Human Development Index
The Human Development Index ( English Human Development Index , abbreviated HDI ) of the United Nations is an indicator of prosperity for States . The HDI is since 1990 in the annual report on human development (English Human Development Report ) of the United Nations Development Program published (UNDP).
The HDI not only takes into account the gross national income per capita, but also life expectancy and the duration of training based on the number of school years a 25-year-old has completed and the expected duration of a child's education at school age. The HDI was essentially developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq , who worked closely with the Indian economist Amartya Sen and the British economist and politician Meghnad Desai .
As additional UNDP annually publishes the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index ). This supplementary index is a measure of human development that includes inequality in education, health and income.
Calculation method since 2010 ( NHDI )
As of the Human Development Report 2010, the three dimensions are calculated as follows:
- Life expectancy index:
- Education index:
- 2.1. Average school attendance index:
- 2.2. Expected school attendance index:
- Income index :
Finally, the HDI is calculated as a geometric mean from the three dimensions:
- The minimum and maximum values (target values) are used to normalize the sub-indices in the value range [0; 1].
Minimum and maximum values for the 2014 report indicator minimum observed maximum
(limited to)LE Life expectancy at birth 20.0 85.0 DSD Average length of school attendance (number of years that a person aged 25 or older has attended school) 0 15.0 VSD Estimated length of school attendance (number of years a 5-year-old child can expect to go to school) 0 18.0 BNEpk Gross national income per capita ( adjusted for purchasing power in US $) 100 75,000
To distinguish it from the original method, the index determined by this method is sometimes also called the New Human Development Index (NHDI).
Calculation method from 2009 to 2010

The life expectancy factor is regarded as an indicator of health welfare, nutrition and hygiene ; the education is level, as well as the income of acquired knowledge and participation in public and political life for a reasonable standard of living .
There are three main indices, whereby the formation is split into three sub-indices:
Sub-index | lower limit value (min) | upper limit value (max) |
---|---|---|
A | - life expectancy at birth20 years (fixed value) | 83.4 years ( Japan , 2011) |
B1 - School education completed (mean in number of years) | 0 | 13.1 ( Czech Republic , 2005) |
B2 - expected total training (mean in number of years) | 0 | 18.0 (fixed value) |
B3 - Combined Education Index | 0 | 0.978 ( New Zealand , 2010) |
C National Income (GNI) per inhabitant in PPP US dollars | - Gross100 (fixed value) | 107,721 ( Qatar , 2011) |
The limit values are the minima / maxima that have ever been reached by a country.
The indices I for A , B1 and B2 are now calculated
The education index B is calculated to
The income index Z is calculated to
The HDI is calculated from this
This means that the HDI assumes values between zero and one. According to the HDI value, UNDP has divided the countries into four development categories since 2009:
- HDI ≥ 0.800: countries with very high human development
- HDI ≥ 0.700: countries with high human development
- HDI ≥ 0.550: Countries with average human development
- HDI <0.549: Countries with little human development
Calculation method before 2009
Sub-index | lower limit | upper limit | Share in the sub-index |
---|---|---|---|
A | - life expectancy at birth25 years | 85 years | 100% |
B1 - adult literacy rate | 0% | 100% | 66.67% |
B2 - gross school enrollment rate | 0% | 100% | 33.33% |
C | - Real purchasing power per inhabitantUS $ 100 | $ 40,000 | 100% |
The calculation method before 2009 differs significantly from the current one. In the old HDI, the literacy rate of adults was also counted with two thirds of the weighting for sub-index B and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment rate with one third of the weighting.
However, since schools and teaching qualifications in developing countries cannot be equated with those in industrialized countries, the index was re-created in favor of pure school duration and expected training time.
history
According to Amartya Sen, the basic motivation for the development of the Human Development Index in 1990 was the lack of informative value of previous measuring instruments (e.g. assessment of development according to gross domestic product ). The HDI should enable the level of development to be measured, which is more in line with people's needs and takes into account as many aspects of development as a relatively simple index can. Mahbub ul Haq (one of the inventors of the HDI) argued that development should increase people's possibilities. The development goals therefore also include values such as nutrition, health, education, leisure and opportunities for people to have a say.
In the introduction to the first Human Development Report from 1990, the aim was to:
“People are the real wealth of a nation. The basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. This may appear to be a simple truth. But it is often forgotten in the immediate concern with the accumulation of commodities and financial wealth. "
“People are the real wealth of a country. The basic goal of development is to create an environment in which people can enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. This may seem like a simple truth, but it is often forgotten behind concerns about the accumulation of material goods and financial wealth. "
criticism
The informative value of the HDI is controversial. The point of contention is, for example, the weighting of the aspects of human development, with different assessments prevailing as to which aspects are to be included and how high these should be assessed.
