Jammu and Kashmir (state)

Jammu and Kashmir
जोम त् कशीर
جۄم تہٕ کٔشِیر

status	former state
capital city	Srinagar and Jammu
founding	May 14, 1954 (as state)
dissolution/merger	31 October 2019 (division into Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh )
surface	101,387 km²
resident	12,541,302 (2011)
population density	124 inhabitants per km²
languages	Urdu
governor	-
ISO code	IN-JK

Jammu and Kashmir ( Kashmiri जोम त् कशीर /جۄم تہٕ کٔشِیر) was an Indian state and part of the Kashmir region disputed between the People's Republic of China , India and Pakistan . The part controlled by India occupied an area of ​​101,387 km² and had a population of over 12.5 million (2011 census).

The state government was based in Srinagar in the summer and in Jammu in the winter .

The Indian constitution granted Jammu and Kashmir a special status among the Indian federal states with far-reaching internal autonomy. On August 5, 2019, this passage was removed from the constitution. On October 31, 2019, the state was dissolved and divided into the two union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh .

geography

Jammu and Kashmir bordered (clockwise, starting in the south) on the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab , the Pakistani province of Punjab of the same name, the semi-autonomous Pakistani Asad Kashmir , the Pakistani Gilgit-Baltistan and Tibet (including Aksai Chin ) . The state consisted of three regions. In the western part was the region of Kashmir with a predominantly Muslim population and Srinagar as the center. Ladakh formed the eastern part , a region with Tibetan Buddhist culture and Leh as its center . The southern region was Jammu, which had a predominantly Hindu population.

Cities over 30,000 inhabitants

(Status: census 2011)

Srinagar jammu Anantnag Sopore Baramulla Kathua bandipore Udhampur Leh

Places in Jammu and Kashmir

city	resident
Srinagar	1,180,570
jammu	502.197
Anantnag	109,433
Sopore	61,098
Baramulla	58,053
Kathua	51,991
bandipore	37,081
Udhampur	35,507
Leh	30,870

population

demographics

Girls in Kargil

As of the 2011 Indian census, the state of Jammu and Kashmir had a population of 12,541,302. This makes it one of the medium-sized Indian states. In terms of population, it was ranked 19th among the 29 states of India. The population development was increasing rapidly: between 2001 and 2011 the population grew by 24 percent and thus significantly faster than the national average (18 percent). Because of the mountainous terrain, Jammu and Kashmir is relatively sparsely populated: at 124 people per square kilometer, the population density is less than a third of the Indian average (382 people per square kilometer). The population was very unequally distributed: the majority of the inhabitants lived in the Kashmir valley and in the Jammu region, while Ladakh is extremely sparsely populated. In the district of Ganderbal in the Kashmir Valley, for example, there were 1,148 inhabitants per square kilometer, while in the district of Leh in Ladakh there were only three. Most of Jammu and Kashmir's population lived in the countryside: the degree of urbanization is 27 percent, slightly lower than the national average of 31 percent. The sex ratio was unbalanced: there were only 889 women for every 1000 men, while the corresponding figure for all of India is 943.

Only 67 percent of Jammu and Kashmir residents can read and write. (Men: 77 percent, women: 56 percent). The literacy rate is below the Indian average of 73 percent. In the period from 2010 to 2014, the average life expectancy was 72.6 years (the Indian average was 67.9 years) and was among the highest in India. The fertility rate was 1.97 children per woman (as of 2016), while the Indian average was 2.23 children in the same year.

With a score of 0.675, Jammu and Kashmir ranked 12th among the 29 states of India in the 2015 Human Development Index . The development level is thus slightly above the Indian average of 0.624.

population development

Census population of Jammu and Kashmir since the first census in 1951.

census year	population
1951	03,254,650
1961	03,561,100
1971	04,616,632
1981	05,987,389
1991	07,718,700
2001	10,070,300
2011	12,548,926

languages

Languages ​​in Jammu and Kashmir
language			percent
Kashmiri			54.0%
Dogri			21.9%
Hindi			18.6%
punjabi			1.9%
Ladakhi			1.0%
Other			2.6%
Distribution of languages ​​(2001 census)

Jammu and Kashmir was characterized by a fairly large linguistic diversity. The main language of the Kashmir Valley is Kashmiri , which according to the 2001 census is spoken by 54 percent of the state's population. Kashmiri belongs to the group of Dardic languages . The linguistic position of the Dardic languages ​​has not been finally clarified, but today they are mostly regarded as a marginal subgroup of the Indo- Aryan languages . Of the Dardic languages ​​spoken in the Hindu Kush region of Pakistan and Afghanistan in addition to Kashmir, Kashmiri is by far the largest and the only one with a literary tradition. In the area around Dras , a second Dardic language, Shina , is widespread, but the number of speakers is far lower at 0.3 percent of the total population of Jammu and Kashmir.

