Parliamentary election in India 1991
The parliamentary elections in India in 1991 took place on May 20th and June 12th and 15th, 1991. The election was an early election and the 10th all-India election since independence. 521 MPs were elected. The election was overshadowed by the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi , the leading candidate of the Congress Party, by a Tamil assassin on May 21, 1991. As a result of the election there was a change of government with the formation of a minority government under the leadership of the Congress Party .
prehistory
After the 1989 election
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In the previous election in 1989 , the previously ruling Congress party had to accept significant losses and a government was formed under the leadership of Janata Dal (JD), who had only been founded the year before . However, this government under Prime Minister V. P. Singh only had a little more than a quarter of the seats in parliament. It was therefore dependent on the support of other parties. She received this support from two completely different directions of the political spectrum, on the one hand from the Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), on the other hand from the communist and left-socialist parties CPM , CPI , Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) and AIFB . The government was therefore referred to by political commentators as "crutch government" ( loosely translated "government on crutches"). The aims of the BJP on the one hand and communists on the other were largely incompatible, so that the difficulties were inevitable here. On the other hand, a leadership conflict in the Janata Dal was revealed as early as the election of the candidate for the Prime Minister's office, which is strangely reminiscent of the situation of the Janata Party , the predecessor of the Janata Dal, in 1977. There were essentially three prominent leaders in the Janata Dal, VP Singh (until 1987 Congress Party), Chandra Shekhar (until 1988 Janata Party) and the Chief Minister of Haryana Devi Lal (until 1988 Lok Dal ). In particular, Chandra Shekhar, who, in contrast to Singh, who balanced the differences, was described as a conflict-prone politician, found it difficult to come to terms with the fact that Singh had assumed the leading post of Prime Minister and therefore refused to join the Singh government . Singh, on the other hand, found himself constantly compelled to maintain the balance between the parties supporting the government. For example, he appointed the Kashmiri Mufti Mohammad Sayeed as Minister of the Interior. He was the first Muslim to hold this post, which was applauded by the left-wing parties. In order to appease the angry BJP, Singh appointed Jagmohan Malhotra, the preferred candidate for the BJP, as governor of Jammu and Kashmir . When the left increasingly began to criticize Malhotra, Singh quickly changed the responsibilities in his cabinet and assigned Kashmiri affairs to the railroad minister and socialist George Fernandes , thus placing Malhotra under his supervision. Singh finally recalled Malhotra, but compensated him with a post in the Rajya Sabha .
Trouble spots Punjab, Assam and Kashmir
The situation in Punjab continued to be dominated by continued violence. The state had been under president's rule since 1987 , i. H. control of the central government and since the situation did not calm down, the constitution had to be changed several times (59th, 63rd, 64th, 67th and 68th amendment to the constitution in the years 1988 to 1991) to include president's rule from the original maximum of 2 to 5 Years to extend. From 1989 to 1991 there were more than 1,000 fatalities in Punjab each year as a result of terrorist violence and repressive measures by the security forces, whose powers had been greatly expanded. Due to the tense situation, no elections could be held in Punjab for the second time (after 1984 ). The election in Punjab, scheduled for June 22, 1991, was literally canceled at the last minute.
After the 1987 elections to the regional parliament of Jammu and Kashmir, massive allegations of election fraud and manipulation were raised. The election winner Farooq Abdullah , the son of Mohammed Abdullah , the "Lion of Kashmir" and former hope for the Kashmiris, was widely discredited by the events and his alliance with the Congress Party. Many Kashmiris began to look more towards Pakistan again. Since the withdrawal of the Soviet occupation forces from Afghanistan, mujahideen fighters have increasingly streamed into Kashmir, where they took up the fight against the Indian army and received logistical support from neighboring Pakistan. Shortly after the new Interior Minister Mufti Mohammed Sayeeds took office (see above), his daughter Rubaiya Sayeed was kidnapped on December 8, 1989 by Kashmiri extremists from the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front . Rubaiya Sayeed was released after negotiations with the government and the release of five detained Kashmiri extremists. The release of the detainees was celebrated by thousands of sympathizers in Kashmir. At the beginning of 1990 there was a mass exodus of Hindus from Jammu and Kashmir due to increasing violence. Shortly thereafter, Jammu and Kashmir were placed under president's rule and remained in that status for the next six years.
