Sommerwurzen

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Sommerwurzen
Thyme summer root (Orobanche alba)

Thyme summer root ( Orobanche alba )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Summer root family (Orobanchaceae)
Genre : Sommerwurzen
Scientific name
Orobanche
L.

Summer root plants ( Orobanche ) are a genus of plants within the family of summer root plants (Orobanchaceae). The only 100 species left are holoparasitic flowering plants , i.e. parasites .

Description and ecology

Illustration of the yellow summer root ( Orobanche lutea )
Detail of the zygomorphic flower of the gorse summer root ( Orobanche rapum-genistae )
Bluish summer root seeds ( Orobanche coerulescens )

Vegetative characteristics

Summer root species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants and parasites. The pale shoots are only developed after the storage tuber has formed. Summer root plants do not have chloroplasts and cannot photosynthesize , so they are completely dependent on their hosts for nutrition ( holoparasite ). Their rapid growth is made possible by the reserve substances stored in the tuber . The shoots have only reduced scale leaves , in whose axils are the flowers in the upper part .

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic . The petals are fused to form a tube. There are four stamens per flower .

The capsule fruits can contain a few thousand seeds and a summer root plant can produce over 300,000 seeds, which are later spread with the wind. At 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters in length, seeds of the summer root species are among the smallest of all plant seeds . The seeds can persist in the soil for several years without losing their ability to germinate. Their germination is triggered by substances called germination inducers , which are excreted by the roots of the host plant. These substances are grouped under the term strigolactones . Their different structure contributes to the host specificity of different Orobanche species. If the radicle reaches a suitable host root, it penetrates it and forms a special contact organ , the haustorium . After connecting to the host's vascular bundles, the summer root plant first develops a storage organ (tubercle stage) on the root surface of its host, on which the later shoot is formed. Their roots are not able to take up nutrients from the soil, but can form further haustoria when they come into contact with the roots of the first or another host. Occasionally these also penetrate the roots of your own or another summer root plant.

Orobanche as a pest

Summerroot species only parasitize on dicotyledonous host plants. Your host selectivity is different. While some species prefer hosts of specific families (for example Orobanche ramosa and a Solanaceae), others have a very narrow host range (for example Orobanche cumana on sunflower). The damage caused to the host plants is due to the deprivation of water and nutrients. The damage is much less in irrigated and fertilized crops, so summer root infestation is of particular economic importance in the poorer countries of Africa and Western Asia. In addition to numerous species that are only sporadic or limited, five species play a special role as pests in agricultural crops:

  • Orobanche cernua on sunflower, tomato, eggplant and tobacco;
  • Orobanche crenata on broad beans, chickpeas, lentils, peas, vetch, carrots, lettuce and sunflowers;
  • Orobanche minor on clover, alfalfa and tobacco.

The seeds are spread by agricultural machinery, contaminated crops, irrigation systems, and erosion. Animals can also carry off the seeds externally and after ingestion with the feed through their excretions. Damage from summer root infestation can be influenced by soil treatment, fertilization, watering and the timing of sowing. The control of summer root plants after emergence is carried out in less developed countries by removing the flower sprouts by hand.

Summer root species are difficult to control because they have no chlorophyll and the seeds are extremely resistant. Few herbicides are effective against them.

Various biological control methods are still being tested, which so far have not allowed effective and economical control of the summer root species:

In sunflower crops corn plants to serve as a "trap crops" that the seeds of Orobanche cumana for germination bring. Since the seedlings cannot survive on maize, they die.
In the longer term, breeding resistant cultivars appears to be the most sensible solution.

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

The genus Orobanche was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 . Günther Beck von Mannagetta and Lerchenau published a monograph of the genus Orobanche in 1890 . Theodor Fischer, Cassel. As Lektotypusart was Orobanche major L. fixed. A synonym of Orobanche L. is Orobanche C.A.Mey.

The genus Orobanche was placed in the family of figwort plants (Scrophulariaceae). According to molecular genetic data, it is classified in the summer root family (Orobanchaceae). Differentiating the individual species on the basis of morphological properties is difficult. After molecular genetic investigations, the genus Orobanche s was split . l. (up to 200 kinds) in some genera. At Joel 2009 the two genera are Orobanche s. st. ( Base chromosome number x = 19) and Phelipanche Pomel (base chromosome number x = 12) separately. In 2016, Schneider added further species to the reactivated genus Aphyllon Mitch. Thus in the genus Orobanche s. st. (only up to 100 species) no sub-genera, sections or subsections accepted.

The Orobanche species mostly thrive in the warm to temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . There are around 40 species in Europe.

