Rattling pots
| Rattling pots | ||||||||||||
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Small rattlespot ( Rhinanthus minor ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Rhinanthus | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The rattling pots ( Rhinanthus ) form a genus within the summer root family (Orobanchaceae). The 45 to 50 species live as semi-parasites ( hemiparasitic ). The wide distribution area of the genus is North America and Eurasia , i.e. the Holarctic .
Origin of the common names
The rattling pots owe their common German name to the ripe fruits in which the seeds rattle loudly when they are moved. Rattle pots tap into the root systems of other plants with special roots ( haustoria ). The plant species that farmers consider to be “ weeds ” due to their low feed value are also popularly called milk thief or milk rascal, as the plants in the vicinity of the semi-parasites do not thrive as well.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Klappertopf species are annual herbaceous plants . The leaves are opposite.
Generative characteristics
The terminal, racemose inflorescences contain bracts . The flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . Of the four sepals, the upper two are about half the length and the others are almost completely fused. The petals are fused into a two-lipped corolla. The lower lip is three-lobed. There are only four stamens . The compartmentalized (loculicidal) capsule fruits contain some seeds in each fruit compartment. The seeds are broadly winged.
Klappertopf species as semi-parasites
They are semi-parasites ( hemiparasites ). Similar to the species of the genus eyebright ( Euphrasia ), the rattlespot species also have a stunted root system . In contrast, they form small nipples on the roots of neighboring plants and penetrate their ducts. Rattling pots damage their host plants, as they mainly remove large amounts of water from them.
Systematics
The genus Rhinanthus was established by Carl von Linné . The botanical genus name Rhinanthus is derived from rhinos for trunk (trunk-like extended helmet tip); Rhinanthus can be interpreted as "nosebloomed". Synonyms for Rhinanthus L. are Alectorolophus Zinn and Fistularia Kuntze .
The genus Rhinanthus was formerly part of the fig family , Rachenblütler (Scrophulariaceae). By molecular biological study has a closer relationship between all semi-parasites, which were previously classified as "Rachenblütler" with the broomrape ( Orobanche turned out), making it one Rhinanthus to the family of today Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae).
The genus rattle pots ( Rhinanthus ) includes 45 to 50 species in the Holarctic .
- List of all species of the genus Rhinanthus (selection):
- Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich
- Rhinanthus alpinus Baumg. : It occurs in the mountains of eastern Central Europe and Southeastern Europe from the Czech Republic to southwestern Bulgaria.
- Rhinanthus angustifolius C.C. Gmel.
- Rhinanthus antiquus (Sterneck) Schinz & Thell. : It occurs in Italy and Switzerland.
- Rhinanthus asperulus (Murb.) Soó
- Rhinanthus borbasii (Dörfl.) Soó : It occurs in the south-eastern part of Central Europe, in Romania and in the south-eastern part of European Russia.
- Rhinanthus burnatii (Chabert) Soó : It occurs in France, Italy and Croatia.
- Rhinanthus carinthiacus Aries : It occurs in Austria and Italy.
- Rhinanthus colchicus Vassilcz.
- Rhinanthus dinaricus Murb. : It occurs in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Rhinanthus glacialis Personnat
- Rhinanthus gracilis Schur : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.
- Rhinanthus groenlandicus (Ostenf.) Chabert : It occurs in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Alaska and Greenland.
- Rhinanthus helenae Pamp. : It occurs in Italy.
- Rhinanthus illyricus (Sterneck) Soó
- Rhinanthus javorkae Soó
- Rhinanthus mediterraneus (Sterneck) Adamović : It occurs in Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece and the Ukraine.
- Rhinanthus melampyroides (Borbás & Degen) Soó : It occurs in Serbia, Albania and Greece.
- Rhinanthus minor L.
- Rhinanthus osiliensis (Ronniger & Saarsoo) Vassilcz. : It occurs in Estonia.
- Rhinanthus ovifugus Chabert : It occurs in France, Italy, Croatia and Switzerland.
- Rhinanthus pampaninii Chabert : It occurs in Italy and Slovenia.
- Rhinanthus personatus (Behrendsen & Sterneck) Bég. : It occurs in Italy.
- Rhinanthus pindicus (Sterneck) Soó : It occurs in Greece.
- Rhinanthus ponticus Vassilcz.
- Rhinanthus pseudantiquus H.Kunz : It probably occurs in Italy.
- Rhinanthus pubescens (Sterneck) Soó : It occurs in Greece.
- Rhinanthus rumelicus Velen. : It occurs in Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and Armenia.
- Rhinanthus schischkinii Vassilcz.
- Rhinanthus sintenisii (Sterneck) Soó : It occurs in Albania and Greece.
- Rhinanthus songeonii Chabert : It occurs in France, Italy and Albania.
- Rhinanthus subulatus (Chabert) Soó : It occurs in the Caucasus region and in the Crimea.
- Rhinanthus vassilchenkoi Ivanina & Karasjuk
- Rhinanthus wagneri Degen : It occurs in eastern Central Europe in the north-central parts of the Balkan Peninsula.
- Rhinanthus wettsteinii (Sterneck) Soó : It occurs in Italy.
- Central European rattlespot species ( Rhinanthus ):
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Shaggy rattlespot , villi rattlespot ( Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich ):
- Yawning villi rattlespot ( Rhinanthus alectorolophus subsp. Facchinii (Chab.) Soó , Syn .: Rhinanthus facchinii Chab. )
- Southern Alps villi-rattle ( Rhinanthus alectorolophus subsp. Freynii (Sterneck) Hartl )
- Ordinary villus yellow rattle ( Rhinanthus alectorolophus subsp. Alectorolophus )
- Alpen-Klappertopf or Schön-Klappertopf ( Rhinanthus alpinus Baumg .; Syn .: Rhinanthus pulcher Spreng. )
- Large rattling pot , large rattling pot ( Rhinanthus angustifolius C.C.Gmel .; Syn .: Rhinanthus serotinus (beauty) Oborný ): It is the flower of the year 2005.
- Puszta rattlespot ( Rhinanthus borbasii (Dörfler) Soó )
- Carinthian rattlespot ( Rhinanthus carinthiacus Widder )
- Awn rattlespot ( Rhinanthus glacialis personnat )
- Small rattlespot , small rattlespot ( Rhinanthus minor L. )
- Glandular rattle pot ( Rhinanthus rumelicus Velen. )
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Shaggy rattlespot , villi rattlespot ( Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich ):
- No longer belongs to this genus:
- ( Rhinanthus virginicus L. ) → Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill: Scrophulariaceae. : Rhinanthus , p. 96 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X .
- ^ A b c Rhinanthus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Karol Marhold, 2011: Scrophulariaceae. Datasheet Rhinanthus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ a b c d e f g R. de Soó, DA Webb: Rhinanthus L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 3, pages 276-280. Cambridge University Press 1972. ISBN 0-521-08489-X
- ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM, Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
literature
- Gertrud Scherf: Meadow flowers - the nature guide with a difference. BLV-Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-405-16909-7 .
- Hans Christian Weber: Parasitism of flowering plants . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-10529-X .
- Hans Christian Weber: Schmarotzer: Plants that live on others . Belser, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7630-1834-4 .