Sri Lanka
In 1987, in agreement with the Sri Lankan government, Indian special forces (the Indian Peace Keeping Force , IPKF) were stationed in the north and east of Sri Lanka to ensure the implementation of a previously concluded peace agreement. However, the IPKF was soon drawn into the dispute with the Tamil Tamil Tigers ( LTTE ) and was itself criticized for alleged human rights violations against the Tamil civilian population in Sri Lanka. Around 1,200 Indian soldiers were killed during the fighting without the LTTE being decisively defeated. One of the first steps taken by the Singh government was the recall of the IPKF from the island. In March 1990 the last Indian soldiers left Sri Lanka.
The BJP and the Hindutva Agenda
The BJP had gained significantly in the 1989 election and had risen to become the third largest party in parliament. Hindu nationalist groups had existed in the political landscape of India since the 1950s. However, they were rejected by the vast majority of Indian parties, which, in the tradition of Mahatma Gandhi and also in contrast to neighboring Pakistan, emphasized the secular character of the Indian state. Due to the new majority structure after the 1989 election, the BJP suddenly assumed the role of majority procurer. This saw the BJP party leaders as an opportunity to at least partially achieve their Hindutva goals . The party president Lal Krishna Advani announced that from September 25 to October 30, 1990, he would start a pilgrimage across India over 10,000 kilometers to the birthplace of the god Rama (according to Hindu tradition) in Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh) ( Ram Rath Yatra ). According to the official announcement, this pilgrimage was intended to strengthen Hindu self-confidence, but unofficially it was heard that this was the prelude to the start of the rebuilding of the old destroyed temple at the birthplace of the god, planned for October 30, 1990. The rebuilding of this Ram Janmabhumi temple has long been a goal of the Hindu nationalists. However, this was prone to conflict, as a mosque, the Babri Mosque , had been built in place of the destroyed temple during the Mughal period in the 16th century , which would have had to be removed for this. Building a Hindu temple on the foundations of a destroyed mosque would inevitably have sparked conflict between Hindus and Muslims. Prime Minister Singh tried to appeal to all parties involved to defuse the situation. On October 23, 1990 the Chief Minister of Bihar Lalu Prasad Yadav (Janata Dal) had LK Advani, who was accompanied by numerous pilgrims, arrested on his pilgrimage through Bihar in order to prevent him from reaching Ayodhya. The BJP then ended support for the Singh government.
Overthrow of VP Singh and Chandra Shekhar government
In August 1990, internal rivalries in the Janata Dal broke out openly. Devi Lal, who was deputy prime minister in the cabinet, announced his resignation and attacked Singh as "spineless". This also concealed Lal's anger that his eldest son, Om Prakash Chautala , had to resign from the office of Chief Minister of Haryana due to political misconduct and under pressure from VP Singh. After Lal's resignation, he began to organize mass demonstrations among his rural supporters. As a result, Singh decided to take a step that heralded the end of his government. He announced on August 7, 1990 that his government would work to implement the 1980 recommendations of the Mandal Commission . The Mandal Commission was set up in 1979 by the Desai government to evaluate the situation of disadvantaged groups in society and to recommend measures to improve their position. In its final report in 1980, the Commission recommended that in addition to the quota of 22.5% granted to members of the so-called Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) when government agencies or, for example, university places were awarded, a further 27 % of the so-called Other Backward Classes (OBC) (including Muslims) should be reserved. According to Mandal, 53% of the Indian population belonged to the OBC. The Commission's report then disappeared into the drawer and no one had seriously thought about implementing the proposed measures. In concrete terms, the implementation of these recommendations would have meant that around 50% of all positions would have been quoted (more than 50% were not permitted under the Indian constitution). When Singh's announcement was made public, protests rose across the country. Critical observers believed they recognized how strongly Indian society was still shaped by caste thinking across all party lines. On October 5, 29 Young Women MPs from the supporters of Chandra Shekhar and Devi Lal called on the prime minister to resign. There was a split in Janata Dal and the split-off part of 54 MPs under Chandra Shekhar and Devi Lal called themselves Janata Dal (Socialist) (JD (Soc)). On November 7, 1990, there was a vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha, which the Singh government lost with 346 votes to 142. The JD (Soc), BJP and Rajiv Gandhi's Congress Party voted against the government. On November 10th, Singh resigned and Chandra Shekhar was sworn in as the new Prime Minister. The Chandra Shekhar government had a minimal base in the Lok Sabha and was entirely dependent on the support of the Congress Party. Under these circumstances, it was only thanks to Chandra Shekhar's skill as a political survivor that the government lasted for a few more months. After four months of government with no prospect of permanent majorities, the dates for the new election were announced on April 12, 1991.