In the Jammu region, the Indo-Aryan language Dogri is predominant (speaking 22 percent). Long considered a dialect of Punjabi , Dogri is now recognized as a language in its own right. The Indian census records 19 percent of the residents of Jammu and Kashmir as speakers of Hindi . In fact, this is a group of dialects grouped under the term Pahari . Although the Pahari languages ​​are more closely related to Nepali , official statistics count them as dialects of the national language, Hindi.

In Ladakh, Ladakh , which is closely related to Tibetan, is spoken in the majority. Due to the low population density of Ladakh, its number of speakers is negligible at 1.0 percent of the state's total population. In the district of Kargil , Balti , which is also related to Tibetan, is widespread. Its speakers make up 0.2 percent of the total population of Jammu and Kashmir.

Urdu served as the official language of Jammu and Kashmir . Although the language had virtually no native speakers in the state, it was widely spoken among South Asian Muslims as a second language. As in all of India, English was present as an educational and lingua franca.

religions

Religions in Jammu and Kashmir
religion			percent
Islam			68.3%
Hinduism			28.4%
Sikhism			1.9%
Buddhism			0.9%
Other			0.5%
Distribution of religions (2011 census)

In a mosque in Srinagar

Apart from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep , Jammu and Kashmir is the only Indian state with a Muslim-majority population. According to the 2011 census, 68 percent of the population profess Islam , 28 percent Hinduism . Sikhs (two percent) and Buddhists (one percent) make up smaller minorities.

The division of the state into the regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh is reflected in the distribution of religions: while Kashmir is almost entirely Muslim, the majority of the population in Jammu is Hindu. Lamaist Buddhists and Muslims are roughly equal in population in Ladakh .

story

For the history of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu until 1947, see Kashmir .

Union with India and own constitution

Karan Singh, 1952 to 1965 Sadr-i-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir State (2009 photo)

Great Britain granted India and Pakistan independence in 1947, after which several million people fled or were resettled between the two countries. More than a million people died in pogroms or while fleeing. The numerous Indian princely states that had previously had a personal allegiance to the British Crown were given the option of either aligning themselves with India or Pakistan. The Hindu Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh , was initially reluctant to make a decision. Pakistani guerrillas then infiltrated Kashmir to force the Muslim-majority country to join Pakistan. On October 26, 1947, the Maharaja declared his country's annexation to India, which was recognized the following day by the Governor General of India , Louis Mountbatten . The Maharajah called in Indian troops for help, which led to the First Indo-Pakistani War . During the negotiations for an armistice in 1949, an armistice line ("Line of Control") was established and Kashmir was thus divided. In UN Resolution 47 of April 21, 1948, the United Nations Security Council spoke out in favor of holding a referendum on the affiliation of Jammu and Kashmir.

In order to facilitate the integration of Jammu and Kashmir into the Indian Union and to increase its acceptance by the Kashmiris, an article was included in the Indian constitution , which came into force in 1950 , which gave Jammu and Kashmir a special status. This Article 370 was expressly intended as a “temporary provision” and not for perpetuity. He granted Jammu and Kashmir significant privileges. The Union government reserved all rights in the areas of defense policy, foreign policy and communications. For all other matters, the elected parliament of Jammu and Kashmir should be responsible. Laws passed by the Indian parliament that did not affect the three areas mentioned should only apply in Jammu and Kashmir if the parliament there explicitly approved them. This included, among other things, that Indian citizens from other states in Jammu and Kashmir were not allowed to acquire land or other property. The continued validity of Article 370 was repeatedly disputed in the decades that followed, and Hindu nationalist groups agitated against the article from the outset, as they saw it endangering the unity of India. On October 11, 2015, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court ruled that Article 370 is an integral part of the Indian Constitution.

