General election in India 2009
In the parliamentary elections in India in 2009 , the lower house for the all-India parliament, the Lok Sabha , was elected. The elections did not take place on a single day, but spread over five election dates, on 16., 22./23. and April 30th, and May 7th and 13th, 2009. This was mainly due to organizational reasons. However, all election results were not announced until May 16, 2009. 713.8 million people were eligible to vote. India sees itself as the "greatest democracy in the world" and the elections were accordingly seen as the greatest democratic electoral decision in the world.
The winner of the election was the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), a party alliance led by the Indian National Congress , which won 262 of the 543 seats (48.3%). The good results of the UPA in the states of Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan were particularly unexpected . The National Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by the Hindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), had 159 seats (29.3%). The relatively poor performance of the left-wing parties in the Third Front electoral alliance (79 seats, 14.5%) was also surprising . The national turnout was 59.7% (450.8 million voters) and 60 women (11.0%) were elected MPs. The previous government under the leadership of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was thus able to significantly expand its previous parliamentary support. In a first short address after the election, Prime Minister Singh thanked the voters for the confidence they had placed in the Congress Party. He promised a socially active government (" a caring government ") and a policy of sustainable and just economic development (" sustained and equitable development "). The government would continue to protect the secular social order and advocate a society free of hatred. The last comment in particular was a clear rejection of Hindu nationalist and (to a lesser extent) radical Muslim ideas, but also of class struggle slogans such as those represented by some of the opposition parties.
At the same time as the elections to the state parliament, elections to the parliaments of the three states of Andhra Pradesh , Orissa and Sikkim took place.
Right to vote and mode of election
The election took place according to simple majority voting in 543 constituencies . The constituency boundaries had been re-established in the run-up to the election by the Delimitation Commission of India according to the data of the 2001 census and therefore differed significantly from those of the previous 2004 election. As the majority in most constituencies was not clear, the Elections Alliances and alliances from various parties that agreed among themselves on common candidates for individual constituencies. The votes were cast on electronic voting machines in a total of 828,804 individual polling stations. At the push of a button, voters could choose not only the name, but also the picture and symbol of their candidate. On the one hand, a quick evaluation of the voting results was to be guaranteed, and on the other hand, it should be guaranteed that the more than 100 million illiterate people in the country could vote correctly. Overall, the election and counting of votes went remarkably smoothly.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh - UPA's top candidate
Lal Krishna Advani - NDA's top candidate
Prakash Karat , General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), one of the prominent Third Front politicians
Amar Singh, General Secretary of the Samajwadi Party , one of the Fourth Front parties
Parties and alliances
The elections were shaped by 4 major party alliances. Since majority voting applies in the constituencies, constituency candidate agreements are common practice in Indian elections.
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
The United Progressive Alliance is a party alliance led by the Indian National Congress . The UPA was founded after the parliamentary elections in 2004 and in the current election comprised the following parties: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (a South Indian regional party in Tamil Nadu ), the Nationalist Congress Party (predominantly in Maharashtra ), Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (in Jharkhand ), All India Trinamool Congress (a split from the Congress Party in West Bengal ), Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir ), as well as some smaller regional parties. The Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), on the other hand, had left the UPA alliance and joined the so-called Forth Front. The leading candidate for the post of Prime Minister was the incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , the chairman of the UPA was Sonia Gandhi , widow of the former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi .
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is a party alliance led by the Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The most important parties after the BJP are Shiv Sena (regional party from Maharashtra ) and Janata Dal , which has its focus in the states of Bihar and Karnataka , Rashtriya Lok Dal in Uttar Pradesh , and Shiromani Akali Dal , a Sikh party from the Punjab . In the run-up to the elections, some former allies left and moved to other camps, such as All India Trinamool Congress in the UPA camp and Biju Janata Dal and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in the camp of the Third Front . The NDA's top candidate was 81-year-old Lal Krishna Advani from the BJP.
Third front
The Third Front formed a heterogeneous alliance of parties from the left that opposed both the congress-led government and the BJP-led opposition. These include the parties of the Left Front ("Left Front"). It was an alliance of more than 10 different political parties covering the left-wing spectrum. These include the Bahujan Samaj Party (mainly in Uttar Pradesh ), the representative of the lower castes , which are still disadvantaged in many ways , the Communist Parties of India ( Communist Party of India and Communist Party of India (Marxist) ), which have their political focus in West Bengal , Kerala and Tripura have and Biju Janata Dal in Orissa .