The HDI uses mean values for a country and therefore cannot directly map inequalities within the country. The structure of the HDI has been changed several times in the past few years (for example in the treatment of income or the modification of upper and lower limits). This also results in limited comparability of the data over the years.
The HDI is criticized for reasons of redundancy , since the indicators recorded in the HDI correlate very strongly with the gross national income per capita and are therefore recorded by it.
The conservative economist Bryan Caplan criticizes the HDI for several reasons: everyday important material goods are undervalued and education is overrated. In addition, full marks can only be achieved for the educational parameter if the entire population consists of schoolchildren or students. Caplan also sees the problem that the scale undervalues gross national income. Since they are already at the upper end of the scale, rich countries have little further development in this area. It is similar with life expectancy. In addition, the HDI makes Scandinavia the top of human achievements (compare Swedish model ), which makes it practically a measure of how "Scandinavian" a country is. But Caplan has doubts that there is no room for improvement there.
The HDI is also criticized for not taking ecological factors into account. According to the World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF), countries with a very high level of human development currently have a particularly large ecological footprint . The organization assumes that currently not a single country fulfills the conditions of a reasonable standard of living and an earth-friendly ecological footprint. Since an intact ecosystem can be seen as the basis for human well-being and a high life expectancy, the WWF believes that the ecological footprint should be taken into account as a factor in the HDI.
Human Development Index 2018 - Ranking
The HDI 2018 ranking was published on December 9, 2019 and is based on data for 2018.
Very high human development
Rank 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
Country or territory | HDI 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
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0.954 | 0.001 | |
2 |
![]() |
0.946 | 0.003 | |
3 |
![]() |
0.942 | 0.003 | |
4th |
![]() |
0.939 | 0.001 | |
4th | (2) |
![]() |
0.939 | 0.003 |
6th | (1) |
![]() |
0.938 | 0.001 |
6th | (1) |
![]() |
0.938 | 0.003 |
8th | (1) |
![]() |
0.937 | 0.001 |
9 |
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0.935 | 0.001 | |
10 |
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0.933 | 0.001 | |
11 |
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0.930 | 0.001 | |
12 |
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0.925 | 0.001 | |
13 |
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0.922 | 0.001 | |
14th |
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0.921 | 0.001 | |
15th |
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0.920 | 0.001 | |
15th |
![]() |
0.920 | 0.001 | |
17th |
![]() |
0.919 | 0.002 | |
18th |
![]() |
0.917 | 0.001 | |
19th |
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0.915 | 0.002 | |
20th |
![]() |
0.914 | 0.002 | |
- 2nd |
![]() |
0.909 | 0.001 | |
21st |
![]() |
0.909 | 0.001 | |
- 2nd |
![]() |
0.907 | 0.002 | |
22nd |
![]() |
0.906 | 0.002 | |
22nd |
![]() |
0.906 | 0.002 | |
24 |
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0.902 | 0.003 | |
25th |