For the genus Orobanche s. st. belong:
Alsatian summer arum ( Orobanche alsatica )
Detail of an inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of Orobanche austrohispanica
Orobanche ballotae
Habit of Orobanche foetida
Blood-red summer root ( Orobanche gracilis )
Detail of an inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of Orobanche grenieri
Orobanche haenseleri
Ivy summer root ( Orobanche hederae )
Habit of Orobanche kochii in the habitat
Habitus of Orobanche pubescens in the habitat
Section of an inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of Orobanche variegata
  • There are around 100 species of Orobanche :
    • Thyme broomrape or thyme-broomrape or White broomrape ( Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. , Syn .: Orobanche alexandri Tineo , Orobanche Chassia Formánek , Orobanche cuprea Boiss. & Balansa , Orobanche diaphana F.W.Schultz , Orobanche epithymum DC. , Orobanche glabrata Camey . , Orobanche hellebori Miégev. , Orobanche punctata F.W.Schultz , Orobanche raddeana Beck , Orobanche rubra Sm. , Orobanche squalida Steven , Orobanche wiedemannii Boiss. , Orobanche alba subsp. major (Čelak.) Zázvorka , Orobanche alba subsp. xanthostigma Rätzel & Uhlich ) : It is in North, Central, Southwest, East and Southeast Europe ( Spain , France , United Kingdom , Sweden , Belgium , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Italy , Poland , Ukraine , Hungary , Czech Republic , Slovenia , Slovakia , Serbia , Croatia , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , the Republic of Moldova , Greece ), the European and Asian parts of Russia , North Africa ( Algeria , Morocco ), West Asia ( Turk ei , Iran ), in the Caucasus ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Dagestan , Ciskaucasia ), Central Asia ( Turkmenistan , Afghanistan ), in Tibet , Sichuan , Pakistan , the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and in Nepal .
    • Orobanche almeriensis A.Pujadas , Syn .: Orobanche amethystea var. Almeriensis (A.Pujadas) A.Pujadas : In Spain, this endemic occurs only in Almería , Granada and Jaén .
    • Alsatian summer arum ( Orobanche alsatica Kirschleger , Syn .: Orobanche caudata De Not. , Orobanche cervariae Godr. , Orobanche fuscovinosa Maire ): It is widespread in Europe and Tunisia .
    • Amethyst summer avens ( Orobanche amethystea Thuill. , Syn .: Orobanche bracteata Viv. , Orobanche attica Reut. , Orobanche eryngii Duby , Orobanche knockii Pant. ): It is from Morocco and Algeria via Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland , Italy, Southeast Europe (Croatia, Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece), to Iran and Afghanistan.
    • Orobanche amoena C.A.Meyer (Syn .: Orobanche amoenoides Kabulov , Orobanche ariana Gontsch. , Orobanche Colossea (Beck) Novopokr. , Orobanche ianthina Franch. ): It comes in European Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia, China, in Mongolia and Siberia .
    • Orobanche anatolica Boiss. & Reut. ex Reut. , (Syn .: Orobanche bractealis Stev. Ex Beck , Orobanche leucopogon Boiss. & Hausskn. Ex Boiss. , Orobanche anatolica var. Leucopogon (Boiss. & Hausskn. Ex Boiss.) Beck ): It occurs in Turkey.
    • Orobanche armena Tzvelev : It occurs in Armenia and in the Asian part of Turkey.
    • Panzer broomrape ( Orobanche artemisiae campestris Gaudin , Syn .: Orobanche artemisiae . Gren nom. Illeg., Orobanche ambigua Moris , Orobanche carotae Des Moul. , Orobanche centaurina Bertol. , Orobanche hieracii-Pilosellae F.W.Schultz , Orobanche lilacina F.W.Schultz , Orobanche loricata Rchb. , Orobanche picridis-hieracioidis F.W.Schultz , Orobanche scolymi Pomel ): It occurs in Morocco, on the Iberian Peninsula , in France and in Greece.
    • Orobanche australis Bertol. : This endemic occurs only in Sardinia .
    • Orobanche austrohispanica M.JYFoley : It occurs in Spain.
    • Orobanche ballotae A.Pujadas : It occurs in Spain and the Balearic Islands.
    • Orobanche balsensis (JAGuim.) Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor. & Ó.Sánchez
    • Orobanche baumanniorum Greuter : It was first described from Greece in 1987.
    • Orobanche bartlingii Griseb. (Syn .: Orobanche libanotidis Rupr. , Orobanche alsatica subsp. Libanotidis (Rupr.) Tzvelev ): It is from south-western Europe (Spain, France) through Central Europe ( Germany , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary ) and Eastern Europe ( Baltic States , Belarus , Republic of Moldova , Russia , Ukraine ) to Southeastern Europe ( Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Slovenia , Romania ).
    • Orobanche benkertii Rätzel & Uhlich : It occurs in the northern Caucasus region.
    • Orobanche boninsimae (Maxim.) Tuyama (Syn .: Platypholis boninsimae Maxim. ): This endemic occurs only on the Japanese Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands).
    • Orobanche calendulae Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche artemisiae-campestris subsp. Calendulae (Pomel) O.Bolòs, Vigo, Masalles & Ninot ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Portugal and Spain.
    • Orobanche Callieri (Tzvelev) Tzvelev (Syn .: Orobanche crenata var. Callieri Tzvelev )
    • Orobanche camptolepis Boiss. & Reut. (Syn .: Orobanche coriosepala Solms ex Beck in Engl. , Orobanche gontscharovii Novopokr. , Orobanche ovata Blakelock , Orobanche platylepis Reut. Ex Boiss. , Orobanche schugnanica Novopokr. ): It occurs in West and Central Asia.
    • Orobanche canescens C. Presl (Syn .: Orobanche littoralis Lojac. Nom. Illeg.): It occurs in Corsica, Italy and Greece.
    • Carnation summer root ( Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. , Syn: Orobanche vulgaris Poir. , Orobanche galii Duby )
    • Orobanche castellana Reut. (Syn .: Orobanche amethystea subsp. Castellana (Reut.) Rouy , Orobanche amethystea var. Henriquesii J.A.Guim. ) It occurs in Morocco, Spain, Portugal, France, Corsica and the Canary Islands.
    • Orobanche cernua L. in Loefl.
    • Orobanche chironii Lojac. (Syn .: Orobanche alsatica var. Chironii (Lojac.) Bég. ): It occurs in Sicily.
