National Democratic Alliance (India)

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The National Democratic Alliance ( NDA , "National Democratic Alliance") is an alliance of parties in India . It is led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and had 13 member parties when it was founded in 1998. The opponent of the NDA is the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), which is led by the Indian Congress Party.

The NDA is an explicit alliance of convenience. In the course of its history, the most diverse parties have temporarily come together under its roof. Only Shiv Sena , a regional party from Maharashtra and the Sikh party Shiromani Akali Dal from Punjab have real ideological similarities with the Hindu-nationalist BJP . Other parties that were temporarily members of the NDA have and in some cases had almost no content in common with the BJP, for example the predominantly Muslim Jammu & Kashmir National Conference . The NDA is thus characteristic of the pronounced opportunism in the party landscape in India, where in the past many small and regional parties acted as majority procurers and in return sought to enforce their clientele interests .

In the all-India parliamentary elections in October 1999 , the NDA parties, led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee (BJP), won an absolute majority and then formed a coalition government under Prime Minister Vajpayee . In the following general election in 2004 , the NDA - again under Vajpayee - entered the race as the clear favorite, but surprisingly lost the election. The next election in 2009 was also lost for the NDA. In 2014, however, the NDA, which had shrunk to a few parties, won the parliamentary elections a disastrous victory and a coalition government was formed under Prime Minister Narendra Modi .

The following table lists the most important NDA member parties and their length of membership in the alliance. The list is not complete. In May 2014, the NDA party coalition together with the BJP comprised a total of 27 parties.

Current and former member parties of the
National Democratic Alliance
Political party Abbreviation Member of the NDA
Bharatiya Janata Party BJP 1998–
Shiv Sena SHS 1998–
Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 1998–
Janata Dal (United) JD (U) 1999–2013, 2017–
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam AIADMK 1998-1999, 2004-2006
Samata party SAP 1998-2003
Biju Janata Dal BJD 1998-2009
All India Trinamool Congress AITC 1998-2001
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam DMK 1998-2003
Pattali Makkal Katchi PMK 1998–2004, 2014–
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam MDMK 1998–2004, 2014–
Janata party JNP 1998-2013
Mizo National Front MNP 1998–
Lok Shakti LS 1998-1999
Haryana Vika's party HVP 1996-1999
Telangana Rashtra Samithi TRS 2009–2009 (?)
Nagaland People's Front NPF 1998–
Lok Janshakti Party LJP 2000–2002, 2014–
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference JKNC 1998-2003
Asom Gana Parishad AGP 2009-2019
Rashtriya Lok Dal RLD
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha JMM ? –2012
Indian National Lok Dal INLD 1998-2004, 2008-2009
Rashtriya Lok Samta Party RLSP 2014-2018
Telugu Desam Party TDP 2014-2018
  1. ↑ After Narendra Modi became the BJP's top candidate in 2013 for the 2014 election, the JD (U) terminated the alliance with the BJP
  2. ↑ after the grand alliance of JD (U), Congress Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal had come to an end in Bihar, the JD (U) formed a coalition with the BJP again
  3. ↑ the exit of the AIADMK from the ruling NDA coalition government under Prime Minister Vajpayee was the main reason for the early elections in 1999 ; Before the 2004 election , the AIADMK again entered into an alliance with the BJP, which it left again in 2006
  4. ↑ Most of the Samata Party united with Janata Dal (United) in 2003, although a small part remained independent under the old party name
  5. ↑ the BJD left the NDA after the constituency agreements with the BJP in Orissa in the run-up to the 2009 election did not lead to an agreement
  6. ↑ a b Reason for the withdrawal of the PMK and MDMK from the NDA in 2004 were the alliance negotiations between the BJP and the competing AIADMK, as well as differences in the Tamil Eelam question; in the run-up to the 2014 election, both rejoined the NDA
  7. ↑ In 2013 the Janata Party merged with the BJP
  8. ↑ in 1999 the Lok Shakti merged with the Janata Dal (United)
  9. ↑ The LJP was formed in 2000 as a split from the JD (U) and initially remained a member of the UPA. The reason for its departure was the riots in Gujarat in 2002 ; In the run-up to the 2014 election , the LJP again entered into an alliance with the BJP
  10. ↑ The reason for AGP's departure from the alliance with the BJP - it is unclear whether AGP was formally a member of the NDA - were disagreements over the new Citizenship Bill 2016 .
  11. ↑ In 2004 the INLD separated from the BJP shortly before the 2004 parliamentary elections due to coalition disputes in Haryana . In 2008 she rejoined the NDA. The reason for the INLD's departure from the NDA in 2009 were irreconcilable differences with the BJP in constituency agreements in Haryana
  12. ↑ the RLSP left the NDA because of differences of opinion over the constituency agreements in the upcoming parliamentary election in 2019
  13. ↑ due to the refusal of the Indian central government Andhra Pradesh to provide special financial resources after the secession of Telangana, the TDP left the coalition with the BJP