Under pressure from Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his Interior Minister Sardar Patels , Hari Singh gave up the government in 1949 in favor of his son Karan Singh . In 1952, the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly, elected a year earlier, voted to abolish the monarchy and at the same time passed a separate constitution for Jammu and Kashmir. Karan Singh was elected the first head of state. In contrast to all other Indian states, Jammu and Kashmir had its own constitution, its own flag and its own elected head of state, the Sadr-i-Riyasat . The head of government of Jammu and Kashmir did not call himself "Chief Minister", as in the other Indian states, but "Prime Minister " . The Jammu and Kashmir MPs for the Indian Federal Parliament were not directly elected but appointed by the Indian President on the recommendation of the state parliament. These were all concessions made by Nehru, who hoped they would help integrate the Kashmiris into the Union of India.

Development up to 1965

Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah , who had been in office since 1948 , increasingly pursued a policy aimed at Jammu and Kashmir's independence from both India and Pakistan. Abdullah was subsequently deposed on August 9, 1953, arrested along with others and charged with conspiracy. He was succeeded as prime minister by Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad , who served until 1962. The constitution, adopted by a constituent assembly of the country on November 17, 1956, came into force on January 26, 1957. In 1958, Sheikh Abdullah was released from prison and immediately resumed his political activities. He accused the government of not acting according to the will of the people and called for a referendum on the political future of Jammu and Kashmir. He was charged with colluding with Pakistan to overthrow the government and imprisoned again on April 30, 1958 until 1962.

De facto borders in Kashmir since 1962/1984 Indian Control (Jammu and Kashmir State) Pakistani Control (Asad Kashmir) Pakistani Control (Gilgit-Baltistan) Chinese Control Shaksgam Valley (ceded by Pakistan to China, not recognized by India)






In 1956–57, China built a road across Aksai Chin , an area in eastern Jammu and Kashmir, that would connect Tibet with Xinjiang . According to the Indian view, the road ran through Indian territory. However, it was not discovered by India until later, since the area in the high mountains was difficult to access from India. These and other disputes led to the Indo-China Border War in 1962 . The war ended with China's occupation of Aksai Chin. To date, the area remains under Chinese control, while India continues to claim it. In a border treaty signed on May 2, 1963, Pakistan recognized Chinese territorial claims also over the so-called Shaksgam Valley , which was previously in the area of ​​Pakistan's sphere of influence. However, India still lays claim to the Shaksgam Valley to this day.

On March 30, 1965, the previous institution of Sadr-i-Riyasat was abolished by the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1965 and, like the other states, replaced by a regular governor appointed by the Indian President. From then on, the head of government of the state was no longer referred to as "Prime Minister" as in the other Indian states, but as "Chief Minister". From the 1967 election , the Lok Sabha MPs of Jammu and Kashmir were no longer elected indirectly by the state parliament, but directly by the people.

In 1965, expecting to start a popular uprising, Pakistan sent thousands of plainclothes soldiers across the border into Kashmir. This led to the Second Indo-Pakistani War and ended in another ceasefire. The Line of Control (LoC) was officially recognized in the 1966 Peace of Tashkent. After the removal of the last mir (prince) of Asad Kashmir in 1974, the area was annexed to Pakistan.

Sheikh Abdullah speaking in Srinagar in 1975

The years 1965 to 1989

After long negotiations with the government of Indira Gandhi , Sheikh Abdullah finally gave up his demand for a referendum in Jammu and Kashmir on the future of the country in 1974 and accepted its state affiliation with India. In return, he was given the opportunity for free political activity in Jammu and Kashmir. The February 1975 state election was triumphantly won by Abdullah's party, the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKPDP), and Abdullah was respectfully dubbed the "Lion of Kashmir" by the Kashmiris for his longstanding struggle for the privileges of Jammu and Kashmir became Chief Minister. After Abdullah's death in 1982, his son Farooq Abdullah became JKPDP Party President and Chief Minister. He was outmaneuvered and deposed in 1984 by Indira Gandhi for reasons of power politics. In 1987, Farooq Abdullah came to power again in alliance with the Congress party, but the 1987 election was marked by blatant electoral fraud, so that many Kashmiris lost confidence in the democratic institutions.