    • Orobanche chrysacanthi Maire (Syn .: Orobanche reticulata auct. Non Wallr. ): It occurs in Morocco.
    • Orobanche Clarkei Hook. f. (Syn .: Orobanche nicotianae sensu Clark non Wight ): It occurs in India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Altai and western Xinjiang.
    • Orobanche clausonis Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche lucorum var. Hesperina J.A.Guim. ): It occurs in Algeria, Portugal, Spain, Sicily and Malta .
    • Bluish summer arum ( Orobanche coerulescens Stephan ex Willd. , Syn .: Orobanchella coerulescens (Stephan ex Willd.) R.Piwowarczyk, M.Nobis & J.Madeja , Orobanche ammophila C.A.Mey. )
    • Orobanche colorata K. Koch. (Syn .: Orobanche anatolica auct. Non Boiss. & Reut. Ex Reut. , Orobanche anatolica Boiss. & Reut. ): It occurs in Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Caucasus region.
    • Serrated summer avens ( Orobanche crenata Forsskal , Syn .: Orobanche speciosa DC. ): It occurs on Madeira , in North Africa, in southern Europe, in the Ukraine, in West Asia and in the Caucasus and is a neophyte in the Azores and Canaries .
    • Orobanche cumana Wallr. (Syn .: Orobanche cernua subsp. Cumana (Wallr.) Soó )
    • Orobanche cypria Reuter ex Kotschy (Syn .: Orobanche cypria Reuter ex Beck nom. Illeg.): It occurs in Cyprus and Iran.
    • Orobanche cyrenaica Beck (Syn .: Orobanche fuliginosa auct. Non Reuter ex Jord. ): It occurs in Libya.
    • Orobanche cyrnea Jeanm., Habashi & Manen (Syn .: Orobanche santolinae auct.): It occurs in Corsica.
    • Orobanche daninii Domina & Raimondo : It occurs in Israel.
    • Orobanche densiflora Salzm. ex Reut. (Syn .: Orobanche crinita sensu Rchb. Non Viv. ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Portugal, Spain and Malta.
    • Orobanche denudata Moris (Syn .: Orobanche decora Moris ex Reut. ): It occurs in Sardinia.
    • Orobanche ebuli Huter & Rigo : It occurs in Italy.
    • Great summer avens ( Orobanche elatior Sutton , Syn .: Orobanche stigmatodes Wimm. , Orobanche major L. nom. Rej.)
    • Orobanche esulae Pančić : It occurs in Bulgaria and Serbia.
    • Orobanche filicola Nakai ex Hyun, Lim & Shin : It occurs in southern Korea.
    • Butterbur summer root or light yellow summer root ( Orobanche flava C.FP Mart. Ex FWSchultz , Syn .: Orobanche tussilaginis F.W.Schultz ex Mutel ): There are two varieties:
      • Orobanche flava var. Doriae Emb. & Maire
      • Orobanche flava C.FP Mart. ex FWSchultz var. flava
    • Orobanche foetida Poiret (Syn .: Orobanche foetida var. Lusitanica bread. ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, Libya, Sardinia, Croatia and Turkey.
    • Orobanche fuliginosa Reuter ex Jord. (Syn .: Orobanche sabulicola Lojac. , Orobanche angelicifixa Péteaux & St.-Lag. ): It occurs in south-eastern France, in Sardinia, Greece and in western Turkey.
    • Orobanche gamosepala Reut. (Syn .: Ceratocalyx reuteri Lange , Orobanche phoenicea Fisch. Ex Beck , Orobanche punicea Prescott , Necranthus orobanchoides Gilli ): It occurs in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and in the Caucasus.
    • Orobanche glabricaulis Tzvelev
    • Blood-red summer root ( Orobanche gracilis Sm. , Syn .: Orobanche cruenta Bertol. )
    • Orobanche grenieri F.W.Schultz (Syn .: Orobanche lactucae Arvet-Touvet ): It occurs in Spain and France.
    • Orobanche grigorjevii Novopokr.
    • Orobanche grisebachii Reut. (Syn .: Orobanche minor var. Grisebachii (Reut.) Hadidy )
    • Orobanche grossheimii Novopokr. : It occurs in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Caucasus region.
    • Orobanche hadroantha Beck : It occurs in Turkey.
    • Orobanche haenseleri Reuter (Syn: Orobanche hellebori Miégev. ): It occurs in Spain and France.
    • Orobanche hansii A. Kern . (Syn: Orobanche inconspicua Gontsch. )
    • Ivy summer root ( Orobanche hederae Duby , Syn .: Catodiacrum luteum Dulac )
    • Orobanche hermonis Mouterde : It occurs in Lebanon.
    • Orobanche humbertii Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
    • Orobanche hymenocalyx Reut. : It occurs in Azerbaijan and Armenia.
    • Orobanche iammonensis A.Pujadas & P.Fraga : It occurs in Menorca.
    • Orobanche ingens (Beck) Tzvelev : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
    • Orobanche inulae Novopokr. & Abramov
    • Orobanche kochii F.W.Schultz (Syn .: Orobanche borbasiana Beck ): It occurs in France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Russia .
    • Orobanche kotschyi Reut. (Syn .: Orobanche spectabilis Reut. , Orobanche bucharica Novopokr. , Orobanche xanthostachya Novopokr. ): It occurs in West and Central Asia, in the Caucasus, in Pakistan and in northern Xinjiang .
    • Orobanche krylowii Beck : It occurs in European Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and Xinjiang.
    • Orobanche kurdica Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. : It occurs in eastern Turkey.
    • Orobanche laserpitii-sileris Reuter ex Jordan (Syn .: Orobanche laserpitii-sileris Rapin ex Reut. ): It occurs in Spain, Andorra, France, Switzerland, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro before.
    • Orobanche laxissima Rätzel & Uhlich : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Georgia and the Caucasus.
    • Orobanche leptantha Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche icterica Pau ): It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
    • Orobanche litorea cast. (Syn .: Orobanche minor var. Litorea (cast.) Bég. , Orobanche angelicifixa Péteaux & St. Lager ): It occurs in France, Italy, Tunisia, Sicily, Sardinia, Greece, in the Aegean Sea and in Turkey.
    • Orobanche longibracteata Schiman-Czeika : It occurs in Iran.
    • Orobanche loscosii L.Carlón, M.Laínz, G.Moreno Moral & Ó.Sánchez Pedraja (Syn .: Orobanche ritro sensu Loscos et auct. Hisp., Non Gren. )
    • Barberry summer root ( Orobanche lucorum A.Braun , Syn .: Orobanche berberidis (WDJKoch) Facchini ): It occurs in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and the former Yugoslavia.
