Scheduled Tribes

2011: Shares of the then 705 Scheduled Tribes (104.3 million nationals: 8.6% of all residents) to the populations of 29 states and 7 union territories in India highest proportion (especially 85-95% Northeast India ) lower proportion: 2 –9%  lower proportion: 0–0.5%




Scheduled Tribes ( English schedule "list", tribe " tribe "; Hindi अनुसूचित जनजाति ; German equivalent: "registered tribal communities"; Singular: the Scheduled Tribe ) or abbreviated ST is a legally valid administrative division in India for socio-culturally or ethno-linguistically defined indigenous peoples , which according to the Indian constitution as "weaker parts of the population" protection, state welfare and support programs, special rights and in Northeast India partly one be granted autonomous self-government . This recognition does not happen centrally, but at the level of the individual States and union territories and affects only their respective resident residents. In 2014, a total of 693 Scheduled Tribes were recognized, in the 2011 census in India there were 705 (104 million members: 9% of all residents), around 20 more were waiting for their official “listing” and others wanted to be assigned to main groups. Most of the tribal groups settle in 8 states in central India as well as in the small area of ​​the "seven sister states" in remote northeast India. The largest number of ST members live in the middle of India in the large Madhya Pradesh (15 million, 21% of the population); there is no ST in three states and in three territories ( see below ). 75 groups are considered to be socially “particularly vulnerable” in their pre-agricultural way of life; they are supported as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups ( PVTGs: around 10 million members). Many tribal peoples see themselves as Adivasi , as the "original inhabitants, first settlers" - but this designation is not recognized by the Indian government.

The administrative classification as Scheduled Tribes corresponds to the constitutional protective rights and support measures for members of Scheduled Castes (SC: "Listed Castes ") and for members of Other Backward Classes (OBC: "Other backward classes "). Accordingly, a small subgroup of a scheduled tribe recognized in the neighboring country may not be recognized at all in its own country, or be “listed” and promoted as SC or OBC or PVTG. So that has National Capital Territory Delhi no ST because in the large urban area, no ethnic group as " rural " (rural) can be classified, but only in one of the other social groups. Scheduled Tribes are not religiously bound and members have free choice of religion at any time - this distinguishes them from Scheduled Castes, which are part of Hindu legislation.

Definition and history of terms

The fathers of the Indian constitution, namely Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar , were very careful to establish the principle of equal opportunities in the heterogeneous population of India, which is very much determined by caste thinking, as well as religious and ethnic boundaries. Article 46 of the Constitution adopted in 1949 and entered into force in 1950 states:

"The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation."

"The state should take special care of the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the population, especially the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and should protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation."

- Indian Constitution of 1949 : Article 46

Article 342 stated that the President should have the right to specify certain population groups (“tribes or tribal communities or groups thereof”) as a Scheduled Tribe after consultation with the governor of the relevant state or union territory . The corresponding presidential decrees should only be able to be changed by a parliamentary decision.

Although not expressly stated in the constitution, this term was intended for population groups with a distinctive culture of their own and a “primitive, backward” way of life , isolated from the rest of the population of the state or territory in a geographically delimited area. The Indian Ministry of Tribal Affairs marked the two terms "primitive" and "isolated" in a commission report from 2014 as outdated and derogatory . The title of the report suggests tribal communities as the overarching designation for the many ethnic groups concerned (“tribal communities”).

Many of the Scheduled Tribes use the political name Adivasi , which means “original inhabitant”, but this name is not recognized by the Indian government.

Previous presidential decrees to specify the Scheduled Tribes
No.	designation	date	affected states and union territories
1	The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1950 (CO22)	September 6, 1950	Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Bihar , Gujarat , Goa , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Odisha , Rajasthan , Tamil Nadu , Telangana , Tripura , West Bengal
2	The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Union Territories) Order, 1951 (CO33)	September 20, 1951	Daman and Diu , Lakshadweep
3	The Constitution (Andaman AndNicobar Islands) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1959 (CO 58)	March 31, 1959	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4th	The Constitution (Dadra & Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1962 (CO 65)	June 30, 1962	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
5	The Constitution (Uttar Pradesh) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1967 (CO 78)	June 24, 1967	Uttar Pradesh
6th	The Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1970 (CO88)	July 23, 1970	Nagaland
7th	The Constitution (Sikkim) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1978 (CO111)	June 22, 1978	Sikkim
8th	The Constitution (Jammu & Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1989 (CO 142)	October 7, 1989	Jammu and Kashmir
Note: The names of the states in existence in 2011 are given here; The boundaries and names of the states and union territories changed several times over the course of time.

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

The Constitutional Article 338 initially given the office of " Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes" (Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) , which should support the President on these matters and report to him. To this end, 17 regional authorities across India have been set up to assist the Commissioner in these tasks. On July 21, 1978, the Office of the Commissioner was supplemented with the " Commission for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes" (Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) , renamed on September 1, 1987 in National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes .

With the 65th amendment of March 12, 1992, this commission received constitutional status and completely replaced the office of commissioner. It was then divided into two commissions (on February 19, 2004, the 89th Amendment to Article 338 with Article 338A) with separate competences: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): “National Commission for Scheduled Tribes ”.

Certified recognition

Since 1950 Indian presidents have issued a total of 9 decrees relating to Scheduled Tribes, 8 of which are still in force (see table opposite); the Constitution (Goa, Daman & Diu) Scheduled Tribes order 1968 was no longer valid after Goa was converted from a union territory to a federal state in 1987.