Election campaign and assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
The following groups essentially faced each other during the election campaign:
- in the political center the Congress Party, initially led by Rajiv Gandhi
- on the right, the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, led by LK Advani
- in the left spectrum the National Front , an alliance of Janata Dal, Telugu Desam Party (TDP, in Andhra Pradesh), Asom Gana Parishad (AGP, in Assam) and Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM, in Jharkhand), led by VP Singh, in Alliance with the communist and left-wing socialist parties
- the Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) SJP (R), which was created by renaming the Janata Dal (Socialist) , led by Chandra Shekhar
The Congress Party stressed the need for a stable government, the National Front stood up for the rights of the less privileged and called for a society without the barriers of the caste system. The BJP focused its election campaign entirely on the Ayodya Temple Mosque controversy and stylized itself as an advocate for the Hindu majority population. The BJP also spoke out in favor of turning away from the previous state socialist, dirigistic economic system and in favor of economic liberalization.
The most significant event during the election campaign was the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi on May 21, 1991, one day after the first election date. On that day Gandhi attended an election rally in Sriperumbudur near Madras in Tamil Nadu . At the event, he was approached by assassin Thenmozhi Rajaratnam , also known by the short name Dhanu, who then detonated her explosives belt . In addition to Gandhi and the assassin, 14 other people were killed. Subsequent investigations showed the assassin's connection to the LTTE . Gandhi may have been a target of the LTTE because he had announced in an interview that if he won the election he would again station Indian troops in Sri Lanka. The whole of India was shocked by the murder and the subsequent election dates were postponed from May 23 and 25 to June 12 and 15, 1991. After the event, some election observers expected that the Congress party would benefit from a sympathy bonus on the following two election dates, as it did after the assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984.
Election mode and electoral process
The election took place according to the relative majority voting in individual constituencies. The constituency boundaries were set by the Delimitation Commission of India in the 1970s based on the 1971 census. Due to the security situation, no elections could be held in the six constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir , as well as in the 13 constituencies of Punjab .
The election campaign and the elections themselves were accompanied by violent clashes such as India had not seen for a long time. These took place between Hindus and Muslims, but also between members of underprivileged and “advanced” castes. In total, more than 250 people were killed. After the first election day, May 20, 1991, the election results in five constituencies were canceled by the Indian election commission and a new election was ordered. This affected the constituencies of Meerut (80), Bulandshahr (78) and Etawah (66) in Uttar Pradesh and the two constituencies of Purnea (24) and Patna (35) in Bihar. There had been massive violence and voter intimidation in these constituencies. In the city of Meerut alone , a well-known epicenter for violence between Hindus and Muslims, at least 19 people were killed on election day. Ultimately, there were no elections in the three constituencies of Purnea, Patna and Meerut.
In total, elections were held in 521 of the 543 constituencies.
At just under 57%, voter turnout was noticeably lower than in the previous election.