With Operation Meghdoot in 1984, Indian troops took control of the strategically important Siachen Glacier .

history since 1989

→ Main articles : Kashmir uprising  and expulsion of the Hindus from Kashmir

After the end of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1989, many mujahideen who had received massive support from Western secret services, among others, had become unemployed and turned to a new goal, namely the "liberation" of the supposedly oppressed Muslims in Kashmir. Scores of mujahideen infiltrated across the border. There were attacks on Indian facilities by Muslim extremists demanding an autonomous Kashmir state or annexation to Pakistan.

Terrorism in the Kashmir Valley peaked in 1990. Over 100,000 Hindus (Kashmiri Pandits ) fled the valley to Jammu and the rest of India (mostly to Delhi ). Many of them have not returned to their hometowns to this day. India and Pakistan reinforced their troops at the borders. The supreme Muslim religious leader Mirwait Mohammed Farooq was assassinated.

Deaths from violent clashes in Jammu and Kashmir since 1988

The state of emergency imposed in 1990 and the direct government ( governors' rule ) of Jammu and Kashmir by the Indian central government were not lifted again until 1996. 1999 saw the Kargil War , a brief undeclared border war between India and Pakistan over a 160-kilometer strip of high-mountain Kargil District on the state's northern border.

Since then, a situation of tense calm has prevailed in Jammu and Kashmir. The number of victims of violent clashes has fallen significantly. In recent years there have been repeated mass demonstrations and clashes between radical young people and the police forces, resulting in numerous fatalities. The Indian security forces (as well as the Kashmiri militants) have been accused by Amnesty International of committing human rights abuses without bringing those responsible to justice. According to official Indian estimates, 66 “domestic” and 44 foreign terrorists were active in the north of the state in 2015. In the south, the numbers were 109 and 7. For the first time in a long time, according to official estimates, the majority of militant fighters were recruited from the local population.

Increased unrest since 2016

In July 2016 there were renewed serious clashes between the police and radicalized young people. The immediate trigger was the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, a leader of the Pakistan-based Hizbul Mujahideen , who had publicized his activities on social media . The government imposed a week-long curfew and clashes killed more than 42 people by August 2016.

In 2015, the replacement of the institution of Sadr-i-Riyasat with a governor dating back to 1965 was ruled unlawful by India's Supreme Court and the government of Jammu and Kashmir was given the freedom to restore the old institution. The court reasoned that the former Sadr-i-Riyasat was elected, while the governor is appointed by the President. A legislative initiative by communist MPs to reintroduce Sadr-i-Riyasat failed in June 2016 because of the majority of the governing parties BJP and JKPDP.

In June 2018, the JKPDP - BJP coalition government formed in March 2015 collapsed after failing to contain the escalating violence on the streets. The state was placed under governor's rule . In the run-up to the Indian parliamentary elections, which took place in Jammu and Kashmir under the highest security precautions, the deadliest attack on the Indian security forces since the unrest began in 1989 occurred on February 14, 2019. A suicide attack on a packed police bus near the town of Awantipora ( Pulwama district ) at least 44 Indian Reserve Police officers died. The Islamist group Jaish-e Mohammed , which operates from Pakistan, claimed responsibility for the attack . Indian warplanes then attacked terrorist positions on Pakistani territory. Fighter planes were shot down during the clashes.

Repeal of special status and dissolution of the state

On August 5, 2019, the Government of India ( Cabinet Modi II ) declared its intention to repeal Article 370, which enshrines the special constitutional rights of Jammu and Kashmir. A corresponding presidential decree by Ram Nath Kovind was put into effect on the same day. Normally, the implementation of this measure would have required the approval of the Jammus and Kashmir government. However, since the state has been under governor's rule since June 2018 , only the governor's approval was required - who is an official appointed directly by the government in Delhi.