Recognition is regulated at state level, so a scheduled tribe can be recognized in one state but not in a neighboring state. The following are stated as decisive social characteristics of an ST:

1. Indications of primitive traits
2. distinctive culture (distinctive culture)
3. Reluctance of the community as a whole in relation to external contacts (shyness of contact with the community at large)
4. territorial isolation (insulation geographical)
5. Backwardness (backward ness)

To be recognized as a member of a Scheduled Tribe "listed" in the state or territory, the person must submit an application and meet various conditions:

• the person concerned and their parents must actually belong to the appropriate group at birth; Spouses of an ST member are not recognized as ST members
• the person must come from the state and region (Scheduled Areas) in which the group concerned is recognized as an ST,
• the person can belong to any religious community (this differs from the Scheduled Castes , which only include Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists).

If the applicant fulfills these conditions, the authorities can issue them with a certificate that they are a member of an ST. The official document must be formulated according to certain specifications and entitle to preferential treatment when awarding government agencies or, for example, university places. 7.5% of the total government agencies are reserved for members of Scheduled Tribes; the states and territories have their own quotas, based on the population shares of the respective ST.

statistics

Most of the total of 693 Scheduled Tribes (2014) are located in 8  states in central India and in the "seven sister states " in northeast India - there are no STs in Haryana and Punjab and the three territories of Chandigarh , Delhi and Puducherry ; Telangana only became a separate state from 2014 (until then part of Andhra Pradesh ). The exact number of tribes and their members can change annually because subgroups are sometimes referred to differently or assigned to different main groups or claim this for themselves; in 2011, 705 ST were officially registered. The legal recognition of an ethnic group as a “Scheduled Tribe” is only ever valid for the residents of the respective federal state or union territory.

Most populous Scheduled Tribes

The following list shows the 33 largest Scheduled Tribes according to the census in India 2011 (76% ≈ 80 of a total of 104 million members) with their population development ( population explosion from +25%), their proportions and their gender distribution (number of female members each 1000 male) as well as the populated states / territories - the growth rates from 2001 can also be due to new state regulations, so some subgroups were assigned differently:

	ST name	Relatives	From 2001 onwards	proportion of	Female	2011 recognized as a Scheduled Tribe in these states and union territories
0	705 ST:	104.281.034	+ 23.66%	100%	990  : 1000	8.61% of the population ( 1,210,854,977 | +17.69% from 2001 | 943 females per 1000 males)
1	Bhil	17,071,049	+34.42%	16.37%	980: 1000	Madhya Pradesh , Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tripura, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
2	Gond	13,256,928	+ 22.08%	12.71%	1004: 1000	Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh u. a. (total 11)
3	Santal	6,570,807	+ 12.55%	6.30%	1007: 1000	Jharkhand , West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Tripura
4th	Mina	4,345,528	+ 14.36%	4.17%	919: 1000	Rajasthan
5	Naikda	3,787,639	+ 13.23%	3.63%	987: 1000	Daman and Diu , Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra
6th	Oraon	3,682,992	+17.21%	3.53%	1002: 1000	West Bengal , Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
7th	Sugalis	2,407,637	+ 15.87%	2.31%	956: 1000	Andhra Pradesh
8th	Munda	2,203,006	+ 14.85%	2.11%	998: 1000	Jharkhand , Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh
9	Koli Dhor	2,152,540	?	2.06%	968: 1000	Maharashtra , Gujarat, Karnataka, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh
10	Naga	1,673,555	−8.10%	1.60%	976: 1000	Nagaland
11	Khond	1,628,501	+ 16.54%	1.56%	1059: 1000	Bihar , West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha
12	Koli Mahadev	1,459,565	+ 18.90%	1.40%	966: 1000	Maharashtra
13	Khasi	1,428,745	+ 25.51%	1.37%	1032: 1000	Meghalaya , Assam, Mizoram
14th	Bodo (Boro)	1,361,735	+0.66%	1.31%	994: 1000	Assam
15th	Col	1,263,818	+ 27.48%	1.21%	963: 1000	Odisha (Orissa), Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Jharkhand
16	Varli	1,238,066	+ 27.00%	1.19%	1014: 1000	Gujarat , Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa
17th	Kokna	1,076,854	+ 16.20%	1.03%	994: 1000	Dadra and Nagar Haveli , Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka
18th	Gujjar	1,073,201	+34.26%	1.03%	922: 1000	Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh
19th	Ho	1,033,095	+ 28.03%	0.99%	1020: 1000	Bihar , West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa
20th	Garo	1,000,511	+37.91%	0.96%	988: 1000	Meghalaya , Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura
21st	Korku	995.823	+ 28.63%	0.96%	961: 1000	Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
22nd	Kawar	946.672	+ 16.47%	0.91%	1008: 1000	Odisha (Orissa), Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
23	Bhumij	869.653	+ 13.55%	0.83%	993: 1000	West Bengal , Jharkhand, Odisha
24	Mizo (Lushai)	747.858	+ 12.00%	0.72%	1023: 1000	Assam , Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya
25th	Koya	738.629	+ 6.70%	0.71%	1049: 1000	Maharashtra , Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
26th	Saharia	685.757	+ 30.12%	0.66%	943: 1000	Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
27	Mising (Miri)	680.424	+ 15.85%	0.65%	968: 1000	Assam , Arunachal Pradesh
28	Dhodia	680.090	?	0.65%	1000  : 1000	Gujarat , Daman & Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Goa
29	Dubla	675.945	+ 7.70%	0.65%	995: 1000	Goa , Gujarat, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Karnataka
30th	Halba	650.631	+1.81%	0.63%	1013: 1000	Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
31	Rathawa	642.881	+ 19.91%	0.62%	973: 1000	Gujarat
32	Kolha	625.009	?	0.60%	1015: 1000	Odisha (Orissa)
33	Tripuri	592.255	+ 8.90%	0.57%	985: 1000	Tripura
#	ST name	Relatives	From 2001 onwards	proportion of	Female	2011 resident of these states and union territories

