Maharashtra
|
|
| status | State |
| Capital | Mumbai |
| founding | May 1, 1960 |
| surface | 307,762 km² |
| Residents | 112,372,972 (2011) |
| Population density | 365 inhabitants per km² |
| languages | Marathi |
| governor | Bhagat Singh Koshyari |
| Chief Minister | Uddhav Thackeray ( Shiv Sena ) |
| Website | www.maharashtra.gov.in |
| ISO code | IN-MH |
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Maharashtra ( Marathi : महाराष्ट्र , Mahārāṣṭra ; [ mʌɦɑːˈrɑːʂʈrə ]) is an Indian state with an area of 307,762 square kilometers and over 112 million inhabitants (2011 census). The capital of Maharashtra is Mumbai , the official language is Marathi.
With a value of 0.683, Maharashtra reached 10th place among the 29 states of India in the human development index in 2015 and is thus above average.
geography
Maharashtra borders the states of Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Telangana , Karnataka, and Goa (clockwise, starting in the northwest), as well as the Arabian Sea . Nagar Haveli , part of a union territory , lies between Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Geographically, Maharashtra can be divided into several large landscapes. On the coast lies the Konkan , a coastline that is no more than 50 kilometers wide and is bordered inland by the Western Ghats mountain range, which extends from north to south parallel to the coast . The climate here is relatively humid, partly under maritime influence. To the east of the Western Ghats is the Dekkan plateau , which has a significantly drier and hotter climate. The north-west adjoining the Western Ghats forms the Khandesh region , which administratively corresponds to the Nashik division (see below), the south-west further inland the Marathwada region , administratively combined in the Aurangabad division . The Vidarbha region extends deepest inland (administratively corresponding to the Amravati and Nagpur divisions ).
The climate of Maharashtra is characterized by the monsoons. In the summer season between March and May temperatures of over 40 ° C are reached. This is followed by the monsoon period from June to September with heavy, irregular rainfall. From October to February the cool season follows with more pleasant temperatures. It is rainiest on the coast, the driest on the Deccan, while Vidarbha gets more rain deep inland.
Due to the enormous population pressure, countless mountain forests have been cut down in the last few decades.
Biggest cities
(Status: 2011 census)
| city | Residents | city | Residents | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mumbai | 12,478,447 | 8th | Vasai-Virar | 1,221,233 |
| 2 | Pune | 3,115,431 | 9 | Aurangabad | 1,171,330 |
| 3 | Nagpur | 2,405,421 | 10 | Navi Mumbai | 1,119,477 |
| 4th | Thane | 1,818,872 | 11 | Solapur | 951.118 |
| 5 | Pimpri Chinchwad | 1,729,359 | 12 | Mira-Bhayander | 814,655 |
| 6th | Nashik | 1,486,973 | 13 | Bhiwandi | 711.329 |
| 7th | Kalyan-Dombivali | 1,246,381 | 14th | Amravati | 646.801 |
| Source: Census of India 2011. (PDF; 154 kB) | |||||
population
According to the 2011 Indian census, Maharashtra has 112,372,972 inhabitants. In terms of population, Maharashtra is India's second largest state. The population development is increasing: Between 2001 and 2011 the population grew by 16 percent and thus similar to the national mean (18 percent). Almost 45 percent of the population live in cities. The degree of urbanization is thus well above the overall Indian average of 31 percent.