    • Yellow summer avens ( Orobanche lutea Baumg. , Syn .: Orobanche alpigena K. Koch , Orobanche armena Tzvelev , Orobanche concreta (Beck) Rouy , Orobanche fragrantissima Bertol. , Orobanche hians Steven , Orobanche prosgolica Formánek , Orobanche rubens is in Wallr. ) Widespread in Central and Southern Europe as well as in Western Asia and the Caucasus region to Central Asia.
    • Orobanche lycoctoni Rhiner (Syn .: Orobanche aconiti-lycoctoni Moreno Mor. & Al. ): It occurs in Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia.
    • Orobanche maritima Pugsley (Syn .: Orobanche minor subsp. Maritima (Pugsley) Rumsey ): It occurs in Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain and the Channel Islands.
    • Orobanche mauretanica Beck : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Portugal.
    • Orobanche mayeri (. Suess & Ronniger) Bertsch & F.Bertsch (Syn .: Orobanche Alsatian . Subsp mayeri . (Suess & Ronniger) Kreutz , Orobanche Alsatian var. Mayeri Suess & Ronniger. ): This rare species is found in isolated localities in the Recovery of Poland, Germany, Slovakia and Romania.
    • Orobanche megalantha Harry Sm. (Syn .: Orobanche eximia Harry Sm. ): It occurs in northern Sichuan.
    • Orobanche minor or clover Strangler ( Orobanche minor Sm. , Syn .: Orobanche barbata Poir. , Orobanche minor var. Flavescens Reut. )
    • Orobanche mlokosiewiczii Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor. : She wasfirst describedfrom Georgia on September 1, 2017.
    • Orobanche montserratii A.Pujadas & D.Gómez : It was first described in 2000. It occurs in Spain and France. (Syn .: Orobanche alsatica auct. Non Kirschl. )
    • Orobanche mupinensis Hu : It occurs in Sichuan.
    • Orobanche owerini (Beck) Beck (Syn .: Orobanche crenata var. Owerini Beck ). It occurs in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and in the Caucasus region. There are two varieties:
      • Orobanche owerini (Beck) Beck var. Owerini
      • Orobanche owerini var. Woronowii Beck (Syn .: Orobanche woronowii Beck )
    • Orobanche palaestina Reut. (Syn .: Orobanche minor var. Palaestina (Reut.) Pau. )
    • Orobanche pancicii G.Beck (Syn .: Orobanche reticulata auct. Non Wallr. ): It occurs in Austria, Slovenia, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria.
    • Bitter herb summer avens ( Orobanche picridis ) FWSchultz (Syn .: Orobanche artemisiae-campestris subsp. Picridis (FWSchultz) O.Bolòs, Vigo, Masalles & Ninot )
    • Orobanche pubescens D'Urv. (Syn .: Orobanche versicolor F.W.Schultz ): It occurs in southern Europe , western Asia, the Crimea , Libya, Egypt , the Sinai Peninsula and the Caucasus.
    • Orobanche pycnostachya Hance (Syn .: Orobanche pycnostachya var. Genuina Beck nom. Illeg.): It occurs in China, Siberia, Mongolia, Korea and Russia's Far East. There are two varieties:
      • Orobanche pycnostachya var. Amurensis (Beck) Beck (Syn .: Orobanche amurensis (Beck) Kom. )
      • Orobanche pycnostachya Hance var. Pycnostachya
    • Orobanche raddeana Beck (Syn .: Orobanche alba var. Raddeana (Beck) Beck )
    • Gorse summer root ( Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill. , Syn .: Orobanche rapum Wallr. Nom. Illeg.)
    • Thistle Broomrape ( Orobanche reticulata Wallr. , Syn .: Orobanche platystigma Rchb. , Orobanche scabiosae W.DJKoch , Orobanche procera W.DJKoch , Orobanche reticulata subsp. Procera (WDJKoch) Dostál , Orobanche pallidiflora Wimm. & Grave. , Orobanche reticulata subsp . pallidiflora (Wimm. & Grab.) Hayek )
    • Orobanche rigens Loisel. (Syn .: Orobanche rapum-genistae subsp. Rigens (Loisel.) P. Fourn . , Orobanche thyrsoidea Moris ex Bertol. , Orobanche rigens var. Nigricans Beck ): It occurs in Sardinia and Corsica.
    • Orobanche rosea Tzvelev
    • Sage summer root ( Orobanche salviae F.W.Schultz , Syn .: Orobanche alpestris F.W.Schultz ): It occurs in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, the Balkan Peninsula and Romania.
    • Orobanche sanguinea C. Presl (Syn .: Orobanche crinita Viv. ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya , Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands , France, Italy, Malta , Croatia, Montenegro and Greece.
    • Orobanche santolinae Loscos & J.Pardo (Syn .: Orobanche loricata subsp. Santolinae (Loscos & J.Pardo) O.Bolòs & Vigo ): It occurs in Spain.
    • Orobanche schelkovnikovii Tzvelev There is little data available on this species, which is unique to Armenia .
    • Orobanche serbica G.Beck & Petrović (Syn .: Orobanche ozanonis F.W.Schultz ex Beck ): It occurs in Spain, France, Serbia and Bulgaria.
    • Orobanche sideana Gilli : It occurs in Turkey.
    • Orobanche sinensis Harry Sm .: It occurs in southern Qinghai, northwestern Sichuan and southeastern Xizang. There are two varieties:
      • Orobanche sinensis var. Cyanescens (Harry Sm.) ZYZhang (Syn .: Orobanche cyanescens Harry Sm. )
      • Orobanche sinensis Harry Sm. Var. Sinensis
    • Orobanche sintenisii Beck : It occurs in Turkey.
    • Orobanche sordida C.A.Mey. (Syn .: Orobanche irtyschensis Serg. ): It occurs in Kazakhstan, Altai and Xinjiang.
    • Orobanche staehelinae D.Pav., Michaud, Véla & J.-M.Tison : It was first described from France in 2015.
    • Orobanche stocksii Boiss. (Syn .: Orobanche cistanchoides Beck ex Stapf ): It occurs in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
    • Orobanche subbaetica Triano & A.Pujadas
    • Germander summer root ( Orobanche teucrii Holandre , Syn .: Orobanche atrorubens F.W.Schultz nom. Illeg.)
    • Orobanche thapsoides Lojac. : It occurs in Sicily.
    • Orobanche transcaucasica Tzvelev : It occurs in Azerbaijan.
    • Orobanche turcica G.Zare & Dönmez
    • Orobanche variegata Wallr. (Syn .: Orobanche condensata Moris ): It occurs from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia through Spain, Portugal and France to Italy.
    • Orobanche vitellina Novopokr. : It occurs in Armenia and Afghanistan.
    • Orobanche yuennanensis (Beck) Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Orobanche alsatica var. Yuennanensis Beck ): It occurs in western Guizhou, southwest Sichuan and northern Yunnan.