Proportion of the population of the states and union territories

The following list shows the proportions of the members of Scheduled Tribes in the population of the 29 states and 7 union territories (indented here) after the census in India 2011 with their growth rate since 2001, their proportion of the population, their gender distribution (number of female residents per 1000 males) as well as their respective proportion of the total of 104 million ST members - there are no STs in the 5 states / territories of Chandigarh , Delhi , Haryana , Puducherry and Punjab ( Telangana was only created in 2014 ):

	State 1–29 Union Territory 30–36	Residents					Scheduled Tribes
		2011	From 2001 onwards	proportion of	rural	Female	2011	From 2001 onwards	proportion of	Female	ST	proportion of
0	India	1,210,854,977	+ 17.6  %	100%	68.8  %	943  : 1000	104.281.034	+ 23.7  %	8.6  %	990  : 1000	693	100%
1	Andhra Pradesh (with Telangana )	84,580,777	+ 11.0%	4.1%	66.6%	993: 1000	5,918,073	+ 17.8%	7.0%	993: 1000	25th	5.68%
2	Arunachal Pradesh	1,383,727	+ 26.0%	0.1%	77.1%	938: 1000	951.821	+ 35.0%	68.8%	1032: 1000	16	0.91%
3	Assam	31.205.576	+ 17.1%	2.6%	85.9%	958: 1000	3,884,371	+ 17.4%	12.4%	985: 1000	29	3.72%
4th	Bihar	104.099.452	+ 25.4%	8.6%	88.7%	918: 1000	1,336,573	+76.2%	1.3%	958: 1000	33	1.28%
5	Chhattisgarh	25,545,198	+ 22.6%	2.1%	76.8%	991: 1000	7,822,902	+ 18.2%	30.6%	1020: 1000	42	7.50%
6th	Goa	1,458,545	+ 8.2%	0.1%	37.8%	973: 1000	149.275	?	10.2%	1046: 1000	8th	0.14%
7th	Gujarat	60,439,692	+ 19.3%	5.0%	57.4%	919: 1000	8,917,174	+ 19.2%	14.8%	981: 1000	29	8.55%
8th	Haryana	25,353,081	+ 19.9%	2.1%	65.1%	879: 1000	0	-	0	-	0	-
9	Himachal Pradesh	6,864,602	+ 12.9%	0.6%	90.0%	972: 1000	392.126	+ 60.3%	5.7%	999: 1000	10	0.38%
10	Jammu and Kashmir	12,541,302	+ 23.6%	1.0%	72.6%	889: 1000	1,493,299	+ 35.0%	11.9%	924: 1000	12	1.43%
11	Jharkhand	32,988,134	+ 22.4%	2.7%	76.0%	948: 1000	8,645,042	+ 22.0%	26.2%	1003: 1000	32	8.29%
12	Karnataka	61,095,297	+ 15.6%	5.1%	61.3%	973: 1000	4,248,987	+ 22.7%	7.0%	990: 1000	50	4.07%
13	Kerala	33,406,061	+ 4.9%	2.8%	52.3%	1084: 1000	484,839	+ 33.1%	1.5%	1035: 1000	36	0.46%
14th	Madhya Pradesh	72.626.809	+ 20.4%	6.0%	72.4%	931: 1000	15,316,784	+ 25.2%	21.1%	984: 1000	43	14.69%
15th	Maharashtra	112.374.333	+ 16.0%	9.3%	54.8%	929: 1000	10.510.213	+ 22.5%	9.4%	977: 1000	45	10.08%
16	Manipur	2,570,390	+ 24.5%	0.2%	67.5%	985: 1000	902.740	+ 21.8%	35.1%	1002: 1000	34	0.87%
17th	Meghalaya	2,966,889	+ 28.0%	0.2%	79.9%	989: 1000	2,555,861	+ 28.3%	86.1%	1013: 1000	17th	2.45%
18th	Mizoram	1.097.206	+ 23.5%	0.1%	47.9%	976: 1000	1,036,115	+ 23.4%	94.4%	1007: 1000	15th	0.99%
19th	Nagaland	1,978,502	−0.6%	0.2%	71.1%	931: 1000	1,710,973	−3.6%	86.5%	976: 1000	5	1.64%
20th	Odisha (until 2011: Orissa)	41,974,218	+ 14.1%	3.5%	83.3%	979: 1000	9,590,756	+ 17.7%	22.8%	1029: 1000	62	9.20%
21st	Punjab	27,743,338	+ 13.9%	2.3%	62.5%	895: 1000	0	-	0	-	0	-
22nd	Rajasthan	68,548,437	+ 21.3%	5.7%	75.1%	928: 1000	9,238,534	+ 30.2%	13.5%	948: 1000	12	8.86%
23	Sikkim	610,577	+ 12.9%	<0.1%	74.8%	890: 1000	20,636	+ 85.2%	3.4%	960: 1000	4th	0.02%
24	Tamil Nadu	72.147.030	+ 15.6%	6.0%	51.6%	996: 1000	794.697	+ 22.0%	1.1%	981: 1000	36	0.76%
25th	Telangana (from 2014)	35.286.757	-	3.0%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
26th	Tripura	3,673,917	+ 14.8%	0.3%	73.8%	960: 1000	1,166,813	+ 17.5%	31.8%	983: 1000	19th	1.12%
27	Uttar Pradesh	199.812.341	+ 20.2%	16.5%	77.7%	912: 1000	1,134,273	+ 950.6%	0.6%	952: 1000	15th	1.09%
28	Uttarakhand	10,086,292	+ 18.8%	0.8%	69.8%	963: 1000	291.903	+ 14.0%	2.9%	963: 1000	5	0.28%
29	West Bengal	91.276.115	+ 13.8%	7.6%	68.1%	950: 1000	5,296,953	+ 20.2%	5.8%	999: 1000	40	5.08%
30th	· Andaman and Nicobar Islands	380,581	+ 6.9%	<0.1%	62.3%	876: 1000	2,853	−3.2%	0.7%	937: 1000	6th	0.003%
31	· Chandigarh	1,055,450	+ 17.2%	0.1%	2.7%	818: 1000	0	-	0	-	0	-
32	· Dadra and Nagar Haveli	343,709	+ 55.9%	<0.1%	53.3%	774: 1000	178,564	+ 30.1%	52.0%	1010: 1000	7th	0.17%
33	· Daman and Diu	243.247	+ 53.8%	<0.1%	24.8%	618: 1000	15,363	+ 9.8%	6.3%	977: 1000	5	0.01%
34	· Delhi (Capital Territory)	16,787,941	+ 21.2%	1.4%	2.5%	868: 1000	0	-	0	-	0	-
35	· Lakshadweep (islands)	64,473	+ 6.3%	<0.1%	21.9%	946: 1000	61.120	+6.6%	94.8%	1003: 1000	1	0.06%
36	· Puducherry	1,247,953	+ 28.1%	0.1%	31.7%	1037: 1000	0	-	0	-	0	-
#	State 1–29 Union Territory 30–36	2011	From 2001 onwards	proportion of	rural	Female	2011	From 2001 onwards	proportion of	Female	ST	proportion of
		Residents					Scheduled Tribes

