Castilleja rhexiifolia Rydb. : It occurs in two varieties in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada and in the US states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, northeastern Oregon, Wyoming, Colorado, northern New Mexico and northern Utah.
- Castilleja rigida Eastw.
- Castilleja rubicundula (Jeps.) Chuang & Heckard : The three subspecies occur in northern to central California and southern Oregon.
- Castilleja rubida Piper
- Castilleja rupicola Piper ex Fern.
- Castilleja salsuginosa N.Holmgren : It occurs only in Nevada.
- Castilleja scabrida Eastw.
- Castilleja schizotricha Greenm. : It occurs in southwest Oregon and northern California.
- Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl.
- Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh : It occurs in Canada in southern Manitoba and in southern Saskatchewan, in the central to western United States and in Mexico.
- Castilleja setosa Pennell
- Castilleja stenantha A. Gray
- Castilleja subinclusa Greene : The two subspecies occur from California to the Mexican state of Baja California Norte.
- Castilleja suksdorfii A. Gray
- Castilleja sulphurea Rydb.
- Castilleja talamancensis N.H. Holmgren
- Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. : It is widespread in Mexico.
- Castilleja tenuis (Heller) Chuang & Heckard : It occurs in southern Alaska, southern British Columbia and the US states of Washington, Oregon, western Idaho, California and northern Nevada.
- Castilleja thompsonii Pennell : It occurs in western North America in southern British Columbia and Washington.
- Castilleja unalaschcensis (Cham. & Bad.) Malte : It occurs in southern Alaska, in the southern Yukon Territory and in northwestern British Columbia.
- Castilleja viscidula A.Gray : It occurs in the US states of northeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho and central to northeastern Nevada.
- Castilleja wallowensis Pennell
- Castilleja wightii Elmer : This endemic thrives only near the coast from northern to central California.
- Castilleja wootonii Standl.
- Castilleja xanthotricha Pennell
- Castilleja yukonis Pennell
Others
Because of its conspicuousness and abundance, the plants play a certain role in the legends of some Indians .
The species Castilleja linariifolia is one of the symbols of the US state Wyoming .
See also → List of State Flowers of the States of the United States .
An American award for children's books is called the Indian Paintbrush Book Award.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Chuang, Heckard: data sheet Castilleja - PAINTBRUSH, OWL'S-CLOVER at JepsonEflora .
- ↑ a b c Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill: Scrophulariaceae. : Castilleja , p. 89, the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X .
- ↑ a b Castilleja at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 9, 2019.
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. online.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Castilleja in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
- ^ Indian Paintbrush Book Award Book Lists .
Web links
- Castilleja at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Castilleja at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Castilleja at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Castilleja at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Vascular Plants of the Americas : Castilleja at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Wildflowers of the Northwest - Indian Paintbrush .