Fourth front
The Fourth Front formed an amalgamation of some parties that none of the above. Belong to covenants. These included the parties Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and Lok Janshakti Party (LJP), both with a focus on Bihar, which had previously belonged to the UPA party alliance. In addition, there was the Samajwadi Party (SP), mainly based in Uttar Pradesh , which had previously also supported the UPA alliance from outside.
Timing of the elections
The following election dates were set on March 2, 2009 by the Chief Election Commissioner of India N. Gopalaswami :
- April 16 - Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Bihar , Jammu and Kashmir , Kerala , Maharashtra , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Orissa , Uttar Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Andaman and Nicobar , Lakshadweep
- April 22nd - Manipur
- April 23 - Andhra Pradesh , Assam , Bihar , Goa , Jammu and Kashmir , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Orissa , Tripura , Uttar Pradesh , Jharkhand
- April 30 - Bihar , Gujarat , Jammu and Kashmir , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Sikkim , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , Dadra and Nagar Haveli , Daman and Diu
- May 7 - Bihar , Haryana , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , Delhi
- May 13 - Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab , Tamil Nadu , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , Uttarakhand , Chandigarh , Puducherry
| States and Union Territories |
electoral circles |
Election dates |
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | Wahlbe- pation in the Middle |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 16 |
Wahlbe- pation |
22./23. Apr |
Wahlbe- pation |
30 Apr |
Wahlbe- pation |
May 7th |
Wahlbe- pation |
May 13th |
Wahlbe- pation |
||||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 1 | 1 | 64.15% | - | - | - | - | 64.15% | ||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 42 | 2 | 22nd | 69.75% | 20th | 75.50% | - | - | - | 72.40% | |||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 1 | 2 | 65.00% | - | - | - | - | 65.00% | ||||
| Assam | 14th | 2 | 3 | 67.61% | 11 | 70.06% | - | - | - | 69.68% | |||
| Bihar | 40 | 4th | 13 | 43.21% | 13 | 45.83% | 11 | 46.12% | 3 | 37.00% | - | 44.27% | |
| Chandigarh | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 65.51% | 65.51% | ||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 1 | 11 | 58.19% | - | - | - | - | 58.19% | ||||
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 73.22% | - | - | 73.22% | ||||
| Daman and Diu | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 71.85% | - | - | 71.85% | ||||
| Delhi | 7th | 1 | - | - | - | 7th | 51.79% | - | 51.79% | ||||
| Goa | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 55.42% | - | - | - | 55.42% | ||||
| Gujarat | 26th | 1 | - | - | 26th | 47.92% | - | - | 47.92% | ||||
| Haryana | 10 | 1 | - | - | - | 10 | 67.67% | - | 67.67% | ||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4th | 1 | - | - | - | - | 4th | 58.35% | 58.35% | ||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 6th | 5 | 1 | 49.68% | 1 | 44.73% | 1 | 26.43% | 1 | 25.38% | 2 | 45.63% | 39.66% |
| Jharkhand | 14th | 2 | 6th | 51.16% | 8th | 48.86% | - | - | - | 49.77% | |||
| Karnataka | 28 | 2 | - | 17th | 60.00% | 11 | 58.48% | - | - | 59.44% | |||
| Kerala | 20th | 1 | 20th | 73.33% | - | - | - | - | 73.33% | ||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 1 | 1 | 86.10% | - | - | - | - | 86.10% | ||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 2 | - | 13 | 51.39% | 16 | 51.22% | - | - | 51.30% | |||
| Maharashtra | 48 | 3 | 13 | 55.74% | 25th | 49.18% | 10 | 41.24% | - | - | 49.17% | ||
| Manipur | 2 | 2 | 1 | 83.70% | 1 | 75.50% | - | - | - | 79.80% | |||
| Meghalaya | 2 | 1 | 2 | 64.40% | - | - | - | - | 64.40% | ||||
| Mizoram | 1 | 1 | 1 | 50.93% | - | - | - | - | 50.93% | ||||
| Nagaland | 1 | 1 | 1 | 90.21% | - | - | - | - | 90.21% | ||||
| Orissa | 21st | 2 | 10 | 64.90% | 11 | 62.00% | - | - | - | 63.35% | |||
| Pondicherry | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 79.70% | 79.70% | ||||