See also:

• States / territories according to their HDI ( Human Development Index )
• States / territories according to their GDP ( gross domestic product )

Social development indicators

The statistics of the Indian census show that the Scheduled Tribes underperform the rest of the population on practically all social development indicators. The level of education, health or health care is worse - poverty, unemployment, alcoholism are more common and the social position of women is generally less favorable.

poverty

A 2013 study compares the proportion of Scheduled Tribes who lived below the poverty line between 1994 and 2012 , which was 43% of ST members in 2012, almost twice as many as the Indian average of 22%:

Proportion of the population below the poverty line
Social group	1994	2005	1994-2005	2010	2012	2005–2012
India as a whole	45.7%	37.7%	−8.0%	29.9%	22.0%	−15.7%
Scheduled Tribes	63.7%	60.0%	−3.7%	45.6%	43.0%	−17.0%

Literacy rates 2011 of the total population and the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC)

Reading ability

The literacy rate of the Scheduled Tribes in comparison to the total population can be used as a yardstick for social development (compare India's rate of literacy in a global comparison ). Here, the censuses of the last few decades showed an average significantly higher rate of non-readers among the Scheduled Tribes, even if their distance to the rest of the population has slowly decreased.

The following list shows the literacy rates in India according to the 1961 to 2011 censuses with average values, whereby some of the Scheduled Tribes may show a higher level of development than the average population (for example the Khasi with 77% compared to 74% in the northeast Indian Meghalaya ):

	Reading skills in India				gap	Scheduled Tribes
	Men	Women	gap	⌀		⌀	Men	Women	gap
2011	82.14%	65.46%	16.7%	74.04  %	15.1  %	58.95  %	68.53%	49.35%	19.2%
2001	75.26%	53.67%	21.6%	64.84%	17.7%	47.10%	59.17%	34.76%	24.4%
1991	64.13%	39.29%	24.8%	52.21%	22.6%	29.60%	40.65%	18.19%	22.5%
1981	56.38%	29.76%	26.6%	43.57%	27.2%	16.35%	24.52%	08.04%	16.5%
1971	45.96%	21.97%	24.0%	34.45%	23.2%	11.30%	17.63%	04.85%	12.8%
1961	40.40%	15.35%	25.0%	28.30%	19.8%	08.53%	13.83%	03.16%	10.7%

Land ownership

A government survey of private household land ownership in India in 2003 found that the Scheduled Tribes owned slightly more households than the Indian average, and that each tribal household owned slightly more land than the average (0.70 hectares versus 0, 56 per household). Across India, however, the share of land ownership fell among the total of 705 Scheduled Tribes: while 45% of tribesmen worked on their own land in 2001, it was only 35% in 2011, while the proportion of tribesmen who worked on foreign land was 46%. stayed the same.