82.9 percent of the residents of Maharashtra can read and write (men 90 percent, women 75 percent). The literacy rate is one of the highest in India and is well above the national average of 74 percent (as of the 2011 census). In the period from 2010 to 2014, the average life expectancy was 71.6 years (the Indian average was 67.9 years). The fertility rate was 1.87 children per woman (as of 2016) while the Indian average was 2.23 children in the same year.
languages
| Languages in Maharashtra | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| language | percent | |||
| Marathi | 68.9% | |||
| Hindi | 11.0% | |||
| Urdu | 7.1% | |||
| Gujarati | 2.4% | |||
| Khandeshi | 1.9% | |||
| Bhili | 1.5% | |||
| Telugu | 1.5% | |||
| Kannada | 1.3% | |||
| Other | 3.4% | |||
| Distribution of languages (2001 census) | ||||
The main language of Maharashtra is Marathi , after which the borders of the state were drawn in 1956 and 1960. According to the 2001 census, Marathi is spoken by 68.9% of the population and is the only official language. Hindi speak 11.0% of the population. According to the definition of the Indian government, several closely related regional languages are also counted as Hindi dialects. Despite the rather small number of speakers, Hindi is widely understood, not least thanks to the Hindi films (“Bollywood”) produced in Mumbai . Among the Muslims of Maharashtra, Urdu , the Muslim variant of Hindi, is common with 7.1%. Gujarati , the language of the northwestern neighboring state of Gujarat , has considerable numbers of speakers, especially in the Mumbai area. Across the state, it is spoken by 2.4% of the population. Two smaller languages, Khandeshi (1.9%) and Bhili (1.5%), are spoken in the border area with Gujarat . All languages mentioned belong to the Indo-Aryan language group. Non-Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by smaller groups of tribal people ( Adivasi ) in remote areas of Maharashtra. These include the Dravidian languages Gondi (0.6%) and Kolami (0.1%) in the east and the Munda language Korku (0.2%) in the north. Due to immigration, numerous other Indian languages are spoken in Maharashtra, including A. Telugu (1.5%), Kannada (1.3%) and Sindhi (0.7%). As in all of India, English is ubiquitous as a communication and educational language.
Population development
Maharashtra census population (within today's boundaries) since the first census in 1951.
| Census year | population |
|---|---|
| 1951 | 32.002.500 |
| 1961 | 39,554,900 |
| 1971 | 50.412.240 |
| 1981 | 62,782,820 |
| 1991 | 78.937.190 |
| 2001 | 96.752.500 |
| 2011 | 112.372.972 |
Religions
| Religions in Maharashtra | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| religion | percent | |||
| Hinduism | 79.8% | |||
| Islam | 11.5% | |||
| Buddhism | 5.8% | |||
| Jainism | 1.2% | |||
| Christianity | 1.0% | |||
| Other | 0.7% | |||
| Distribution of religions (2011 census) | ||||
The majority of Maharashtra residents are Hindus . At 80 percent (2011 census), their share corresponds exactly to the Indian average. Muslims are the largest minority at 12 percent. The proportion of Buddhists is exceptionally high at 6 percent. The Buddhist population goes back to a conversion movement of Dalits (casteless) to Buddhism initiated by the social reformer BR Ambedkar in the middle of the 20th century . Jainas are a small minority with just over 1 percent, as is the case everywhere in India. Both numerically and relatively speaking, Maharashtra is home to the largest number of Jainas in the country. Christians also make up 1 percent of the population . In addition, there are long-established communities in Mumbai of around 70,000 Parsees (followers of Zoroastrianism ) and around 4,000 Jews ( Beni Israel ).
history
The first mention of the name Maharashtra is found in the Nashik index . In it it is written that 246 BC BC the Maurya ruler Ashoka sent an embassy to Maharashtra. The area is also mentioned in an inscription by Chalukya from 580 AD and claims that it consisted of three provinces and 99,000 localities. The name Maharashtra appears in another 7th century inscription and is also described in the reports of the Chinese pilgrim monk Xuanzang .
The first written records of the area date back to the 3rd century BC. At that time it became part of the Maurya Empire of Ashoka . The port city of Sopara north of today's Mumbai was the former trading center of India with connections to East Africa, Mesopotamia , Aden and Kochi . After the collapse of the Maurya Empire, it established itself between 230 BC. BC and AD 225 the Shatavahana kingdom. During that time there was the greatest cultural development. The official language in the Shatavahana kingdom was Maharashtri, from which Marathi later developed. 90 BC BC Vedishri, the son of the Shatavahana king Satakarni, made the city of Junnar , 19 km north of Pune , the capital of the empire.