| Punjab | 13 | 2 | - | - | - | 4th | 72.78% | 9 | 68.13% | 69.58% | |||
| Rajasthan | 25th | 1 | - | - | - | 25th | 48.50% | - | 48.50% | ||||
| Sikkim | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 82.00% | - | - | 82.00% | ||||
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 39 | 72.46% | 72.46% | ||||
| Tripura | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 83.91% | - | - | - | 83.91% | ||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 5 | 16 | 45.37% | 17th | 45.48% | 15th | 46.12% | 18th | 48.00% | 14th | 47.55% | 46.45% |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 5 | 53.67% | 53.67% | ||||
| West Bengal | 42 | 3 | - | - | 14th | 80.71% | 17th | 82.60% | 11 | 76.30% | 78.93% | ||
| Total constituencies | 543 | 124 | 59.07% | 141 | 56.66% | 107 | 52.12% | 85 | 52.32% | 86 | 65.74% | 56.97% | |
| States / Union territories in which voting took place | 17th | 13 | 11 | 8th | 9 | ||||||||
| States / Union Territories | Constituencies | ||||||||||||
| States and Union Territories with an election date | 22nd | 164 | |||||||||||
| States and Union Territories with 2 election dates | 8th | 163 | |||||||||||
| States and Union Territories with 3 election dates | 2 | 90 | |||||||||||
| States and Union Territories with 4 election dates | 1 | 40 | |||||||||||
| States and Union Territories with 5 election dates | 2 | 86 | |||||||||||
| total | 35 | 543 | |||||||||||
| Source: Election Commission of India | |||||||||||||
Results
Results after party alliances
1. United Progressive Alliance Indian National Congress Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (in Tamil Nadu ) Nationalist Congress Party ( Maharashtra and Meghalaya ) All India Trinamool Congress (in West Bengal ) Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (in Jammu and Kashmir ) Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (in Jharkhand ) 2nd National Democratic Alliance Bharatiya Janata Party Janata Dal (United) (in Bihar ) Shiv Sena (in Maharashtra ) Rashtriya Lok Dal (in Uttar Pradesh ) Shiromani Akali Dal (in Punjab ) Telangana Rashtra Samithi (in Andhra Pradesh ) Asom Gana Parishad (in Assam ) 3rd Third Front Communist Party of India (Marxist) Communist Party of India Bahujan Samaj Party (in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh ) Biju Janata Dal (in Orissa ) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (in Tamil Nadu ) Telugu Desam Party (in Andhra Prades h ) Janata Dal (Secular) (in Karnataka ) 4. Fourth Front Samajwadi Party (in Uttar Pradesh ) Rashtriya Janata Dal in Bihar 5. Independent candidates or regional parties with only one or two mandates Others (among these there are some who support the above Belong to coalitions)
Results according to individual parties
The following table only lists parties that have received at least 100,000 votes.
| Political party | alliance | Votes (number) |
Votes (in%) |
Seats (number) |
Seats (in%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian National Congress | UPA | 119.110.776 | 28.55% | 206 | 37.94% |
| Bharatiya Janata Party | NDA | 78,435,538 | 18.80% | 116 | 21.36% |
| Bahujan Samaj Party | Third front | 25,728,889 | 6.17% | 21st | 3.87% |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | Third front | 22.219.022 | 5.33% | 16 | 2.95% |
| Independent candidates | 21,646,845 | 5.19% | 9 | 1.66% | |
| Samajwadi party | Fourth front | 14,284,638 | 3.42% | 23 | 4.24% |
| All India Trinamool Congress | UPA | 13,355,986 | 3.20% | 19th | 3.50% |
| Telugu Desam Party | Third front | 10,481,348 | 2.51% | 6th | 1.10% |
| Nationalist Congress Party | UPA | 8,521,349 | 2.04% | 9 | 1.66% |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | UPA | 7,625,397 | 1.83% | 18th | 3.31% |
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Third front | 6,953,591 | 1.67% | 9 | 1.66% |
| Biju Janata Dal | Third front | 6,612,552 | 1.59% | 14th | 2.58% |
| Praja Rajyam Party | 6,590,026 | 1.58% | |||
| Shiv Sena | NDA | 6,454,850 | 1.55% | 11 | 2.03% |
| Janata Dal (United) | NDA | 6,331,079 | 1.52% | 20th | 3.68% |
| Communist Party of India | Third front | 5,951,736 | 1.43% | 4th | 0.74% |
| Rashtriya Janata Dal | Fourth front | 5,279,059 | 1.27% | 4th | 0.74% |