Human Development Index

The average human development index (HDI: Human Development Index ) of the total of 705 Scheduled Tribes was calculated by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP-India) in both 2000 and 2005 with a low 0.270 - well below the India-wide averages of 0.461 and 0.605 (Compare also HDI of the federal states and India's HDI 2017: 0.639 at 130th place worldwide ).

"Other religions and beliefs"

The following list contains the 20 “other religions and beliefs” with the highest number of followers , which were given in the 2011 census in India instead of the 6 major Indian religions under Other Religions and Persuasions (code no. 700000 and following), plus their share in the Indian one Population, their ratio of country to city and their gender distribution (female to 1000 male followers), as well as the state with its largest share (especially central and northeast India ) and the Scheduled Tribe based there with most of the followers there - with the exception the 57,000  Parsees ( Zoroastrianism ) and the 33,000 atheists (see Atheism in India ) are ethnic religions , borne primarily by indigenous peoples, but which are only recognized as resident Scheduled Tribe (ST) in individual states (see also “Other religions "In the states ):

India 2011:   " Other Religions and Beliefs " (0.66% of the 1,211 million inhabitants)
	No.	designation	pendant	throughout India	rural	Female	most in	proportion of	pendant	proportion of	there ST	pendant	proportion of
0	700000	" Other Religions ..."	7,937,734	0.6555  %	90.7  %	1009  : 1000	Jharkhand	53.36%	4,235,786 of 33.0 million	12.84%	Oraon	1,049,077 of 1,717,000	61.11  %
1	701146	" Sarna " ( info )	4,957,467	0.4094%	92.6%	1005: 1000	Jharkhand	83.33%	4,131,282 of 33.0 million	12.52%	Oraon	1,000,016 of 1,717,000	58.26%
2	701052	"Gond, Gondi"	1,026,344	0.0848%	98.2%	1024: 1000	Madhya Pradesh	56.99%	584,884 of 72.6 million	0.81%	Gond	545,067 of 5,093,000	10.70%
3	701145	"Sari Dharma"	506.369	0.0418%	97.6%	1017: 1000	West Bengal	99.99%	506,350 of 91.3 million	0.55%	Santal	478,193 of 2,512,000	19.03%
4th	701047	"Doni Polo, Sidonyi Polo"	331,370	0.0274%	81.3%	1015: 1000	Arunachal Pradesh	97.96%	324,604 of 1.4 million	23.46  %	Nyishi	73,699 out of 0.250,000	29.50%
5	702029	"Sanamahi"	222,422	0.0184%	60.1%	1019: 1000	Manipur	99.95%	222,315 of 2.7 million	8.17%	Kabui	453 out of 0.104,000	0.44%
6th	701080	"Khasi" ( Niam Khasi )	138,512	0.0114%	89.5%	1006: 1000	Meghalaya	99.98%	138,480 of 3.0 million	4.59%	Khasi	130,420 of 1,412,000	9.24%
7th	701002	"Addi Bassi"	86,877	0.0072%	88.2%	990: 1000	Jharkhand	48.83%	42,422 of 33.0 million	0.13%	Oraon	35,452 of 1,717,000	2.07%
8th	701118	"Niamtre" ( Khasi-Jaintia )	84.276	0.0070%	88.1%	1056  : 1000	Meghalaya	99.98%	84,258 of 3.0 million	2.73%	Khasi	77,551 of 1,412,000	5.49%
9	702048	"Adi Dharm"	82,255	0.0068%	95.6%	1004: 1000	Odisha (Orissa)	65.30%	53,711 of 42.0 million	0.13%	Oraon	50,151 of 0.358,000	14.00%
10	702023	" Parsi, Zorastrian "	57,264	0.0047%	03.4%	1037: 1000	Maharashtra	78.33%	44,854 BC 112.4 million	0.04%	( Parsing )	(44,854 of 0044,854)	100.00%
11	701291	"Adim dhamm"	57.022	0.0047%	97.7%	1032: 1000	Chhattisgarh	99.98%	57,011 of 25.5 million	0.22%	Gond	37,709 of 4,298,000	0.88%
12	702052	"Atheist" ( info )	33,304	0.0028%	68.5%	893: 1000	Maharashtra	28.98%	9,652 BC 112.4 million	<0.01%	Bhil	5,772 of 5,994,000	0.10%
13	702051	"Bidin"	29,553	0.0024%	99.9  %	1034: 1000	Jharkhand	98.76%	29,187 of 33.0 million	0.09%	Santal	27,331 of 2,755,000	0.99%
14th	701003	"Adi"	24,381	0.0020%	88.4%	1022: 1000	Jharkhand	37.47%	9,135 of 33.0 million	0.03%	Oraon	6,906 of 1,717,000	0.40%
15th	701156	" Songsarek "	19,834	0.0016%	99.9  %	1019: 1000	Meghalaya	99.84%	19,803 of 3.0 million	0.65%	Garo	17,257 of 0.821,000	2.10%
16	701174	"Yumasam"	19.093	0.0016%	92.8%	979: 1000	Sikkim	64.58%	12,331 of 0.6 million	2.03%	Limboo	11,797 of 0.054,000	21.97%
17th	701169	"Tribal Religion"	17,393	0.0014%	91.0%	953: 1000	Arunachal Pradesh	84.30%	14,663 of 1.4 million	1.06%	Mishmi / Idu	6,421 out of 0.032,000	19.93%
18th	701180	"Rangfra"	10,598	0.0009%	89.4%	1003: 1000	Arunachal Pradesh	100 , 00%	10,598 of 1.4 million	0.77%	Tangsa	2,968 out of 0.015,000	19.41%
19th	701060	"Heraka"	9,956	0.0008%	59.5%	1042: 1000	Manipur	64.72%	6,444 of 2.7 million	0.24%	Kabui	5,949 out of 0.104,000	5.73%
20th	701142	"Santal"	6,485	0.0005%	89.8%	1013: 1000	West Bengal	69.07%	4,479 of 91.3 million	<0.01%	Santal	3,321 of 2,512,000	0.13%
#	code	Religion / belief	pendant	throughout India	rural	Female	most in	proportion of	pendant	proportion of	Sched. Tribe	pendant	proportion of