    • Orobanche zajaciorum Piwow. : It wasfirst describedfrom Georgia in 2015and occurs in Armenia, Georgia and the Caucasus region.
No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. belong:
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but to Aphyllon Mitch. (Syn .: Anoplanthus Endl. Nom. Superfl., Thalesia Raf. Ex Britton nom. Superfl., Anoplanthus sect. Euanoplon Endl. , Loxanthes Raf. ) Include :
    • Aphyllon arizonicum (LTCollins) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche arizonica L.T. Collins )
    • Aphyllon californicum (Cham. & Schltdl.) A.Gray (Syn .: Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl. , Phelypaea californica (Cham. & Schltdl.) G.Don , Myzorrhiza californica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Rydb. , Aphyllon violaceum Eastw. ): There are five subspecies:
      • Aphyllon californicum (Cham. & Schltdl.) A. Gray subsp. californicum
      • Aphyllon californicum subsp. condensum (Heckard) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche californica subsp. Condensa Heckard )
      • Aphyllon californicum subsp. feudgei (Munz) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche californica subsp. Feudgei (Munz) Heckard , Orobanche grayana var. Feudgei Munz )
      • Aphyllon californicum subsp. grande (Heckard) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche californica subsp. Grandis Heckard )
      • Aphyllon californicum subsp. grayanum (Beck) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche grayana Beck , Myzorrhiza grayana (Beck) Rydb. )
      • Aphyllon californicum subsp. jepsonii (Munz) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche grayana var. Jepsonii Munz , Orobanche californica subsp. Jepsonii (Munz) Heckard )
    • Aphyllon chilense (Phil.) AC cutting. (Syn .: Myzorrhiza chilensis Phil. , Orobanche chilensis (Phil.) Beck )
    • Aphyllon cooperi A.Gray (Syn .: Orobanche cooperi (A.Gray) A.Heller , Myzorrhiza cooperi (A.Gray) Rydb. , Orobanche ludoviciana var. Cooperi (A.Gray) Beck ). It occurs in North America .: There are three subspecies:
      • Aphyllon cooperi A. Gray subsp. cooperi
      • Aphyllon cooperi subsp. latilobum (Munz) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche cooperi subsp. Latiloba (Munz) LTCollins , Orobanche ludoviciana var. Latiloba Munz )
      • Aphyllon cooperi subsp. palmeri (Munz) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche cooperi subsp. Palmeri (Munz) LTCollins , Orobanche multicaulis var. Palmeri Munz )
    • Aphyllon corymbosum (Rydb.) AC cutting. (Syn .: Myzorrhiza corymbosa Rydb. , Orobanche corymbosa (Rydb.) Ferris ): There are two subspecies:
      • Aphyllon corymbosum (Rydb.) AC cutting. subsp. corymbosum
      • Aphyllon corymbosum subsp. mutabile (Heckard) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche corymbosa subsp. Mutabilis Heckard )
    • Aphyllon dugesii S.Watson (Syn .: Orobanche dugesii (S.Watson) Munz ): It occurs in Mexico.
    • Aphyllon fasciculatum (Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray (Syn .: Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. , Loxanthes fasciculatus (Nutt.) Raf. , Phelypaea fasciculata (Nutt.) Spreng. , Anoplon fasciculatum (Nutt.) G.Don , Anoplanthus fasciculatus (Nutt.) Walp. , Gymnocaulis fasciculata (Nutt.) Nutt. , Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton )
    • Aphyllon ludovicianum (Nutt.) A. Gray (Syn .: Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. , Phelypaea ludoviciana (Nutt.) Walp. , Myzorrhiza ludoviciana (Nutt.) Rydb. , Conopholis ludoviciana (Nutt.) Wood. , Phelypaea erianthera Engelm. , Aphyllon arenosum Suksd. , Orobanche multiflora var. arenosa Munz , Orobanche ludoviciana var. arenosa (Suksd.) Cronquist )
    • Aphyllon multiflorum (Nutt) A. Gray (Syn .: Orobanche multiflora Nutt. )
    • Aphyllon parishii (Jeps.) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche parishii . (Jeps) Heckard. , Orobanche californica var. Parishii Jeps. ): There are two subspecies:
      • Aphyllon parishii subsp. brachylobum (Heckard) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche parishii subsp. Brachyloba Heckard )
      • Aphyllon parishii (Jeps.) AC cutting. subsp. parishii
    • Aphyllon pinorum (Geyer ex Hook.) A. Gray (Syn .: Orobanche pinorum Geyer ex Hook. , Phelypaea pinorum (Geyer ex Hook.) A. Gray , Myzorrhiza pinorum Rydb. )
    • Aphyllon purpureum (A.Heller) Holub (Syn .: Thalesia purpurea A.Heller , Orobanche uniflora var. Purpurea (A.Heller) Achey , Aphyllon minutum Suksd. , Aphyllon sedi Suksd. , Thalesia minuta (Suksd.) Rydb. , Orobanche porphyrantha Beck , Orobanche uniflora subsp. occidentalis (Greene) Abrams ex Ferris , Aphyllon uniflorum . var occidentale Greene , Orobanche uniflora var. minuta (. Suksd) Beck )
    • Aphyllon riparium (LTCollins) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche riparia L.T. Collins )
    • Aphyllon robbinsii (Heckard ex Colwell & Yatsk.) ACSchneid. (Syn .: Orobanche robbinsii Heckard ex Colwell & Yatsk. )
    • Aphyllon tacnaense (Mattf.) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche tacnaensis Mattf. )
    • Aphyllon tarapacanum (Phil.) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche tarapacana Phil. )
    • Aphyllon tuberosum (A.Gray) A.Gray (Syn .: Phelypaea tuberosa A.Gray , Orobanche bulbosa Beck ): It occurs in California and Baja Norte, Mexico.
    • Aphyllon uniflorum (L.) Torr. & A.Gray (Syn .: Orobanche uniflora L. , Anoplanthus uniflorus (L.) Endl. , Gymnocaulis uniflora (L.) Nutt. , Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton , Aphyllon inundatum Suksd. )
    • Aphyllon validum (Jeps.) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche valida Jeps. , Orobanche ludoviciana var.valida (Jeps.) Munz ): There are two subspecies:
      • Aphyllon validum subsp. howellii (Heckard & LTCollins) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche valida subsp. Howellii Heckard & LTCollins )
      • Aphyllon validum (Jeps.) AC cutting. subsp. validum