| State or Union Territory |
electoral legitimate |
Voters | electoral participation |
Invalid votes |
Number of polling stations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh | 42,617,973 | 26.176.731 | 61.42% | 2.45% | 49,985 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 519.315 | 266,324 | 51.28% | 2.03% | 1,579 |
| Assam | 11,873,952 | 8,935,495 | 75.25% | 5.22% | 15,719 |
| Bihar | 50,453,647 | 30,449,327 | 60.35% | 1.50% | 61.502 |
| Goa | 754.319 | 319,727 | 42.39% | 1.58% | 1.012 |
| Gujarat | 24,882,508 | 10,950,062 | 44.01% | 1.83% | 27,666 |
| Haryana | 9,725,897 | 6,403,796 | 65.84% | 3.03% | 12,736 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 3,076,182 | 1,766,549 | 57.43% | 0.77% | 4,681 |
| Jammu and Kashmir | - | - | - | - | - |
| Karnataka | 28,839,296 | 15,807,311 | 54.81% | 2.53% | 35,471 |
| Kerala | 19,657,976 | 14,413,243 | 73.32% | 1.09% | 18,854 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 37,708,721 | 16,726,540 | 44.36% | 2.07% | 45.092 |
| Maharashtra | 48,631,193 | 23,708,067 | 48.75% | 1.68% | 55,071 |
| Manipur | 1,232,149 | 858.194 | 69.65% | 0.90% | 1,787 |
| Meghalaya | 942,513 | 506.636 | 53.75% | 1.59% | 1,407 |
| Mizoram | 414.412 | 242,999 | 58.64% | 0.99% | 664 |
| Nagaland | 814.836 | 628.015 | 77.07% | 0.83% | 1,308 |
| Orissa | 19,804,564 | 10,656,213 | 53.81% | 2.02% | 24,048 |
| Punjab | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rajasthan | 26,513,502 | 12,526,960 | 47.25% | 1.49% | 30,917 |
| Sikkim | 201,704 | 118.502 | 58.75% | 2.64% | 284 |
| Tamil Nadu | 39,917,777 | 25,514,736 | 63.92% | 3.21% | 42,961 |
| Tripura | 1,561,085 | 1,050,263 | 67.28% | 3.19% | 1.934 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 79,454,881 | 39.126.801 | 49.24% | 4.06% | 83,736 |
| West Bengal | 41,392,460 | 31,761,339 | 76.73% | 2.10% | 49,153 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 169.120 | 108,822 | 64.35% | 1.35% | 295 |
| Chandigarh | 372.792 | 215,637 | 57.84% | 0.92% | 385 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 75.009 | 49,863 | 66.48% | 2.84% | 815 |
| Daman and Diu | 57,892 | 38,786 | 67.00% | 2.19% | 57 |
| Delhi | 6,073,156 | 2,946,814 | 48.52% | 1.14% | 6,506 |
| Lakshadweep | 31,665 | 25,449 | 80.37% | 0.50% | 37 |
| Pondicherry | 593,305 | 401.741 | 67.71% | 2.48% | 691 |
| total | 498.363.801 | 282,700,942 | 56.73% | 2.43% | 576.353 |
Results
Overall result
Overall, the Congress party benefited from a certain sympathy bonus due to the murder of Rajiv Gandhi, as its loss of votes was not nearly as high as it had looked after the first election day (i.e. before Gandhi's murder). The Congress party's share of the vote decreased slightly compared to the previous election. Unlike in 1984 after the assassination of Indira Gandhi, the Congress party could not muster a strong, young and unspent top candidate. After the sudden death of Rajiv Gandhi, it became apparent how much she had become fixated on the Nehru Gandhi family and dependent on individual leaders. The party leaders hurriedly offered Rajiv's widow, the native Italian and Catholic Sonia Gandhi , the leadership role. However, she refused. The governing bodies then agreed on the relatively unknown 70-year-old PV Narasimha Rao , a politician from Andhra Pradesh who had already held ministerial posts in the governments of Indira and Rajiv Gandhi.
The position of the Congress party in the Lok Sabha improved (an effect of the relative majority suffrage) from 197 seats in 1989 to now 232 seats (44.5%). As in the last election, the Congress Party was particularly successful in the southern Indian states. Compared to the last election, she was able to improve her position in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa significantly. However, she did unexpectedly badly in Gujarat. In West Bengal the communists continued to dominate and in the populous states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, which had once belonged to the strongholds of the Congress Party, the BJP and Janata Dal now dominated. In Bihar, the Congress Party won only one of the 52 constituencies, in Uttar Pradesh it was successful in 5 of 84 constituencies. For the third time in a row, the BJP was able to increase its share of votes and mandates in a nationwide election. It got 20.11% of the vote and 120 constituencies won (23.0%), establishing itself as the second strongest party in terms of votes and mandates. The National Front under the leadership of Janata Dal, on the other hand, performed disappointingly and only received 14% of the votes and 79 seats (15.2%). The communist and left-wing socialist parties were able to maintain their share of the vote and mandate at around 10%.