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)

PVTGs with fewer than 1000 relatives in 2001
	Tribal group	2001	2011	State / territory
1	Raji in Uttar Pradesh	998	2241	Uttar Pradesh
2	Kota in Tamil Nadu	925	308	Tamil Nadu
3	Korwa in Bihar	703	452	Bihar
4th	Birhor in Odisha	702	596	Odisha (Orissa)
5	Sauria Paharia in Bihar	585	1932	Bihar
6th	Raji in Uttarakhand	517	1295	Uttarakhand
7th	Savar in Bihar	420	80	Bihar
8th	Birhor in Bihar	406	377	Bihar
9	Shompen	398	229	Andaman / Nicobar Islands
10	Cholanaickan	326	124	Kerala
11	Jarawa	240	380	Andaman / Nicobar Islands
12	Mankidi	205	31	Odisha (Orissa)
13	Asur in Bihar	181	4129	Bihar
14th	Birhor in Madhya Pradesh	143	52	Madhya Pradesh
15th	Onge	96	101	Andaman / Nicobar Islands
16	Great Andaman	43	44	Andaman / Nicobar Islands
17th	Sentinelese	39	15th	Andaman / Nicobar Islands
18th	Birjia in Bihar	17th	208	Bihar

Of the 693 Scheduled Tribes (2014) has a modern part of life accepted, but 75 communities are considered officially as "particularly vulnerable tribal groups," as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). They live in 16 states and on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; some like the Sentinelese there belong to the few still existing isolated peoples (only 15 members in 2011), others are small subgroups of larger Scheduled Tribes in other states. Not all PVTGs are recognized as ST ethnic groups; they can also belong to the Scheduled Castes ("listed castes ") or the Other Backward Classes ("other backward classes ").

Total population of the vulnerable groups

In 2001 the 75 recognized PVTGs had a total of 2.77 million dependents (3.3% of the 84 million ST population and 0.3% of India's residents). No official total is given for 2011 because different groups and communities have since been divided up differently. In 2013, a report by the Indian Ministry of Tribal Affairs lists a total of 93 PVTGs with a total of 10.7 million members - the number 50 Abujh Maria in Madhya Pradesh (together with Chhattisgarh ) alone has 5.1 million members:

• 2011: ≈10.71 million
• 2001: ≈02.77 million
• 1991: ≈02.41 million
• 1981: ≈02.26 million
• 1971: ≈01.40 million
• 1961: ≈00.77 million

Social characteristics of the PVGTs

For the endangered groups there are special state protection and support measures that are laid out in 5-year plans; In 2013, four social characteristics will be described for the identification of PVTGs:

1. pre-agricultural level of technology (pre-agriculture level of technology)
2. no population growth or decline (stagnant or declining population)
3. very low literacy (extremely low literacy)
4. only needs economic (subsistence level of economy)

In 2014, the commission report of the Indian Ministry of Tribal Affairs formulated detailed programs to support the PVTGs and named the following five criteria:

1. in need of forests lifestyle (forest-dependent livelihoods)
2. pre-agricultural level of existence (pre-agricultural level of existence)
3. no population growth or decline (stagnant or declining population)
4. low literacy rates (low literacy rates)
5. Even utilities (subsistence-based economy)

literature

• 2013: Census of India 2011 : Scheduled Tribes in India: As revealed in Census 2011. Edited by C. Chandramouli, Registrar General & Census Commissioner India. New Delhi May 3, 2013 (English; only charts & tables; PDF: 12.2 MB, 50 pages on ruralindiaonline.org).
• 2011: Census of India: Primary Census Abstract: Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner India, New Delhi October 28, 2013 (English; PPT-Powerpoint: 11 MB, 55 tables & maps on censusindia.gov.in).
• 2014: Ministry of Tribal Affairs: Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities Of India. Government of India, New Delhi May 2014 (English; extensive evaluation; PDF: 5.0 MB, 431 pages at indiaenvironmentportal.org.in).
• 2013: Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Statistics Division: Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India 2013. Government of India, New Delhi 2013 (English; analysis of the census in India 2011, tables from p. 115; PDF: 18.1 MB, 448 pages on tribal.nic.in).
• 2015: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): Handbook 2015. Government of India, New Delhi 2015 (English; documented working principles, without tables; PDF: 7.3 MB, 136 pages on ncst.nic.in).
• 2001: Tiplut Nongbri: Democracy, Gender and Tribes: A Critical Appraisal of India's Constitutional Policies. In: Indian Anthropologist. Volume 31, No. 2, December 2001, pp. 1–14 (English; JSTOR 41919894 ).
• 2010: AK Nongkynrih: Scheduled Tribes and the Census: A Sociological Inquiry. In: Economic and Political Weekly. Volume 45, No. 16, 8-14. May 2010, pp. 43-47 (English; JSTOR 27807000 ).
• 1997: Kumar Suresh Singh (Ed.): The Scheduled Tribes (= People of India. Volume 3). Published by the Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture of India. New edition, revised. Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564253-8 (English).
• 1985: Kumar Suresh Singh: Tribal Society in India - An Anthropo-historical Perspective. Manohar, New Delhi 1985 (English; searchable in Google book search).