    • Aphyllon vallicolum (Jeps.) AC Cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche comosa var. Valli cola Jeps. , Orobanche valli cola (Jeps.) Heckard )
    • Aphyllon weberbaueri (Mattf.) AC cutting. (Syn .: Orobanche weberbaueri Mattf. )
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but to Boschniakia C.A.Mey. ex bong. belong:
    • Boschniakia himalaica Hook. f. & Thomson (Syn .: Xylanche himalaica (Hook. F. & Thomson) Beck , Boschniakia kawakamii Hayata , Xylanche kawakamii (Hayata) Beck )
    • Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schltdl.) B. Fedsch . (Syn .: Orobanche rossica Cham. & Schltdl. , Lathraea clandestina Georgi non L. , Boschniakia glabra C.A.Mey. Ex Bong. , Orobanche glabra (CAMey. Ex Bong.) Hook. , Lathraea amentacea Bad. Ex Ledeb. , Lathraea strobilacea Bad. Ex Ledeb. ): There are two varieties:
      • Boschniakia rossica var. Flavida Yue Zhang & JYMa
      • Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schltdl.) B. Fedsch . var. rossica
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but to the monotypic genus Boulardia F.W.Schultz (Syn .: Ceratocalyx Coss. nom. illeg., Orobanche subgen. Ceratocalyx Coss. ex Nyman , Orobanche subgen. Ceratocalyx (Coss.) Pomel comb. superfl., Orobanche subgen. Boulardia (FWSchultz) A .Pujadas comb Superfl.. Orobanche sect. Boulardia (FWSchultz) Batt. ) is:
    • Breitschuppige broomrape ( Boulardia latisquama F.W.Schultz , Syn .: Orobanche latisquama (FWSchultz) Batt. , Orobanche macrolepis Coss. , Orobanche macrolepis (Coss.) Pomel nom. Illeg., Orobanche macrolepis Coss. Ex Beck nom. Illeg., Ceratocalyx macrolepis Coss . , Ceratocalyx fimbriata Lange ):
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but to Conopholis Wallr. belong:
    • Conopholis alpina Liebm. (Syn .: Conopholis panamensis Woodson , Conopholis sylvatica Liebm. ). It occurs in Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama .: There are two subspecies:
      • Conopholis alpina Liebm. var. alpina
      • Conopholis alpina var. Mexicana (A. Gray ex S. Watson ) RRHaynes (Syn .: Conopholis mexicana A. Gray ex S. Watson , Conopholis alpina Liebm. , Conopholis americana sensu Endl. Non Wallr. )
    • Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr. (Syn .: Orobanche americana L. )
    • Conopholis panamensis Woodson
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but belong to the genus Diphelypaea Nicolson established in 1975 :
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but to the monotypical genus Epifagus Nutt. (Syn .: Leptamnium Raf. Nom. Inval., Mylanche Wallr. ) Belongs to:
    • Epifagus virginiana (L.) WPCBarton (Syn .: Orobanche virginiana L. , Leptamnium virginianum (L). Raf. , Mylanche virginiana (L.) Wallr. ): It occurs in eastern Canada and the eastern United States.
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but belong to Kopsiopsis (Beck) Beck :
    • Kopsiopsis hookeri (Walp.) Govaerts (Syn .: Boschniakia hookeri Walp. , Orobanche hookeri (Walp.) Beck , Orobanche tuberosa Hook. Non Vell. , Boschniakia tuberosa (Hook.) Jepson , Boschniakia strobilacea auct. Non A. Gray )
    • Kopsiopsis strobilacea (A.Gray) Beck (Syn .: Boschniakia strobilacea A.Gray )
  • No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. but to Phelipanche Pomel , also called blue shrike (Syn .: Kopsia Dumort. nom. rejic., Orobanche subgen. Phelipanche (Pomel) Tzvelev , Orobanche subgen. Trionychon (Wallr.) Spach , Orobanche subgen. Phelypaea (Desf.) Nyman , Orobanche sect. Trionychon Wallr. , Phelypaea sect. Trionychon (Wallr.) CAMey. ) include:
    • Phelipanche aedoi Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche arenaria sensu Foley non Borkh. ): This name was first published from Spain in 2008.
    • Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. )
    • Phelipanche androssovii (Novopokr.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche androssovii Novopokr. ): It occurs in the mountains of Turkmenistan.
    • Phelipanche angustelaciniata (Gilli) Holub (Syn .: Orobanche angustelaciniata Gilli )
    • Sand-summer root ( Phelipanche arenaria ) (Borkh.) Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche arenaria Borkh. )
    • Phelipanche borissovae (Novopokr.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche borissovae Novopokr. )
    • Phelipanche brachypoda (Novopokr.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche brachypoda Novopokr. )
    • Phelipanche brassicae (Novopokr.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche brassicae (Novopokr.) Novopokr. )
    • Phelipanche bungeana (Beck) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche bungeana Beck , Orobanche caucasica Beck )
    • Phelipanche caesia (Rchb.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche caesia Rchb. )
    • Phelipanche camphorosmae Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche camphorosmae (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas & Triano , Orobanche camphorosmae (Carlón, G.Gómez, M. Laínz, Moreno Mor. , Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas & Triano )
    • Phelipanche cernua Pomel (Syn .: Phelipanche inexspectata Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. )
    • Phelipanche cilicica (Reut.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche cilicica Beck )
    • Phelipanche coelestis (Reut.) Soják (Syn .: Phelypaea coelestis Reut. )
    • Phelipanche dalmatica (Beck) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche oxyloba var. Dalmatica Beck , Orobanche dalmatica (Beck) Tzvelev , Phelipanche oxyloba (Reut.) Soják , Phelipanche oxyloba (Reut.) Soják )
    • Phelipanche eriophora (Bornm. & Gauba) Holub (Syn .: Orobanche eriophora Bornm. & Gauba )
    • Phelipanche georgii-reuteri Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche georgii-reuteri (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas )
    • Phelipanche gratiosa (Webb) Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Phelypaea gratiosa Webb )
    • Phelipanche hajastanica Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor. : It was first described in 2017.
