Castilleja

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Castilleja
Castilleja linariifolia

Castilleja linariifolia

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Summer root family (Orobanchaceae)
Genre : Castilleja
Scientific name
Castilleja
Mutis ex L. f.

Castilleja is a genus within the family of Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae). These semi-parasites (= semi-parasites or hemiparasites) are common in the New World and a few species occur as far as northern Asia . English-language common names are "Indian paintbrush", "Paintbrush", "Owl's-Clover"; Castilleja species are known for beingable to colorthe prairie redwith their inflorescences.

Description and ecology

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Castilleja angustifolia
Alternate, sedentary, simple foliage from Castilleja miniata
Illustration from Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States , 1972: Fig. 706: Castilleja. ai, C. minor: a, stem hairs, x 6; b, calyx and bract hairs, x 8; c, habit, x%; d, calyx, spread out, the cut tube extending from the base to the dotted lines, x 2; e, corolla, side view, x 2; f, flower, x V / 2; g, seed, x 12; h, capsule, x 2; i, bract, x 2. jo, C. exilis: j, stem hairs, x 4; k, corolla, x 2; I, calyx, spread open, the cut tube extending from the base to the dotted lines, x 2; m, flower, x 1%; n, bract, x 2; o, habit, x%. (From Mason, Fig. 312).
Flowers of Castilleja crista-galli in detail
Flowers of Castilleja rhexiifolia in detail
Infructescence with asymmetrical capsule fruit from Castilleja linariifolia

Vegetative characteristics

The Castilleja species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants , and very rarely also shrubs .

The alternate leaves are sessile. The leaf blades are simple to divided. The leaf blades are very different in shape and size in the individual species. Nothing general can be said about the hair ( indument ) either. There are no stipules .

Generative characteristics

Characteristic for the genus Castilleja are the terminal, racemose or spiked inflorescences . The flowers stand individually over a bract , which is often wider than the upper leaves, often lobed and colored. In Castilleja species, the bracts are the visual organs that determine the appearance of the inflorescence. Their color, at least on the visible front edge, is usually bright red to orange-red, but yellow or cream-colored shades or green are also found.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The calyx tube, which is usually similarly colored, has two or four lobes, whereby in the latter case the upper and lower incisions are usually significantly deeper than the two lateral incisions. The corolla tube usually only protrudes slightly over the calyx and is often more yellowish in color. The lower lip is short and three-lobed. The upper lip is relatively long, narrow, beak-shaped and bilobed. At the front it is bent down like a boat and closes the stamens in itself. The four stamens are in pairs. The ovary is on top. The style ends in a single or bilobed scar.

The columnar (= loculicidal) capsule fruits are ± asymmetrical and contain many seeds. The relatively small seeds are angular and ± brown.

Inflorescence with flowers of Castilleja linariifolia

ecology

All Castilleja species are semi-parasites that parasitize grass with their roots.

The pollination is usually by insects and in some species of birds .

Location requirements

Most Castilleja species thrive best in open locations such as in meadows or steppes , on the edges of forests or along roads, and in clearly continental climates . Many species also tolerate salty locations.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Castilleja was set up in 1781 by José Celestino Mutis ex Carl von Linné the Younger in Supplementum Plantarum 47-48, 293. The generic name Castilleja honors the Spanish doctor and botanist Domingo Castillejo (1744–1786). Type species is Castilleja fissifolia L. f.

The genus Castilleja has traditionally been assigned to the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae); according to gene sequence analyzes , it belongs to the summer root family (Orobanchaceae).

Almost all species are found in North America . About ten species can be found in northern Asia to western Russia .

The genus Castilleja contains around 200 species, some of which are very variable and difficult to distinguish from one another, for example:

Others

Because of its conspicuousness and abundance, the plants play a certain role in the legends of some Indians .

The species Castilleja linariifolia is one of the symbols of the US state Wyoming .
See also → List of State Flowers of the States of the United States .

An American award for children's books is called the Indian Paintbrush Book Award.

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Chuang, Heckard: data sheet Castilleja - PAINTBRUSH, OWL'S-CLOVER at JepsonEflora .
  2. a b c Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill: Scrophulariaceae. : Castilleja , p. 89, the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X .
  3. a b Castilleja at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 9, 2019.
  4. Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. online.
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Castilleja in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  6. ^ Indian Paintbrush Book Award Book Lists .

Web links

Commons : Castilleja  - collection of images, videos and audio files