Religions:

• 2011: Jatinder K. Bajaj: Scheduled Tribes of India: Religious Demography and Representation. Center for Policy Studies, New Delhi / Chennai 2011 (English; based on data from 2001; PDF download from cpsindia.org).
• 1999: SK Chaube: The Scheduled Tribes and Christianity in India. In: Economic and Political Weekly. Volume 34, No. 9, February / March 1999, pp. 524-526 (English; JSTOR 4407697 ).
• 2017: Iqtidar Karamat Cheema: Constitutional and Legal Challenges Faced by Religious Minorities in India. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), Washington DC February 2017 (English; PDF download from uscirf.gov).

Web links

Commons : Indigenous Tribal Peoples of India (Adivasi)  - Collection of images and media files

• Ministry of Tribal Affairs:

Names of all ST per state: State / Union Territory-wise list of Scheduled Tribes in India. (PDF: 157 kB, 13 pages).

Evaluations of ST: Statistics.

• India census 2011:

ST shares of states: Scheduled Tribe Population - Census 2011.

Tables: Population Enumeration Data (Final Population). (Section: “Data on Scheduled Tribes”).

• Religions:

Zeeshan Shaikh: Christian, Muslim tribals fastest growing demographic groups: Census dept. In: The Indian Express. April 15, 2016.

Tahir Mahmood: Are All Tribals Hindus? In: Akhbar: A Window on South Asia. 2002 (based on an article from The Hindustan Times. January 28, 1999).

Individual evidence

• ( M1 ) Ministry of Tribal Affairs (2013) with a comprehensive analysis of the 2011 census in India on ST (448 pages):
  Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Statistics Division: Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India 2013. Government of India, New Delhi 2013 (English; PDF: 18.1 MB, 448 pages on tribal.nic.in).

1. ↑ Criteria for recognition as ST: P. 1: Scheduled Tribes: Quote: “The essential characteristics […] for a community to be identified as Scheduled Tribes are: a) indications of primitive traits; b) distinctive culture; c) shyness of contact with the community at large; d) geographical isolation; and e) backwardness. "
2. ^ Occurrence of ST: pp. 1–5: Distribution of Tribes .
3. ↑ ^{a b} The 38 largest ST (from 500,000 members) and their countries of residence (2011): pp. 141–144, Table T 1.23: List of Tribe with more than 5 lakh of population and their usual place of habitation as per Census 2011 .
   Note: The source lacks 2 STs for the most populous: Mina (4.3 million) and Koli Mahadev (1.5 million), but they are listed under the respective states (Rajasthan: p. 146, Maharashtra: p. 158xiii).
4. ↑ ^{a b} All states with population figures and their growth rates (without shares) as well as their ST members and their growth rates and shares (2011): p. 121/122: Table T 1.6: State-wise Demographic Status of Total Population & ST Population ( Census 1991, 2001 & 2011), their decadal growth rate (from 2001) and proportions of STs to the State and to the Country's total population .
5. ↑ ^{a b} Gender distribution in ST per state (2011): p. 129: Table T 1.13: State-wise Sex Ratio among Scheduled Tribes by residence - Census 2001–2011.
6. ↑ Underprivileged ST: S. ??.
7. ↑ ^{a b} Literacy rates in India and in ST (1961–2011): p. 164, Table T 2.1: Literacy Rate of All Social Groups, SC and ST Population (1961–2011) .
8. ↑ ^{a b} Number of members per scheduled tribe per state (2011): pp. 145–158xx: multi-page table T 1.24: Census 2011: State-wise list of STs with details in terms of Households, Population (Total, Male, Female), sex ratio, child sex ratio, Literacy (Total, Male, Female), Worker Participation Rate, Main worker and Marginal Worker (English; PDF: 18.1 MB, 448 pages on tribal.nic.in).
9. ↑ ^{a b} 93 PVTGs (1961–2011): pp. 159–162: Table T 1.25: State-wise Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) and their Population in India: (1961 to 2011) .
10. ↑ PVTGS: p. 1: Scheduled Tribes . Quote: "Tribal groups are at different stages of social, economic and educational development. While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterized by: a) pre-agriculture level of technology; b) stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) subsistence level of economy. "

• ( M2 )
  Ministry of Tribal Affairs (2014) with an extensive commission report on ST (431 pages): Ministry of Tribal Affairs: Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities Of India. Government of India, New Delhi May 2014 (English; PDF: 5.0 MB, 431 pages at indiaenvironmentportal.org.in).