At the same time, the government announced that it was planning to dissolve the federal state and split it into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir on the one hand and Ladakh on the other. The former new union territory should have its own parliament (similar to the union territories of Puducherry and Delhi ), while Ladakh, like all other union territories, should be governed directly by a governor. To this end, a corresponding bill, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill , was introduced into Parliament. In justifying the measure, Interior Minister Amit Shah stated that Article 370 had hitherto impeded the full integration of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India. Article 370 is disadvantageous for Jammu and Kashmir, as the state cannot easily participate in the central government's development programs. Opposition MPs from the Congress Party, Trinamool Congress , DMK and JKPDP protested loudly at the proposed measures. Former Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti spoke in an interview with the BBC that "Kashmir had been betrayed by India". The aim of the BJP -led government is not, as proclaimed, to improve the socio-economic development of the Kashmir region, but to change the demographics in the sense of introducing a Hindu majority in the state. Ex-Chief Minister Omar Abdullah called the government's plan "fraudulent" and "aggression against the people" of the state. There were also sharp reactions from the official Pakistani side. The Pakistani Foreign Minister called the Indian government's plan "illegal". Indian Jammu and Kashmir is "internationally recognized disputed territory" and its status cannot be changed unilaterally by the Indian government.

In the run-up to the decision, the Indian government had blocked all internet and mobile phone connections in Jammu and Kashmir and imposed a curfew and a ban on public gatherings. The communications ban was maintained for five months. Omar Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti were placed under house arrest. All schools and colleges were closed. The split went into effect on October 31, 2019.

politics

Political system

The legislature consisted of a bicameral parliament – Legislative Assembly (lower house) and Legislative Council (upper house).

The forerunner of the state legislature was the Constituent Assembly , which consisted of 75 directly elected representatives and which first met on October 31, 1951. It held its last session on January 25, 1957, and the following day the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir came into effect.

The number of MPs was initially 100 and was increased to 111 by the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (Twentieth Amendment) Act 1988. Of these parliamentary seats, 24 were marked as vacant and reserved for parliamentarians in the Pakistani-occupied part of Kashmir, according to the official Indian interpretation. In fact, the lower house comprised only 87 MPs. A peculiarity of the Jammu and Kashmir constitution was that the state governor had the right to appoint two additional female MPs if he felt that women were underrepresented in parliament. The length of the legislative period was six years - this also differs from the other states of India, where the legislative period is four years. The deputies were elected in single constituencies according to the relative majority system.

parties

Allocation of seats after the 2014 general election
JKPDP	28
BJP	25
JKNC	15
INC	12
JKPC	1
independent	3
total	87

For a long time, the most important political party in Jammu and Kashmir was the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKNC, often simply "National Conference"), which was founded in the 1930s and is therefore one of the oldest political parties in India still in existence today. Later, the JKNC faced competition from the Indian Congress Party (INC) and, from 1999, from the newly formed Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (JKPDP). Both the JKNC and the JKPDP are parties very strongly shaped by individual families whose members occupy key positions – the JKNC by the Abdullah family and the JKDP by the Sayeed family. Since about 2000, the JKNC and JKPDP have taken turns running the state government. After the Hindu BJP , which had not previously played a major political role in Jammu and Kashmir, achieved surprising gains in votes in the Jammu and Kashmir parliamentary elections in November/December 2014 and rose to become the second-strongest party in the Jammu and Kashmir parliament lengthy negotiations to form a coalition government between the BJP and JKPDP - a constellation previously declared impossible by most. Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (JKPDP) was elected Chief Minister on March 1, 2015. However, he passed away 9 months later on January 7, 2016. After an interim period of 4 months governor's rule , he was succeeded by his daughter Mehbooba Mufti (JKPDP), who from April 4, 2016 to June 18, 2018 was the first woman in the history of the state took the post of Chief Minister. The governing coalition with the BJP collapsed on June 18, 2018 and the governor resumed leadership of the state.

See also : List of Governors of Jammu and Kashmir  and List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir

administrative division

districts

The state of Jammu and Kashmir was divided into the following 22 districts (data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses): The districts of Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Bandipore, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian were newly formed in 2007.

