Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) ( Tamil திராவிட முன்னேற்றக் கழகம் Tirāviṭa Muṉṉēṟṟak Kaḻakam [ ˈd̪raːʋiɖə ˈmunːeːtːrə ˈkːaɻəɦʌm ], "Dravidian Progress Union ") is a regional party in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Originally she fought for an independent Tamil state , but today her demands are limited to the preservation of the special Tamil identity and culture within the Indian nation. Social justice and overcoming the caste system dominated by Brahmins are also central concepts of the DMK.
history
The DMK emerged from the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK), a political association, an independent during the British colonial rule with the aim of creating Dravidenstaates on the floor of South India and the overcoming of the view of the Dravidian movement from the Indo-Aryan forced North strong hierarchical embossed Social system. After India's independence, the Dravidar Kazhagam called for the association to be transformed into a political party that should take part in elections, which the DK leader EV Ramasami (Periyar) opposed. In addition, many of the predominantly Tamil DK supporters did not consider the creation of a unified Dravid state to be feasible and increasingly switched to an independent Tamil state.
CN Annadurai , one of Periyar's main opponents, founded the DMK as a political party on September 17, 1949 with his supporters. After the state of Madras was reorganized in 1956 according to the language borders of Tamil , the DMK rose to become its most important opposition party. At the same time, with the creation of a Tamil state, albeit within India, one of the main concerns of the DMK had been fulfilled. Instead of an independent state, the party now primarily sought to preserve the Tamil identity and culture. This concern received additional impetus from the Indian central government's plan to introduce Indo-Aryan Hindi as the sole official language. The anti-Hindi movement of the 1960s organized by the DMK in Madras is unprecedented in India to this day.
In 1967 the party was able to win a clear victory over the Congress party in the regional parliament elections . CN Annadurai was sworn in as Chief Minister . In the same year he ordered the renaming of Madras in Tamil Nadu ("Land of the Tamils"). A corresponding law came into force on January 14, 1969 following the approval of the central government. After Annadurai's death in 1969, M. Karunanidhi took over the party chairmanship and the office of chief minister . Internal disputes over his party politics led to the break-off of AIADMK ( All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ; "Anna" stands for Annadurai) in 1972 , which in 1977 was able to outstrip its parent party. It was not until 1987 that the DMK achieved another election victory. Since then, it has provided the governments of Tamil Nadu in alternation with the AIADMK.
In 1994 the MDMK ( Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ) split from the DMK.
Performing in the general election in Tamil Nadu
In the 13 parliamentary elections in the state of Tamil Nadu (Madras until 1969) since it first participated in 1957, the DMK emerged as the strongest party five times (1967, 1971, 1989, 1996 and 2006), including four times (1967, 1971, 1989 and 1996) absolute majority. In detail, the election results are as follows:
| year | Share of votes | Seats won |
Seats begun |
Total seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1957 a | 14.6% | 15th | 112 | 205 |
| 1962 | 27.1% | 50 | 143 | 206 |
| 1967 | 40.7% | 137 | 174 | 234 |
| 1971 | 48.6% | 184 | 203 | 234 |
| 1977 | 24.9% | 48 | 230 | 234 |
| 1980 | 22.1% | 37 | 112 | 234 |
| 1984 | 29.3% | 24 | 167 | 234 |
| 1989 | 33.2% | 150 | 202 | 234 |
| 1991 | 22.5% | 2 | 176 | 234 |
| 1996 | 42.1% | 173 | 182 | 234 |
| 2001 | 30.9% | 31 | 183 | 234 |
| 2006 | 26.5% | 96 | 132 | 234 |
| 2011 | 22.4% | 23 | 124 | 234 |
a ) In 1957 the DMK was not yet officially recognized as a party. The DMK candidates nominally participated in the election as independents.
List of DMK-led governments in Tamil Nadu
| Chief Minister | Beginning of the term of office | Term expires | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN Annadurai | March 6, 1967 | 3rd February 1969 | choice |
| VR Nedunchezhiyan | 3rd February 1969 | February 10, 1969 | interim |
| M. Karunanidhi | February 10, 1969 | 4th January 1971 | appointment |
| M. Karunanidhi | March 15, 1971 | January 31, 1976 | choice |
| M. Karunanidhi | January 27, 1989 | January 30, 1991 | choice |
| M. Karunanidhi | May 13, 1996 | May 13, 2001 | choice |
| M. Karunanidhi | May 13, 2006 | May 15, 2011 | choice |
Individual evidence
- ^ Figures for 1957 according to Robert L. Hardgrave: “The Dravidian Movement”, in: Essays in the Political Sociology of South India, New Delhi 1979, p. 59. All other figures according to the statistics of the Election Commission of India ( 1962 (PDF ; 2.3 MB), 1967 (PDF; 1.5 MB), 1971 (PDF; 1.5 MB), 1977 (PDF; 944 kB), 1980 (PDF; 919 kB), 1984 (PDF; 834 kB) , 1989 (PDF; 8.5 MB), 1991 (PDF; 1.1 MB), 1996 (PDF; 1.4 MB), 2001 (PDF; 1.1 MB), 2006 (PDF; 2.4 MB) , 2011 ( Memento of March 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ); PDF; 7 kB).