The ruler Gautamiputra Satkarni (also called Shalivahan ) created the Saka calendar , which according to the Christian calendar does not begin until the year 78. This is partly still used by the people of Maharashtra. The Shatavahana empire gradually fell apart in the third century.
The rulers of the Vakataka dynasty ruled the eastern part of Maharashtra from AD 250 to 525 . During this period, the development of art, religion and technology flourished. Later in the 8th century the region fell under the rule of the Rashtrakuta , who were expelled from the Chalukya in 973 AD . They were followed by the Yadava from Daulatabad .
In the early 14th century, the Yadava were overthrown by Muslim forces from the north. After that, the region was administered by various Dekkan sultanates.
The province of Bombay in British India was formed in 1937 from part of the former Bombay presidency . After India became independent in 1947, numerous princely states (including Idar , Rajpipla and the United Deccan States ) were united with the province to form the state of Bombay . In 1956, under the States Reorganization Act , the state was expanded through the incorporation of Kachchh , Saurashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Hyderabad , and on May 1, 1960, it was divided into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra along the language border .
In the recent past there have been repeated clashes between Hindus and Muslims in Maharashtra. According to Indian reports, they are also based on contradictions between the local population and immigrants from northern parts of India. In addition, foreign companies are often the target of hostility.
politics
Political system
The legislature of the state of Maharashtra consists of a bicameral parliament . The lower house, the Legislative Assembly or Vidhan Sabha , has 289 MPs, 288 of which are elected every five years by direct election and one is appointed by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian minority. The House of Lords , the Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad , has 78 members, of whom 31 are appointed by the House of Commons, 21 by the state municipalities, 12 by the governor, and seven each by teachers and university graduates. The legislature changes its seat during the year. During the monsoon season it is located in the capital Mumbai , during the winter time in Nagpur .
The Chief Minister of Maharashtra State is elected by Parliament. Following the resignation of incumbent Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan on September 26, 2014, President's rule was imposed for the second time in the history of the state and new elections were scheduled for October 15, 2014. But is appointed by the President of India Governor (at the head of the State Governor ). Its main tasks are to appoint the Chief Minister and to entrust him with the formation of the government. Acting Governor of Maharashtra has been Bhagat Singh Koshyari since September 5, 2019 .
The highest court in Maharashtra is the Bombay High Court in Mumbai, which also has jurisdiction over the state of Goa and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu .
In the all-India parliament , Maharashtra has 48 members in the Lok Sabha , the lower house, and 19 seats in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house.
Parties
| Distribution of seats after the 2019 parliamentary elections |
|
|---|---|
| BJP | 105 |
| SHS | 56 |
| NCP | 54 |
| INC | 44 |
| BVA | 3 |
| SP | 2 |
| AIMIM | 2 |
| PrJP | 2 |
| PWP | 1 |
| KSP | 1 |
| KSP | 1 |
| CPI (M) | 1 |
| MNS | 1 |
| SHP | 1 |
| RSPS | 1 |
| Independent | 13 |
| total | 288 |