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b NDA camp left almost empty as JD-U leaves. Deccan Herald, June 16, 2013, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  2. ↑ Who are Modi's 26 allies in the NDA? rediff.com, May 5, 2014, accessed January 31, 2015 .
  3. ^ Rahi Gaikwad: JD (U) severs ties with BJP on Modi issue. June 17, 2013, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  4. ↑ 14 are from CM Nitish Kumar's party, 12 from the BJP and one from National Democratic Alliance partner LJP. July 30, 2017, accessed September 18, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Jayalalitha: Actress-turned-politician. BBC News, April 14, 1999, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  6. ^ BJP-AIADMK join hands in Tamil Nadu. rediff.com, January 28, 2004, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  7. ↑ Gargi Parsai: Fernandes to head Janata Dal (United). The Hindu, October 31, 2003, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Know your party: Janta Dal (united). rediff.com, April 29, 2004, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  9. ^ BJD-BJP alliance splits in Orissa. rediff.com, March 7, 2009, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  10. ^ KV Prasad: Left to readjust campaign in Bengal. The Hindu, March 28, 2001, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  11. ^ DMK pulls out from Vajpayee government. rediff.com, December 20, 2003, accessed September 13, 2014 .
  12. ^ Tamil Nadu's PMK quits NDA. rediff.com, January 12, 2004, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  13. ↑ a b Sruthisagar Yamunan: BJP clinches deal in Tamil Nadu. The Hindu, March 20, 2014, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  14. ↑ K. Ramachandran, RK Radhakrishnan: MDMK quits NDA. The Hindu, December 30, 2003, accessed August 1, 2014 .
  15. ↑ Swamy merges Janata Party with BJP. The Hindu, August 12, 2013, accessed August 1, 2014 .
  16. ↑ Samata, Lok Shakti merge with JD's breakaway faction. rediff.com, July 21, 1999, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  17. ^ Nitish shares stage with Modi in Ludhiana; TRS joins NDA. The Hindu, May 11, 2009, accessed August 1, 2014 .
  18. ↑ For Paswan and son, Gujarat 2002 is history for 2014. The Indian Express, February 27, 2014, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  19. ^ Luv Puri: National Conference pulls out of NDA. The Hindu, July 13, 2003, accessed September 11, 2014 .
  20. ^ Asom Gana Parishad joins NDA. The Indian express, March 5, 2009, accessed February 19, 2019 .
  21. ↑ BJP loses another ally: Asom Gana Parishad quits NDA over Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, having threatened to do so in past. firstpost.com, January 7, 2019, accessed February 19, 2019 .
  22. ↑ Chautala's INLD splits from NDA. The Economic Times, February 10, 2004, accessed May 10, 2015 .
  23. ↑ Shafi Rahman: Indian National Lok Dal joins NDA. Idiatoday, October 12, 2008, accessed May 10, 2015 .
  24. ↑ INLD walks out of NDA, says won't join BJP ever again. August 26, 2009, accessed August 1, 2014 .
  25. ↑ Dhirendra K. Jha: BJP feels the pain as a small partner flexes muscle in Bihar. scroll.in, April 5, 2015, accessed on November 25, 2016 (English).
  26. ↑ Dhirendra K. Jha: RLSP Chief Upendra Kushwaha quits NDA, resigns as union minister. Business Standard, December 10, 2018, accessed February 19, 2019 .
  27. ↑ CR Gowri Shanker: Elections 2014: Telugu Desam Party seals deal with BJP. deccanchronicle.com, April 1, 2014, accessed April 5, 2014 .
  28. ^ Nidhi Sethi: 5 Reasons Why Chandrababu Naidu Exited NDA Government. NDTV, March 16, 2018, accessed on February 21, 2019 .