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir.
Territories claimed by India:
A. Gilgit
B. Aksai Chin/Ladakh
C. Gilgit Wazarat
D. Chilas
E. Tribal areas
F. Muzaffarabad
G. Punch (western part)
H. Mirpur

The three major regions of Jammu and Kashmir: Jammu Kashmir Ladakh




region		district	administrative seat	Area (km²)	Population (2001)	Population (2011)	Population density inhabitants/ km²
	jammu	Kathua	Kathua	2,651	550,084	615,711	246
		jammu	jammu	2,342	1,343,756	1,526,406	653
		samba	samba	904	245.016	318,611	353
		Udhampur	Udhampur	2,637	475,068	555,357	210
		reasonable	reasonable	1,719	268,441	314,714	183
		Rajouri	Rajouri	2,630	483,284	619,266	244
		punch	punch	1,674	372,613	476,820	285
		doda	doda	2.306	320,256	409,576	178
		Ramban	Ramban	1,329	180,830	283,313	213
		Kishtwar	Kishtwar	7,737	190,843	231.037	30
		Jammu total	jammu	25,929	4,430,191	5,350,811	206
	cashmere	Anantnag	Anantnag	3,574	734,549	1,069,749	302
		kulgam	kulgam	410	437,885	423.181	1035
		Pulwama	Pulwama	1,086	441,275	570,060	516
		Shopian	Shopian	312	211,332	265,960	853
		Badgam	Badgam	1,361	629,309	755,331	554
		Srinagar	Srinagar	1,979	990,548	1,250,173	625
		Ganderbal	Ganderbal	1,045	211,899	297,003	285
		bandipore	bandipore	345	316,436	385,099	1137
		Baramulla	Baramulla	4,243	853,344	1,015,503	238
		Kupwara	Kupwara	2,379	650,393	875,564	366
		cashmere total	Srinagar	15,948	5,476,970	6,907,622	433
	Ladakh	Kargil	Kargil	14,036	119.307	143,388	10
		Leh	Leh	45.110	117,232	147.104	3
		Ladakh total	Leh	59,146	236,539	290,492	5
total				101,387	10,143,700	12,548,925	124

Local self-government

As of early 2016, there were 2 Municipal Corporations , 6 Municipal Councils and 70 Municipal Committees in Jammu and Kashmir .

Municipal corporations :

• jammu
• Srinagar

Municipal Councils :

• Anantnag
• Baramulla
• Kathua
• punch
• Sopore
• Udhampur

web links

Commons : Jammu and Kashmir  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Official website of the state of Jammu & Kashmir
• Department of Tourism
• Christoph S. Sprung Country Portrait Jammu & Kashmir. southasia.info