| Political party | Abbreviation | be right | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number | % | +/- | number | +/- | % | ||
| Indian National Congress | INC | 99.799.403 | 36.26% | 3.27% | 232 | 35 | 44.5% |
| Bharatiya Janata Party | BJP | 55.345.075 | 20.11% | 8.75% | 120 | 35 | 23.0% |
| Janata Dal | JD | 32,589,180 | 11.84% | 5.95% | 59 | 84 | 11.3% |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | CPM | 16,954,797 | 6.16% | 0.39% | 35 | 2 | 6.7% |
| Janata party | JNP | 9,267,096 | 3.37% | 2.36% | 5 | 5 | 1.0% |
| Telugu Desam Party | TDP | 8,223,271 | 2.99% | 0.30% | 13 | 11 | 2.5% |
| Communist Party of India | CPI | 6,851,114 | 2.49% | 0.08% | 14th | 2 | 2.7% |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | DMK | 5,741,910 | 2.09% | 0.30% | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Bahujan Samaj Party | E.G | 4,420,719 | 1.61% | 0.46% | 2 | 1 | 0.4% |
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | AIADMK | 4,470,542 | 1.62% | 0.12% | 11 | 2.1% | |
| Shiv Sena | SHS | 2,208,712 | 0.80% | 0.69% | 4th | 3 | 0.8% |
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | RSP | 1,749,730 | 0.64% | 0.02% | 4th | 0.8% | |
| Asom Gana Parishad | AGP | 1,489,898 | 0.54% | 0.54% | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | JMM | 1,481,900 | 0.54% | 0.2% | 6th | 3 | 1.2% |
| Janata Dal (Gujarat) | JD (G) | 1,399,702 | 0.51% | (New) | 1 | (New) | 0.2% |
| Pattali Makkal Katchi | PMK | 1,283,065 | 0.47% | 0.05% | 0 | 0.0% | |
| All India Forward Bloc | AIFB | 1,145,015 | 0.42% | 3 | 0.6% | ||
| Indian Congress (Socialist) - Sarat Chandra Sinha | ICS (SCS) | 982.954 | 0.36% | 0.03% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| Muslim League | MUL | 845.418 | 0.31% | 0.01% | 2 | 0.4% | |
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslims | AIMIM | 456,900 | 0.17% | 0.04% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| Kerala Congress (M) | KEC (M) | 384.255 | 0.14% | 0.02% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| Nagaland Peoples Council | NPC | 328.015 | 0.12% | 0.04% | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Haryana Vika's party | HVP | 331,794 | 0.12% | (New) | 1 | (New) | 0.2% |
| Manipur People's Party | MRP | 169,692 | 0.06% | 0.01% | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Autonomous State Demand Committee | ASDC | 139,785 | 0.05% | (New) | 1 | (New) | 0.2% |
| Sikkim Sangram Parishad | SSP | 106,247 | 0.04% | 0.01% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| All other parties | 5,599,113 | 2.09% | 0.75% | 0 | 6 | 0.0% | |
| Independent | Independent | 11,441,688 | 4.16% | 1.09% | 1 | 11 | 0.2% |
| Valid votes | 275.206.990 | 100.0% | 521 | 8 | 100.0% | ||
| Registered voters / turnout | 498.363.801 | 56.73% | |||||
| Source: Election Commission of India | |||||||
- ↑ a b Regarding the seat gains and losses, it must be taken into account that nationwide elections were only held in 521 of the 543 constituencies. In the last election in 1989, there were 529 constituencies.
Result by state and union territories
The following table lists the electoral districts won by state / union territory.
- ↑ No election took place in the two constituencies of Patna and Purnea in Bihar
- ↑ There was no election in the Meerut constituency in Uttar Pradesh
After the election
The majority in the newly elected parliament was such that no government could be formed without the participation of the Congress party. However, the Congress party had missed an absolute majority and was dependent on the support of other parties in the Lok Sabha. On June 21, 1991, PV Narasimha Rao was sworn in as prime minister of a Congress Party-led minority government. On July 15, 1991, the new government survived the first vote of confidence. In February 1992 the Punjab election was rescheduled.