| Shiromani Akali Dal | NDA | 4,004,789 | 0.96% | 4th | 0.74% |
| Janata Dal (Secular) | Third front | 3,434,082 | 0.82% | 3 | 0.55% |
| Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam | 3,126,117 | 0.75% | |||
| Telangana Rashtra Samithi | NDA | 2,582,326 | 0.62% | 2 | 0., 37% |
| Assam United Democratic Front | 2,184,556 | 0.52% | 1 | 0.18% | |
| Pattali Makkal Katchi | Third front | 1,944,619 | 0.47% | ||
| Lok Janshakti Party | Fourth front | 1,892,420 | 0.45% | ||
| Rashtriya Lok Dal | NDA | 1,821,054 | 0.44% | 5 | 0.92% |
| Asom Gana Parishad | NDA | 1,773,103 | 0.43% | 1 | 0.18% |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | UPA | 1,665,173 | 0.40% | 2 | 0.37% |
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | Third front | 1,573,690 | 0.38% | 2 | 0.37% |
| Maharashtra Navnirman Sena | 1,503,872 | 0.36% | |||
| All India Forward Bloc | Third front | 1,345,397 | 0.32% | 2 | 0.37% |
| Indian National Lok Dal | NDA | 1,286,573 | 0.31% | ||
| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Third front | 1,112,908 | 0.27% | 1 | 0.18% |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation | 1,044,511 | 0.25% | |||
| Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) | 963.274 | 0.23% | 1 | 0.18% | |
| Muslim League Kerala State Committee | UPA | 877.503 | 0.21% | 2 | 0.37% |
| Nagaland People's Front | 832.224 | 0.20% | 1 | 0.18% | |
| Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) | Third front | 816.395 | 0.20% | 1 | 0.18% |
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katch | UPA | 735.847 | 0.18% | 1 | 0.18% |
| Bodoland People's Front | 656.430 | 0.16% | 1 | 0.18% | |
| Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam | 579.703 | 0.14% | |||
| Lok Satta Party | 557.366 | 0.13% | |||
| Peace party | 537,638 | 0.13% | |||
| Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party | 522.760 | 0.13% | |||
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | UPA | 498.374 | 0.12% | 3 | 0.55% |
| Apna Dal | 495.032 | 0.12% | |||
| Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh | 492,470 | 0.12% | |||
| Swabhimani Paksha | 481.025 | 0.12% | 1 | 0.18% | |
| Kerala Congress (M) | UPA | 404.962 | 0.10% | 1 | 0.18% |
| Republican Party of India (Athvale) | UPA | 378.928 | 0.09% | ||
| Kerala Congress | 333,688 | 0.08% | |||
| Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party | 319,307 | 0.08% | |||
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslims | UPA | 308.061 | 0.07% | 1 | 0.18% |
| Republican Party of India | 295,468 | 0.07% | |||
| Pyramid Party of India | 285.354 | 0.07% | |||
| Loktantrik Samata Dal | 270.040 | 0.06% | |||
| Mahagujarat Janta Party | 245.171 | 0.06% | |||
| Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi | 223.234 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.18% | |
| People's Democratic Alliance | 223.161 | 0.05% | |||
| Gondvana Gantantra Party | 220.741 | 0.05% | |||
| Rashtriya Samaj Paksha | 215.032 | 0.05% | |||
| Swatantra Bharat Paksha | 188,608 | 0.05% | |||
| Indian Justice Party | 177,758 | 0.04% | |||
| Sikkim Democratic Front | 159,351 | 0.04% | 1 | 0.18% | |
| Rashtriya Samanta Dal | 153,455 | 0.04% | |||
| Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party | 152,633 | 0.04% | |||
| All Jharkhand Students Union | 148,879 | 0.04% | |||
| Rashtrawadi Sena | 144,735 | 0.03% | |||
| Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party | 139.405 | 0.03% | |||
| Samruddha Odisha | 131,379 | 0.03% | |||
| Janvadi Party (Socialist) | 129,595 | 0.03% | |||
| Jharkhand party | 125,900 | 0.03% | |||
| United Democratic Party | 124.402 | 0.03% | |||
| Autonomous State Demand Committee | 123.287 | 0.03% | |||
| Puthiya Tamilagam | 120,797 | 0.03% | |||
| Lok Bhalai Party | 118,470 | 0.03% | |||
| Jharkhand Party (Naren) | 104,600 | 0.03% | |||
| Jharkhand Disom Party | 102,698 | 0.02% | |||
| Manipur People's Party | 101,787 | 0.02% | |||
| All parties combined with less than 100,000 votes each |
4,061,696 | 0.97% | |||
| Total | 417,156,494 | 100.00% | 543 | 100.00% | |
Results by state and union territories
The respective election winners (relative or absolute majority) are printed in bold (source: Indian Election Commission).