itemizations

1. ↑ Excluding Asad Kashmir , Gilgit-Baltistan (under Pakistani administration) and Aksai Chin (under Chinese administration)
2. ↑ newsonair.com
3. ↑ Census of India 2011: Primary Census Data Highlights – India. Chapter 1 (Population, Size and Decadal Change) (PDF; 9.2 MB)
4. ↑ Census of India 2011: Primary Census Data Highlights – India. Chapter 3 ( Literates and Literacy Rate) (PDF; 2.5 MB)
5. ↑ Indian States by Life Expectancy 2010-2014. (PDF) Retrieved March 19, 2018 . 
6. ↑ Fertility Rates. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 18, 2018 ; retrieved March 19, 2018 . 
7. ↑ Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab. Retrieved August 12, 2018 (English). 
8. ↑ Census of India 2001: Statement - 3 Distribution of 10,000 Persons by Language - India, States and Union Territories - 2001 and Distribution of the 100 Non-Scheduled Languages-India/States/Union Territories .
9. ↑ Census of India 2011: Population by religious community.
10. ↑ Arvind Lavakare: The Rediff Special: Legality of Accession Unquestionable: Kashmir: The Real Story. rediff.com, June 1, 1999, accessed March 30, 2015 (English). 
11. ↑ 47 Resolution of 21 April 1948. undocs.org, April 21, 1948, accessed June 26, 2021 (English, French). 
12. ↑ ^{a b} Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories. The Times of India, 5 August 2019, accessed 5 August 2019 (English). 
13. ↑ Article 370, granting special status to the state, is permanent: Jammu and Kashmir High Court. The Economic Times, 11 October 2015, accessed 5 August 2019 . 
14. ↑ Jammu & Kashmir Government: Profile: History of Jammu & Kashmir ( Memento of 31 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ) (English) accessed 24 January 2010
15. ↑ International Boundary Study: China-Pakistan Boundary. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US department of State, November 15, 1968, archived from the original on June 2, 2015 ; Retrieved 19 June 2016 (English). 
16. ↑ Sumantra Bose: Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace . 2005, ISBN 978-0-674-01817-4 , pp 82 (English).
17. ↑ Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta: Jammu and Kashmir . Martinus Nijhoff , The Hague 1968, ISBN 978-94-011-8499-1 , pp. 306–307 , doi : 10.1007/978-94-011-9231-6 (English, google.de ).
18. ↑ Altaf Hussain, Kashmir's flawed elections. BBC News, 14 September 2002, accessed 4 December 2014 (English). 
19. ↑ Azad Essa: Kashmir: The Pandit question. al Jazeera, August 1, 2011, accessed September 6, 2016 (English). 
20. ↑ Zubair Ahmed: Kashmiri Hindus: Driven out and insignificant. BBC News, 6 April 2016, accessed 6 September 2016 (English). 
21. ↑ Lydia Polgreen: Kashmiri's Storm the Street, Defying Curfew. The New York Times, August 4, 2010, accessed September 6, 2016 . 
22. ↑ India: “Denied”: Failures in accountability for human rights violations by security force personnel in Jammu and Kashmir. Amnesty International 1 July 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016 . 
23. ↑ HARINDER BAWEJA: KASHMIR'S DISTURBING NEW REALITY. The Hindustan Times, accessed 6 September 2016 (English). 
24. ↑ Toufiq Rashid: Kashmir: Curfew stretches to 42nd day, ambulance driver latest casualty. Hindustan Times, August 19, 2016, accessed September 6, 2016 . 
25. ↑ JK's Sadri Riyasat post: High Court puts ball into JK govt. Business Standard, December 27, 2015, accessed November 21, 2017 . 
26. ↑ J&K Assembly rejects move to replace 'Governor' with 'Sadr-i-Riyasat'. The Hindu, June 30, 2016, accessed November 21, 2017 . 
27. ↑ Kashmir attack: Bomb kills 40 Indian paramilitary police in convoy. BBC News, 14 February 2019, accessed 14 February 2019 (English). 
28. ↑ Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Rajesh Rajagopalan: India-Pakistan Crisis Exposes Modi's Dilemma. The Diplomat, February 28, 2019, accessed March 2, 2019 . 
29. ↑ Article 370: India strips disputed Kashmir of special status. BBC, August 5, 2019, accessed August 7, 2019 (English). 
30. ↑ Article 370: Former chief minister says India has betrayed Kashmir. BBC News, 5 August 2019, accessed 5 August 2019 (English). 
31. ↑ Darkest apprehension come true: Omar Abdullah calls Center deceitful for scrapping Article 370. indiatoday.in, 5 August 2019, accessed 5 August 2019 (English). 
32. ↑ Article 370 revoked: Pakistan condemns Modi govt's Kashmir decision, calls it 'illegal'. businesstoday.in, 5 August 2019, accessed 5 August 2019 (English). 
33. ↑ Laura Höflinger, DER SPIEGEL: One year of lockdown in Kashmir: "This call is being bugged" - DER SPIEGEL - Politics. Retrieved October 11, 2020 . 
34. ↑ Jammu: Mobile internet snapped, Section 144 to be imposed from 6 am. indiatoday.in, August 5, 2019, accessed August 5, 2019 . 
35. ↑ New UTs of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh come into existence. Retrieved October 11, 2020 . 
36. ↑ Introduction of J&K Legislative Assembly. Legislative Assembly website, accessed 24 December 2017 . 
37. ↑ timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( Memento of 10 March 2015 at archive.today web archive )
38. ↑ India's Hindu BJP to share power in Jammu and Kashmir with Muslim PDP. The Guardian, February 27, 2015, accessed March 10, 2015 . 
39. ↑ Mehbooba Mufti sworn in as J&K's first wife CM. The Hindu, April 4, 2016, accessed April 24, 2016 (English). 
40. ↑ Guv's afternoon call ends Mehbooba's rule. Greater Kashmir, June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018 . 
41. ↑ Governor rule in J&K. Greater Kashmir, June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018 . 
42. ↑ Census of India 2011: Primary Census Abstract – Jammu & Kashmir. (PDF; 774 kB)
43. ↑ Directorate of Urban Local Bodies Jammu and Kashmir

Coordinates: 32° 42′ 0″  N , 74° 54′ 0″  E