Web links
- Rise an fall of VP Singh - General Elections 1989 - Emergence of Caste Politics on a large scale. primepoint.in, accessed on November 8, 2014 (English).
- History of India: National Front Government. indiansaga.com, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- 1991 Lok Sabha elections: PV Narasimha Rao cobbles together a government , pictures of the election
literature
- Ranbir Vohra: The Making of India - A Political History. 3rd edition 2013, ME Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7656-2367-6 . (Paperback), a brief summary of recent Indian history
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Election Results - Full Statistical Reports. Indian Election Commission, accessed on December 22, 2018 (English, election results of all Indian elections to the Lok Sabha and the parliaments of the states since independence).
- ^ Opposition Parties. countrystudies.us, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- ↑ Vijay Sanghvi: The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi. Chapter 10: The failed Messiah p. 168
- ↑ 1977 were the three rivals Moraji Desai, Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Dipankar Sinha: VP Singh, Chandra Shekhar, and "Nowhere Politics" in India. Asian Survey Vol. 31, No. 7 (Jul. 1991), pp. 598-612 JSTOR 2645379
- ^ Amendments to the Indian Constitution. (No longer available online.) UPSCguide.com, archived from the original on November 28, 2014 ; accessed on November 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Anil Nauriya: Hiss of the Serpent: The 59th Amendment. Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 23, No. 24 (Jun. 11, 1988), pp. 1211-1214 JSTOR 4378607
- ^ Altaf Hussain: Kashmir's flawed elections. BBC News, September 14, 2002, accessed November 12, 2014 .
- ↑ Who are the Kashmir militants? BBC News, August 1, 2012, accessed November 11, 2014 .
- ↑ 14 yrs down, JKLF admits Rubaiya kidnap. The Times of India, February 8, 2004, accessed November 11, 2014 .
- ↑ 19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror. rediff.com, January 19, 2005, accessed November 11, 2014 .
- ↑ A Piece Of Home: 'The earth of Kashmir is sacred'. BBC News, December 30, 2014, accessed December 30, 2014 (an eyewitness account).
- ^ Statistics on Civilians Affected by War in Northeast 1974-2004. (PDF) (No longer available online.) North East Secretariat On Human Rights (NESOHR), Karadippokku Junction, Kilinochchi, archived from the original on February 25, 2009 ; accessed on November 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Shri LK Advani: Ram Rath Yatra September - October 1990. Bharatiya Janata Party, accessed on November 9, 2014 (English).
- ^ Ranbir Vohra: The Making of India: a Political History. ME Sharpe Amonk, New York 2013 3rd edition, pp. 277f ISBN 978-0-7656-2366-9 .
- ↑ 1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi. BBC News, May 21, 1991, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Bernhard Weinraub: India Resumes Voting in Delayed Election Today. The New York Times, June 12, 1991, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- ↑ Sympathy Vote May Bring Gandhi's Party the Majority He Wasn't Expected to Win: Martyrdom: 'The people will not pardon this at the polls,' a candidate says. Los Angeles Times, May 23, 1991, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- ↑ Gabriele Venzky: After the murder of Rajiv Gandhi: From myth to chaos. Die Zeit online, May 31, 1991, accessed on November 8, 2014 .
- ↑ Derek Brown: India calls day of mourning amid fears of poll violence. The Guardian, November 9, 1991, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- ^ Raju Gopalakrishnan: Violence Continues in India's Deadliest Elections, 85 Dead. AP News Archive, May 21, 1991, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- ^ Barbara Crossette: 40 killed in India as voting begins. The New York Times, May 21, 1991, accessed November 8, 2014 .
- ^ State: Uttar Pradesh, Constituency: Meerut. rediff.com, accessed November 9, 2014 .
- ^ State: Bihar, Constituency: Patna. rediff.com, accessed November 9, 2014 .
- ^ State: Bihar, Constituency: Purnea. rediff.com, accessed November 9, 2014 .
- ^ K. Shankar Bajpai: India in 1991: New Beginnings. Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1991: Part II (Feb. 1992), pp. 207-216. JSTOR 2645220
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