1. ↑ History of terms for Scheduled Tribes : pp. 51–57 4.1: Definitions of 'tribe' , here p. 57; Quote: "In recent years, commentators have questioned the established criteria for inclusion as both outdated (since 'isolated existence' does not hold true for most communities today, even those living in remote forest areas) and derogatory to tribal groups (the idea of 'primitivism' is insulting to tribal culture and identity). ”The commission recommends the designation of tribal communities in the title of its publication .
2. ↑ On the ST self-name “Adivasi”: pp. 24–33 2nd: Introduction , here p. 25; Quote: "However, many tribal communities employ the term 'adivasi' (original inhabitant) as a political term of self-reference - although this term is not recognized by the Government of India."
3. ↑ ^{a b c} On the number of STs per state, a total of 693 (2014): p. 43/44 3.3: Number of Scheduled Tribes , here p. 44 Table 3.6: State-wise Number of Scheduled Tribes .
4. ↑ ST members and percentages per state (2011): pp. 37/38 Table 3.1: Total population of STs and proportion of STs in each state to the total state and national population.
   → Relatives and growth rates (1991–2011): pp. 41/42 Table 3.4: State-wise ST population and decadal growth rate.
5. ↑ ^{a b} ST proportions below the poverty line (1994–2012): pp. 147–150: 5.8: Poverty Profile , here p. 148: Table 5.40: Poverty by Social Groups, 1993-94 to 2011-12 in All-India - Rural, Urban and Combined.
6. ↑ Landownership by Scheduled Tribes (2003): pp. 98–100: 5.3 Land Ownership .
7. ↑ 19 PVTGs with fewer than 1000 relatives (2001): p. 48: Table 3.12: PVTGs with a population of less than 1000 persons .
8. ↑ PVTGs chapter: pp. 59–63: 4.3 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) , here p. 59; Quote: "75 tribal groups, have been identified as such on the basis of the following criteria: 1) forest-dependent livelihoods, 2) pre-agricultural level of existence, 3) stagnant or declining population, 4) low literacy rates and 5 ) a subsistence-based economy. “
   → To the recommendations of the commission regarding PVTGS: P. 153: 5.10: Recommendations - 12. The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) .
   → On PVTGS food security and land use rights: pp. 316–318: 9.2: Forest Rights Act - 9.2.4: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups: Food Security and Habitat Rights .
   → To strengthen PVTGS 'own institutions: p. 382: 10 .: Delivery of Public Goods and Services - 10.4: Strengthening of Institutions for PVTGs .

• Other documents

1. ^ Constitution of India : Article 46. 1949 (English; online at indiankanoon.org).
2. ^ Constitution of India : Article 338.1949 (English; online at indiankanoon.org).
3. ↑ NCST: Homepage .
   → Working basis: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): Handbook 2015. Government of India, New Delhi 2015 (English, without tables; PDF: 7.3 MB, 136 pages on ncst.nic.in).
4. ↑ Compare the data from 2005: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): Reservation for Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Government of India, New Delhi, around 2005 (English; PDF: 662 kB, 19 pages on archive.org).
5. ↑ ^{a b} Information on the most populous ST 2001 (from 0.5 million members): Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Statistics Division: Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India. Government of India, New Delhi, 2013 (? Fragment), PDF page 17: Table Tribes with more than 5 Lakh of Population as per census 2001. (English, without page numbers; 5 lakh = 500,000; PDF: 1.6 MB , 17 pages on archive.org).
6. ↑ ^{a b} Census of India 2011 (basic data): States Census 2011. ( Memento from November 28, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Census Population 2015 Data, accessed on January 10, 2019 (English; without Telangana , and only claimed total numbers for the controversial [ [Jammu and Kashmir (State) |]]).
7. ↑ ^{a b} Percentages of rural areas in India: Census of India 2011: Primary Census Abstract - India: Chapter 1 - Population, Size and Decadal Change. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner India (C. Chandramouli), New Delhi 2013, p. 12: Table Statement 5: Proportion of rural and urban population: 2001–2011 ( PDF: 8.8 MB, 27 pages on censusindia .gov.in).
8. ↑ Census of India 2011 (gender ratio): Sex Ratio in India. ( Memento of November 28, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Census Population 2015 Data, accessed on January 10, 2019 (English; without Telangana ).
9. ↑ Land ownership at Scheduled Tribes 2001-2011: Ashwani Mahajan: Depriving the poor. In: DH Deccan Herald. Mysore November 2013, accessed January 10, 2019.
10. ↑ UNDP -india: India Fact Sheet: Gender and Social Exclusion Indicators. United Nations Development Program, undated (English; PDF: 633 kB, 2 pages at in.undp.org).
11. ↑ ^{a b} "Other religions and beliefs" (besides the 6 big ones): Census of India 2011: Table C-01 Appendix: Details of Religious Community Shown Under "Other Religions and Persuasions" in Main Table "C-1-2011" ( India & States / UTs). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi 2019 (English; XLSX table: 126 kB on censusindia.gov.in).
12. ↑ ^{a b} “Other religions and beliefs” in Scheduled Tribes (XLS tables): Census of India 2011: Arunachal Pradesh. Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand. Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra. Manipur. Meghalaya. Odisha (Orissa). Sikkim. West Bengal. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi 2019 (English; download overview of all 29 states and 2 territories: ST-14 A: Details of Religions Shown Under "Other Religions and Persuasions" in Main Table (for each tribe separately ) on censusindia.gov.in).
13. ↑ ^{a b c d} Seminar on PVTGs of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (2018): National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): PVTGs Seminar: Conservation of Particularly Vulnerable Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 27.-28. June 2018 (English; PDF downloads of the PowerPoint presentations for the lectures).
    → NCST Tour Report: Tour / Visits by Secretary during 2017–18: Andaman & Nicobar Island. July 7, 2018 (English; current information on the tribal populations of the islands; PDF: 10 MB, 22 pages on ncst.nic.in).