    • Phelipanche hedypnoidis Rätzel, Ristow & Uhlich : It was first described in 2017.
    • Phelipanche heldreichii (Reut.) Soják (Syn .: Phelypaea heldreichii Reut. )
    • Phelipanche hirtiflora (Reut.) Soják (Syn .: Phelypaea hirtiflora Reut. , Orobanche hirtiflora (Reut.) Burkill , Orobanche hirtiflora (Reut.) Tzvelev )
    • Phelipanche hypertomentosa (MJYFoley) MJYFoley (Syn .: Orobanche hypertomentosa M.JYFoley )
    • Phelipanche iberica (Beck) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche purpurea var. Iberica Beck , Orobanche iberica (Beck) Tzvelev , Orobanche iberica (Beck) Tzvelev , Phelypaea obtusiloba Hausskn. )
    • Phelipanche kelleri (Novopokr.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche kelleri Novopokr. )
    • Phelipanche lainzii J.Gómez Navarro, R.Roselló, JBPeris, A.Valdés & E.Sanchis (Syn .: Orobanche lainzii (J.Gómez Navarro, R.Roselló, JBPeris, A.Valdés & E.Sanchis) A.Pujadas & Triano ): It occurs in Spain.
    • Phelipanche lavandulacea (Rchb.) Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche lavandulacea Rchb. ): There are about two subspecies:
      • Phelipanche lavandulacea (Rchb.) Pomel subsp. lavandulacea
      • Phelipanche lavandulacea subsp. trichocalyx (Webb) Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Phelypaea trichocalyx Webb )
    • Phelipanche lavandulaceoides Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche lavandulacea auct. Hisp. Non Rchb. )
    • Phelipanche libanotica (Schweinf. Ex Boiss.) Soják (Syn .: Phelypaea libanotica Schweinf. Ex Boiss. )
    • Phelipanche mutelii (FWSchultz) Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche mutelii F.W.Schultz )
    • Phelipanche muteliformis (MJYFoley) MJYFoley (Syn .: Orobanche muteliformis M.JYFoley , Phelipanche umqasrensis Al-Mayah & Al-Asadi )
    • Phelipanche nikitae Teryokhin
    • Phelipanche nana (FW de Noë ex. Rchb. F.) Soják (Syn .: Phelypaea nana F.W. de Noë ex. Rchb. F. )
    • Phelipanche nowackiana (Markgr.) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche nowackiana Markgr. )
    • Phelipanche olbiensis (Coss.) Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Phelypaea olbiensis Coss. )
    • Phelipanche orientalis (Beck) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche orientalis Beck )
    • Phelipanche oxyloba (Reut.) Soják (Syn .: Phelypaea oxyloba Reut. , Orobanche oxyloba (Reut.) Beck , Phelipanche mutelii var. Oxyloba (Reut.) Rätzel , Orobanche oxyloba var. Dalmatica Beck , Orobanche dalmatica (Beck) Tzvelev , Phelipanche dalmatica (Reut.) Soják )
    • Phelipanche penduliflora (Gilli) Holub (Syn .: Orobanche penduliflora Gilli )
    • Phelipanche persica (Beck) Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor. (Syn .: Orobanche coelestis f. Persica Beck )
    • Phelipanche portoilicitana (A.Pujadas & MBCrespo) Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche portoilicitana A.Pujadas & MBCrespo )
    • Phelipanche pulchella (CAMey.) Soják (Syn .: Phelypaea pulchella C.A.Mey. )
    • Violet summer root ( Phelipanche purpurea (Jacq.) Soják , Syn .: Orobanche purpurea Jacq. ): There are about three subspecies:
      • Phelipanche purpurea subsp. ballii (Maire) Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche purpurea var. Ballii Maire )
      • Bohemian summer root ( Phelipanche purpurea subsp. Bohemica (Čelak.) J.Zázvorka , Syn .: Orobanche bohemica Čelak. )
      • Phelipanche purpurea subsp. millefolii (Rchb.) Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche coerulea var. Millefolii Rchb. )
      • Ordinary Violette broomrape ( Phelipanche purpurea (Jacq.) Soják subsp. Purpurea , Syn .: Orobanche purpurea Jacq. Subsp. Purpurea )
    • Branchy summer root ( Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel , Syn .: Orobanche ramosa L. )
    • Phelipanche resedarum Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Orobanche resedarum (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas & Triano )
    • Phelipanche reuteriana (Rchb. F.) Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. (Syn .: Phelypaea reuteriana Rchb. F. , Phelypaea occidentalis Reuter ex Rchb. F. , Orobanche reuteriana (Rchb. F.) MBCrespo & A.Pujadas , Phelipanche tunetana (Beck) Soják , Orobanche tunetana Beck ): She comes in Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia.
    • Phelipanche rosmarina (Welw. Ex Beck) Banfi, Galasso & Soldano (Syn .: Orobanche rosmarina Beck )
    • Phelipanche schultzii (Mutel) Pomel (Syn .: Orobanche schultzii Mutel )
    • Phelipanche schultzioides M.JYFoley (Syn .: Orobanche schultzioides (MJYFoley) domina )
    • Phelipanche schwingenschussii (Gilli) Holub (Syn .: Orobanche schwingenschussii Gilli )
    • Phelipanche septemloba (Beck) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche oxyloba f. Septemloba Beck , Orobanche septemloba (Beck) Tzvelev , Orobanche oxyloba var. Septemloba (Beck) Beck )
    • Phelipanche serratocalyx (Beck) Soják (Syn .: Orobanche serratocalyx Beck , Phelypaea syspirensis K.Koch )
    • Phelipanche sinaica (Beck) Rätzel & Uhlich (Syn .: Orobanche mutelii var. Sinaica Beck )
    • Phelipanche sevanensis Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor. : It was first described in 2017.
    • Phelipanche simplex (Reut.) Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor. (Syn .: Phelypaea tricholoba var. Simplex Reut. )
    • Phelipanche tricholoba (Reut.) Domina (Syn .: Phelypaea tricholoba Reut. , Orobanche tricholoba (Reut.) Domina , Orobanche aegyptiaca var. Tricholoba (Reut.) Beck )
    • Phelipanche tzvelevii Teryokhin (Syn .: Orobanche caucasica sensu Gilli non Beck )
    • Phelipanche umqasrensis Al-Mayah & Al-Asadi (Syn .: Phelipanche muteliformis (MJYFoley) MJYFoley )
    • Phelipanche uralensis (Beck) Czerep. (Syn .: Orobanche uralensis Beck , Phelypaea pallens Bunge ex Ledeb. )
    • Phelipanche zangezuri Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor. : It was first described in 2017.
    • Phelipanche zosimii (MJYFoley) MJYFoley (Syn .: Orobanche hirtiflora subsp. Zosimii M.JYFoley )