Traditionally, the Congress Party (INC) has long been the dominant political party in Maharashtra. Since the 1990s, this role has been contested by two Hindu nationalist parties, the supraregional Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the regional Shiv Sena Party (SHS), which were mostly in alliance with one another. The ideology of the Shiv Sena, founded by Bal Thackeray in 1966, is based on the one hand on Marathic nationalism, which demands privileges for native Maharashtrians over migrants from other parts of India, and on the other hand on Hindu nationalism, which defines itself as being different from Muslims and Pakistan. In 2006, after internal quarrels, the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) party split from the Shiv Sena , but it has so far failed to achieve major successes. In 1999 the programmatically related Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) was formed as a split from the Congress Party , which was active in several states, but had a pronounced focus in Maharashtra (the party founder Sharad Pawar is a former Chief Minister of Maharashtra). The BJP-SHS and INC-NCP alliances repeatedly faced each other in elections and took turns in government. A coalition of Congress Party and NCP ruled from 1999 to 2014, previously Shiv Sena and BJP had formed a coalition from 1995 to 1999. In the run-up to the state election in October 2014, however, both alliances dissolved due to disagreements over the distribution of the constituencies, so that all four major parties competed against each other. Spurred on by the positive national trend, the BJP emerged as the strongest party in the election: it won 122 out of 288 constituencies. Shiv Sena won 63 constituencies, the Congress Party 42 and the NCP 41. As a result of the election, the BJP finally formed a coalition government again with Shiv Sena after lengthy negotiations, which initially looked like a break between the long-standing allies Shiv Sena and BJP. The BJP politician Devendra Fadnavis was sworn in as Chief Minister of Maharashtra on October 31, 2014. In the following parliamentary election in Maharashtra on October 21, 2019, the allied BJP and Shiv Sena together again won more than 50% of the seats, but were subsequently unable to agree on a coalition agreement and the formation of a joint government. The state was then placed under president's rule for 6 months at the instigation of the central government in Delhi on November 12, 2019 . In this transition phase , an alliance was formed from the three ideologically fundamentally different parties, the Congress Party, NCP and Shiv Sena, and Uddhav Thackeray , the party leader of Shiv Sena, was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on November 28, 2019.
Even at the all-India parliamentary elections in April / May 2014, the country's victorious BJP had succeeded in Maharashtra. The National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the party alliance led by the BJP, won a total of 42 out of 48 constituencies in Maharashtra. Of these, 23 went to the BJP, 18 to the allied Shiv Sena and one to the smaller alliance partner Swabhimani Paksha . The United Progressive Alliance (UPA), in which the Congress Party and NCP stood together at the time, only won six constituencies. Of these, four went to the NCP and two to the Congress Party. At the all-India general election in 2019 , this result largely reproduced, except that the additional mandate instead of Swabhimani Paksha first time to the Muslim-party All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) went.
Administrative division
Maharashtra is divided into the six divisions Amravati , Aurangabad , Konkan , Nagpur , Nashik and Pune and the following 35 districts (population and population density according to the 2011 census):
| District | Administrative headquarters | surface | Population (2011) |
Population density |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmednagar | Ahmednagar | 17,079 km² | 4,543,083 | 266 inhabitants / km² |
| Akola | Akola | 5,429 km² | 1,818,617 | 335 inhabitants / km² |
| Amravati | Amravati | 12,185 km² | 2,887,826 | 237 inhabitants / km² |
| Aurangabad | Aurangabad | 10,098 km² | 3,695,928 | 366 inhabitants / km² |
| Beed | Beed | 10,686 km² | 2,585,962 | 242 inhabitants / km² |