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0.893 | 0.002 | |
26th | (1) |
![]() |
0.891 | 0.003 |
26th |
![]() |
0.891 | 0.001 | |
28 |
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0.885 | 0.002 | |
29 |
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0.883 | 0.002 | |
30th |
![]() |
0.882 | 0.003 | |
31 |
![]() |
0.873 | 0.002 | |
32 |
![]() |
0.872 | 0.001 | |
32 | (1) |
![]() |
0.872 | 0.004 |
34 |
![]() |
0.869 | 0.003 | |
35 |
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0.866 | 0.002 | |
36 | (2) |
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0.857 | 0.005 |
36 |
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0.857 | 0.001 | |
36 | (1) |
![]() |
0.857 | 0.003 |
39 |
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0.854 | 0.004 | |
40 |
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0.850 | 0.002 | |
41 | (1) |
![]() |
0.848 | |
42 |
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0.847 | 0.002 | |
43 |
![]() |
0.845 | 0.002 | |
43 | (1) |
![]() |
0.845 | 0.004 |
- 2nd |
![]() |
0.845 | 0.001 | |
45 |
![]() |
0.838 | 0.001 | |
46 |
![]() |
0.837 | 0.002 | |
47 |
![]() |
0.834 | 0.001 | |
48 |
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0.830 | 0.002 | |
49 |
![]() |
0.824 | 0.002 | |
50 |
![]() |
0.817 | 0.002 | |
50 | (1) |
![]() |
0.817 | 0.004 |
52 | (1) |
![]() |
0.816 | 0.003 |
52 | (1) |
![]() |
0.816 | 0.003 |
52 | (1) |
![]() |
0.816 | 0.003 |
55 | (1) |
![]() |
0.814 | 0.003 |
56 | (5) |
![]() |
0.813 | |
57 |
![]() |
0.808 | 0.001 | |
57 | (1) |
![]() |
0.808 | 0.001 |
59 |
![]() |
0.806 | 0.001 | |
60 |
![]() |
0.805 | 0.001 | |
61 |
![]() |
0.804 | 0.002 | |
62 |
![]() |
0.801 | 0.001 |
High human development
Rank 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
Country or territory | HDI 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|
63 | (2) |
![]() |
0.799 | 0.005 |
63 |
![]() |
0.799 | ||
65 | (2) |
![]() |
0.797 | 0.001 |
66 |
![]() |
0.796 | 0.003 | |
67 | (1) |
![]() |
0.795 | 0.002 |
68 |
![]() |
0.794 | 0.002 | |
69 |
![]() |
0.791 | 0.002 | |
70 |
![]() |
0.786 | 0.003 | |
71 | (1) |
![]() |
0.780 | 0.004 |
72 | (1) |
![]() |
0.778 | 0.001 |
73 | (1) |
![]() |
0.777 | 0.003 |
74 | (1) |
![]() |
0.776 | 0.002 |
75 |
![]() |
0.769 | 0.002 | |
76 |
![]() |
0.767 | 0.002 | |
77 |
![]() |
0.765 | 0.003 | |
78 |
![]() |
0.763 | 0.003 | |
79 | (1) |
![]() |
0.761 | 0.001 |
79 | (1) |
![]() |
0.761 | 0.001 |
81 |
![]() |
0.760 | 0.002 | |
82 | (1) |
![]() |
0.759 | 0.001 |
82 | (1) |
![]() |
0.759 | 0.001 |
82 | (3) |
![]() |
0.759 | 0.003 |
85 | (1) |
![]() |
0.758 | 0.005 |
85 | (1) |
![]() |
0.758 | 0.001 |
87 |
![]() |
0.754 | 0.002 | |
88 |
![]() |
0.750 | 0.003 | |
89 | (1) |
![]() |
0.745 | 0.004 |
89 |
![]() |
0.745 | 0.001 | |
- 3 |
![]() |
0.742 | ||
91 |
![]() |
0.739 | 0.001 | |
92 |
![]() |
0.735 | 0.006 | |
- | - | world | 0.731 | 0.002 |
93 |
![]() |
0.730 | 0.002 | |
94 | (3) |
![]() |
0.728 | 0.004 |
94 | (1) |
![]() |
0.728 | 0.002 |
96 |
![]() |
0.726 | 0.001 | |
96 | (4) |
![]() |
0.726 | 0.009 |
98 |
![]() |
0.724 | 0.001 | |
98 | (4) |
![]() |
0.724 | 0.003 |
98 | (1) |
![]() |
0.724 | 0.002 |
98 | (1) |
![]() |
0.724 | 0.002 |
102 | (3) |
![]() |
0.723 | 0.001 |
103 |
![]() |
0.720 | 0.001 | |
104 | (1) |
![]() |
0.719 | 0.003 |
105 | (1) |
![]() |
0.717 | |
106 |
![]() |
0.712 | 0.003 | |
107 | (1) |
![]() |
0.711 | 0.002 |
108 |
![]() |
0.710 | 0.002 | |
108 | (1) |
![]() |
0.710 | 0.003 |
110 | (1) |
![]() |
0.708 | 0.004 |
111 |
![]() |
0.707 | 0.003 | |
111 | (1) |
![]() |
0.707 | 0.001 |