Individual evidence

  1. ^ CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche. The European Broomrape Species . Stichting Naturpublikaties Limburg, Maastricht 1995, ISBN 90-74508-05-7 .
  2. ^ Mónica Fernández-Aparicio, Xavier Reboud, Stephanie Gibot-Leclerc: Broomrape Weeds. Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review . In: Crop Science and Horticulture . tape 7 , February 2016, p. 1–23 , doi : 10.3389 / fpls.2016.00135 , PMC 4759268 (free full text).
  3. ↑ University of Hohenheim: Various chemical control measures for controlling phytoparasites .
  4. ↑ Trapping plants drive parasites to suicide. In :pflanzenforschung.de, January 17, 2013 - based on Yongqing Ma, Jinnan Jiab, Yu Anc, Zhong Wangb, Jianchang Maod: Potential of Some Hybrid Maize Lines to Induce Germination of Sunflower Broomrape. In: Crop Science Abstract - Crop Ecology, Management & Quality , Volume 53, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 260-270, doi: 10.2135 / cropsci2012.03.0197
  5. ↑ a b Orobanche at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2018.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig Óscar Sánchez Pedraja, Gonzalo Moreno Moral, Luis Carlón, Renata Piwowarczyk, Manuel Laínz, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Index of Orobanchaceae. ISSN  2386-9666 . (September 2005 "onwards, last updated" January 22, 2018, PDF 2.6 MB) online.
  7. ^ Daniel M. Joel: The new Nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. In: Weed Research , Volume 49 (Supplement 1), November 2009, pp. 6-7. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3180.2009.00748.x
  8. ^ Adam C. Schneider: Resurrection of the genus Aphyllon for New World broomrapes (Orobanche sl, Orobanchaceae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 75, 2016, pp. 107–118. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.75.10473
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as G. Domina, E. von Raab-Straube (2010+): Orobanchaceae. Datasheet Orobanche L. - In: Euro + Med = Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Orobanche in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  11. ↑ Xi Li, Tae-Soo Jang, Eva M. Temsch, Hidetoshi Kato, Koji Takayama, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Molecular and karyological data confirm that the enigmatic genus Platypholis from Bonin Islands (SE Japan) is phylogenetically nested within Orobanche (Orobanchaceae ). In: Journal of Plant Research , 130, 2017, Issue 2, pp. 273–280. PMCID: PMC 5318490 (free full text). doi: 10.1007 / s10265-016-0888-y
  12. ↑ Orobanche in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. Accessed January 31, 2018.
  13. ↑ a b Wen-Bin Yu: Nomenclatural clarifications for names in Boschniakia, Kopsiopsis and Xylanche (Orobanchaceae). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 77, Issue 3, pp. 40-42, January 2013. ISSN  1179-3163 . online doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.77.3.1
  14. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  15. ↑ G. Domina, E. von Raab-Straube (2010+): Orobanchaceae. Datasheet Phelipanche Pomel - In: Euro + Med = Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .

literature

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  • Adam C. Schneider: Resurrection of the genus Aphyllon for New World broomrapes (Orobanche sl, Orobanchaceae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 75, 2016, pp. 107–118. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.75.10473
  • Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends in Orobanchaceae. In: Daniel M. Joel, J. Gressel, LJ Mussleman (eds.): Parasitic Orobanchaceae. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2013, pp. 243–265. doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-38146-1_14
  • Daniel M. Joel: The new Nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. In: Weed Research , Volume 49 (Supplement 1), November 2009, pp. 6-7. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3180.2009.00748.x
  • D. Philcox: Orobanche. In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 8, Part 2, Scrophulariaceae. , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. text same online as the printed work.
  • Daniel L. Nickrent, Lytton J. Musselman: Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants . In: The Plant Health Instructor , 2004. doi: 10.1094 / PHI-I-2004-0330-01
  • Hans Christian Weber: Parasitism of flowering plants. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-10529-X .
  • Hans Christian Weber: Schmarotzer: Plants that live on others. Belser, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7630-1834-4 .
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  • Gerhard Wagenitz (ed.) Jürgen Pusch, Karl-Friedrich Günther: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd Edition. Volume VI, Part 1A: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 4 (1). Delivery 1. Orobanchaceae (summer root family). Weißdorn, Jena 2009, ISBN 978-3-936055-33-7 , pp. 1-99.
  • CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche. The European Broomrape Species. Stichting Naturpublikaties Limburg, Maastricht 1995, ISBN 90-74508-05-7 .
  • CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche. The European broomrape species. Central and northern Europe. Natuurhistorisch Genootschap, Limburg, 1995, pp. 1–159.
  • CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche: the summer root species of Europe: an identification book . tape 1 . CRC Press, 1995, ISBN 978-90-74508-05-6 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

Web links

Commons : Sommerwurzen ( Orobanche )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files