Development immediately after the election
| Party / alliance | Seats |
|---|---|
| United Progressive Alliance | 262 |
| Rashtriya Lok Dal | 5 |
| Janata Dal (Secular) | 3 |
| Independent | 4th |
| Outside support | |
| Samajwadi party | 23 |
| Bahujan Samaj Party | 21st |
| Rashtriya Janata Dal | 4th |
| total | 322 |
After the election, the President of India, Pratibha Devisingh Patil , dissolved the Lok Sabha with effect from May 18, 2009. On May 19, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi were as party leader ( party leader ) and Chairman ( Chairperson reelected the parliamentary faction of the Indian National Congress). On May 20, the President instructed Manmohan Singh to form the new government.
The parties of the Congress Party-led United Progressive Alliance narrowly missed an absolute majority in the election. In order to prevent the BJP from possibly participating in government, some parties that do not belong to the UPA declared that they would support the government in the next five-year legislative period . These parties included Janata Dal (Secular) (3 seats), Rashtriya Janata Dal (4 seats), the Bahujan Samaj Party (21 seats) and the Samajwadi Party (23 seats).
Two parties (Janata Dal (Secular) - 3 mandates, previously Third Front; Rashtriya Lok Dal - 5 mandates, previously National Democratic Alliance) announced their move to the government camp and received ministerial posts in the future government. Due to differences in the distribution of future ministerial posts, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party (DMK, 18 seats) announced its withdrawal from the United Progressive Alliance on May 21. However, she wanted to continue to support the government outside the UPA. However, further negotiations led to an agreement with the Congress Party and on May 25, 2009 the DMK officially decided to participate in the government. The composition of the new government ( Cabinet Manmohan Singh II ) was announced on May 31, 2009.
literature
- Pierre Gottschlich: The parliamentary elections in India 2009 (PDF; 185 kB) . In: International Asia Forum 40 (2009) pp. 221–253.
Web links
- Official website of the Election Commission of India
- More interactive voting card
- Detailed constituency maps of the individual states of the Election Commission of India
- Clickable interactive voting cards
- Official Election Website of Mysore
- Lok Sabha Elections 2009, Schedule, Debates, Special Coverage
- Contents of affidavits of candidates in fray for Lok Sabha Elections 2009
- Special coverage of Lok Sabha Elections 2009
- India Election 2009 News
- Official website of the Delimitation Commission of India
- Results, facts and latest news about 2009 Indian Elections
- General Elections 2009 Coverage
- Mashedge Web Book Shelf: India Election 2009
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Election Results - Full Statistical Reports. Indian Election Commission, accessed on December 22, 2018 (English, election results of all Indian elections to the Lok Sabha and the parliaments of the states since independence).
- ↑ General Elections - 2009 ( English ) Election Commission of India. March 2, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ↑ To give an idea of the dimensions of this election, India has more residents / voters than Europe, the United States, Russia and Canada combined.
- ↑ Singh thanks voters for victory - BBC News, May 16, 2009, accessed May 16, 2009
- ↑ Audio / video clips and PowerPoint presentations on Electronic Voting Machines , Election Commission of India, accessed April 19, 2009
- ↑ How do we vote in India with Electronic Voting machine , TT's Jottings-Blog of VU2SWX, April 5, 2009, accessed April 15, 2009
- ↑ a b Phasewise Statewise Election Data ( English ) Election Commission of India. April 28, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ↑ Phasewise Statewise Election Data - 3rd Phase ( English ) Election Commission of India. May 1, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ↑ Phasewise Statewise Election Data - 4th Phase ( English ) Election Commission of India. May 11, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
- ↑ Phasewise Statewise Election Data - 5th Phase ( English ) Election Commission of India. May 15, 2009. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- ↑ List of winning candidates (pdf)
- ^ Manmohan gets presidential invite to form govt , Press Trust of India, May 20, 2009, New Delhi, accessed May 25, 2009
- ↑ Key ally 'leaves India coalition' , BBC News bulletin May 21, 2009, accessed May 25, 2009
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