113 | (2) |
![]() |
0.705 | 0.001 |
114 |
![]() |
0.703 | 0.003 | |
115 | (1) |
![]() |
0.702 | 0.002 |
116 |
![]() |
0.700 | 0.004 |
Average human development
Rank 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
Country or territory | HDI 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|
117 | (1) |
![]() |
0.698 | 0.002 |
118 |
![]() |
0.693 | 0.003 | |
119 |
![]() |
0.690 | 0.001 | |
120 |
![]() |
0.689 | 0.005 | |
121 |
![]() |
0.676 | 0.001 | |
122 |
![]() |
0.674 | 0.003 | |
123 |
![]() |
0.670 | 0.002 | |
124 |
![]() |
0.667 | 0.002 | |
125 | (1) |
![]() |
0.656 | 0.005 |
126 | (2) |
![]() |
0.651 | 0.004 |
126 | (1) |
![]() |
0.651 | 0.002 |
126 | (1) |
![]() |
0.651 | 0.002 |
129 | (1) |
![]() |
0.647 | 0.007 |
130 | (1) |
![]() |
0.645 | 0.002 |
131 |
![]() |
0.626 | 0.002 | |
132 | (1) |
![]() |
0.623 | 0.002 |
132 |
![]() |
0.623 | ||
134 |
![]() |
0.617 | 0.002 | |
135 | (1) |
![]() |
0.614 | 0.005 |
135 |
![]() |
0.614 | 0.002 | |
137 | (2) |
![]() |
0.609 | 0.006 |
138 | (2) |
![]() |
0.608 | 0.001 |
138 | (1) |
![]() |
0.608 | 0.005 |
140 |
![]() |
0.604 | 0.002 | |
141 |
![]() |
0.597 | 0.002 | |
142 |
![]() |
0.596 | 0.005 | |
143 | (1) |
![]() |
0.591 | 0.002 |
144 | (1) |
![]() |
0.588 | 0.002 |
145 | (1) |
![]() |
0.584 | 0.007 |
146 | (1) |
![]() |
0.581 | 0.003 |
147 | (1) |
![]() |
0.579 | 0.005 |
147 | (1) |
![]() |
0.579 | 0.005 |
149 | (2) |
![]() |
0.574 | 0.002 |
150 |
![]() |
0.563 | 0.003 | |
150 | (3) |
![]() |
0.563 | 0.010 |
152 | (1) |
![]() |
0.560 | 0.002 |
153 | (1) |
![]() |
0.557 | 0.002 |
Low human development
Rank 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
Country or territory | HDI 2018 |
Change to 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|
154 |
![]() |
0.549 | 0.005 | |
155 | (1) |
![]() |
0.543 | |
156 |
![]() |
0.538 | 0.001 | |
157 | (1) |
![]() |
0.536 | 0.007 |
158 | (1) |
![]() |
0.534 | 0.001 |
159 | (1) |
![]() |
0.528 | 0.004 |
159 | (1) |
![]() |
0.528 | 0.004 |
161 | (2) |
![]() |
0.527 | 0.003 |
162 |
![]() |
0.521 | 0.003 | |
163 |
![]() |
0.520 | 0.003 | |
164 |
![]() |
0.518 | 0.004 | |
165 |
![]() |
0.516 | 0.004 | |
166 |
![]() |
0.514 | 0.004 | |
167 |
![]() |
0.513 | 0.003 | |
168 |
![]() |
0.507 | ||
169 |
![]() |
0.503 | 0.002 | |
170 |
![]() |
0.496 | 0.003 | |
171 |
![]() |
0.495 | 0.003 | |
172 |
![]() |
0.485 | 0.003 | |
173 |
![]() |
0.470 | 0.004 | |
174 | (3) |
![]() |
0.466 | 0.007 |
174 | (2) |
![]() |
0.466 | 0.003 |
176 | (3) |
![]() |
0.465 | 0.001 |
177 | (2) |
![]() |
0.463 | |
178 | (1) |
![]() |
0.461 | 0.001 |
179 |
![]() |
0.459 | 0.003 | |
180 |
![]() |
0.446 | 0.004 | |
181 |
![]() |
0.438 | 0.003 | |
182 | (1) |
![]() |
0.434 | 0.005 |
182 |
![]() |
0.434 | 0.003 | |
184 |
![]() |
0.427 | 0.001 | |
185 |
![]() |
0.423 | 0.002 | |
186 |
![]() |
0.413 | 0.001 | |
187 |
![]() |
0.401 | ||
188 |
![]() |
0.381 | 0.005 | |
189 |
![]() |
0.377 | 0.004 | |
- |
![]() |
0.356 | 0.006 |
Countries not included in the HDI
Countries for which no or no suitable data were available at the time of compilation were not taken into account. This affects the following states and areas:
- Monaco
- Nauru
- North Korea - The country is isolated in terms of foreign policy, so almost no data is published internationally.
- San Marino
- Taiwan - The Republic of China in Taiwan is not a member of the UN due to the Taiwan conflict and is therefore not included in the Human Development Report. However, the national statistical authority calculates its own value for the HDI using the same methods.