| Bhandara | Bhandara | 3,892 km² | 1,198,810 | 308 inhabitants / km² |
| Buldhana | Buldhana | 9,657 km² | 2,588,039 | 268 inhabitants / km² |
| Chandrapur | Chandrapur | 11,428 km² | 2,194,262 | 192 people / km² |
| Dhule | Dhule | 8,066 km² | 2,048,781 | 254 inhabitants / km² |
| Gadchiroli | Gadchiroli | 14,484 km² | 1,071,795 | 74 inhabitants / km² |
| Gondia | Gondia | 5,419 km² | 1,322,331 | 244 inhabitants / km² |
| Hingoli | Hingoli | 4,517 km² | 1,178,973 | 261 inhabitants / km² |
| Jalgaon | Jalgaon | 11,767 km² | 4,224,442 | 359 inhabitants / km² |
| Jalna | Jalna | 7,711 km² | 1,958,483 | 254 inhabitants / km² |
| Kolhapur | Kolhapur | 7,687 km² | 3,874,015 | 504 inhabitants / km² |
| Literature | Literature | 7,159 km² | 2,455,543 | 343 inhabitants / km² |
| Mumbai City | Mumbai | 157 km² | 3,145,966 | 20,038 inhabitants / km² |
| Mumbai Suburban | Bandra | 446 km² | 9,332,481 | 20,925 inhabitants / km² |
| Nagpur | Nagpur | 9,796 km² | 4,653,171 | 475 inhabitants / km² |
| Nanded | Nanded | 10,522 km² | 3,356,566 | 319 inhabitants / km² |
| Nandurbar | Nandurbar | 5,034 km² | 1,646,177 | 327 inhabitants / km² |
| Nashik | Nashik | 15,545 km² | 6,109,052 | 393 inhabitants / km² |
| Osmanabad | Osmanabad | 7,581 km² | 1,660,311 | 219 inhabitants / km² |
| Palghar * | Palghar | |||
| Parbhani | Parbhani | 6,511 km² | 1,835,982 | 282 inhabitants / km² |
| Pune | Pune | 15,633 km² | 9,426,959 | 603 inhabitants / km² |
| Raigad | Alibag | 7,161 km² | 2,635,394 | 368 inhabitants / km² |
| Ratnagiri | Ratnagiri | 8,228 km² | 1,612,672 | 196 inhabitants / km² |
| Sangli | Sangli | 8,573 km² | 2,820,575 | 329 inhabitants / km² |
| Satara | Satara | 10,467 km² | 3,003,922 | 287 inhabitants / km² |
| Sindhudurg | Oros | 5,208 km² | 848,868 | 163 people / km² |
| Solapur | Solapur | 14,881 km² | 4,315,527 | 290 inhabitants / km² |
| Thane ** | Thane | 9,554 km² | 11,054,131 | 1,157 inhabitants / km² |
| Wardha | Wardha | 6,323 km² | 1,296,157 | 205 inhabitants / km² |
| Washim | Washim | 5,158 km² | 1,196,714 | 232 inhabitants / km² |
| Yavatmal | Yavatmal | 13,605 km² | 2,775,457 | 204 inhabitants / km² |
* Newly founded after the 2011 census, figures are not available.
** Downsized after the 2011 census due to the separation of new districts, figures refer to the district within the 2011 boundaries.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab. Retrieved August 12, 2018 .
- ^ Census of India 2011: Primary Census Data Highlights - India. Chapter 3 (Literates and Literacy Rate) (PDF; 2.7 MB).
- ^ Indian States by Life Expectancy 2010-2014. Retrieved March 19, 2018 .
- ^ Fertility Rates. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018 ; accessed on March 19, 2018 .
- ↑ Indian census 2001
- ^ Population of Indian States | Indian states population 1901-2011 - StatisticsTimes.com. Retrieved March 18, 2018 .
- ↑ Census of India 2011: Population by religious community.
- ^ The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - Volume IV of IV
- ^ Sir H. Risley's India Census Report (1901), Ethnographic Appendices, p. 93.
- ^ Official website of Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation Maharashtratourism.gov.in
- ↑ GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT OCT-2019. Indian Electoral Commission, accessed December 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Devendra Fadnavis sworn in as chief minister of Maharashtra. The Times of India, October 31, 2014, accessed April 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Maharashtra put under President's Rule for 6 months as Governor says no possibility of govt now. indiatoday.in, November 12, 2019, accessed on November 12, 2019 .
- ↑ Maharashtra News Live: CM Uddhav Thackeray to take charge of his office today. Retrieved December 21, 2019 .
- ↑ The Hindu, May 22, 2014: "Swept away in Maharashtra".
- ↑ Census of India 2011 (PDF; 5.0 MB)
| Today's states |
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Coordinates: 19 ° 0 ' N , 74 ° 0' E