- Tuvalu
- Vatican City - The Vatican is not a member of the UN and does not have its own education system.
- Western Sahara - Claimed and mostly occupied by Morocco.
The most developed countries since 1975
A look back at the annual rankings in the Human Development Index shows that Norway has been number one for several years; in previous years Canada, Iceland, Switzerland and Australia also came first:
- 1975 - Switzerland (value 0.872)
- 1980 - Switzerland (value 0.884)
- 1985 - Canada (value 0.904)
- 1990 - Australia (value 0.866)
- 1991 - Australia (value 0.867)
- 1992 - Australia (value 0.871)
- 1993 - Australia (value 0.874)
- 1994 - Norway (value 0.884)
- 1995 - Australia (value 0.885)
- 1996 - Australia / Norway (both value 0.888)
- 1997 - Norway (value 0.895)
- 1998 - Norway (value 0.906)
- 1999 - Norway (value 0.911)
- 2000 - Norway (value 0.917)
- 2001 - Norway (value 0.916)
- 2002 - Norway (value 0.918)
- 2003 - Norway (value 0.924)
- 2004 - Norway (value 0.929)
- 2005 - Norway (value 0.931)
- 2006 - Norway (value 0.934)
- 2007 - Iceland (value 0.937)
- 2008 - Iceland (value 0.937)
- 2009 - Norway (value 0.939)
- 2010 - Norway (value 0.939)
- 2011 - Norway (value 0.941)
- 2012 - Norway (value 0.942)
- 2013 - Norway (value 0.945)
- 2014 - Norway (value 0.948)
- 2015 - Norway (value 0.949)
- 2016 - Norway (value 0.951)
- 2017 - Norway (value 0.953)
- 2018 - Norway (value 0.954)
Note: The method of calculating the index has changed since 1990.
Development of the countries according to HDI since 1990
The following list gives an overview of the development of the Human Development Index in various countries since 1990. All values are determined using today's calculation method.
Country or territory | HDI Score 1990 |
HDI score 2000 |
HDI score 2010 |
HDI score 2017 |
Change 1990–2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
0.850 | 0.917 | 0.942 | 0.953 | 0.103 |
![]() |
0.832 | 0.889 | 0.932 | 0.944 | 0.112 |
![]() |
0.866 | 0.898 | 0.923 | 0.939 | 0.073 |
![]() |
0.763 | 0.857 | 0.909 | 0.938 | 0.175 |
![]() |
0.801 | 0.868 | 0.921 | 0.936 | 0.135 |
![]() |
0.802 | 0.860 | 0.891 | 0.935 | 0.133 |
![]() |
0.816 | 0.897 | 0.905 | 0.933 | 0.117 |
![]() |
0.781 | 0.827 | 0.901 | 0.933 | 0.152 |
![]() |
0.718 | 0.819 | 0.909 | 0.932 | 0.214 |
![]() |
0.829 | 0.876 | 0.910 | 0.931 | 0.101 |
![]() |
0.799 | 0.863 | 0.910 | 0.929 | 0.130 |
![]() |
0.849 | 0.867 | 0.902 | 0.926 | 0.077 |
![]() |
0.860 | 0.885 | 0.914 | 0.924 | 0.064 |
![]() |
0.775 | 0.867 | 0.905 | 0.922 | 0.147 |
![]() |
0.784 | 0.858 | 0.903 | 0.920 | 0.136 |
![]() |
0.818 | 0.869 | 0.899 | 0.917 | 0.099 |
![]() |
0.806 | 0.873 | 0.903 | 0.916 | 0.110 |
![]() |
0.816 | 0.855 | 0.885 | 0.909 | 0.093 |
![]() |
0.795 | 0.838 | 0.895 | 0.908 | 0.113 |
![]() |
0.792 | 0.853 | 0.887 | 0.903 | 0.111 |
![]() |
0.728 | 0.817 | 0.884 | 0.903 | 0.175 |
![]() |
0.779 | 0.849 | 0.882 | 0.901 | 0.122 |
![]() |
0.754 | 0.825 | 0.865 | 0.891 | 0.137 |
![]() |
0.730 | 0.796 | 0.862 | 0.888 | 0.158 |
![]() |
0.769 | 0.830 | 0.870 | 0.880 | 0.111 |
![]() |
0.753 | 0.796 | 0.856 | 0.870 | 0.117 |
![]() |
0.712 | 0.785 | 0.835 | 0.865 | 0.153 |
![]() |
0.727 | 0.798 | 0.836 | 0.863 | 0.136 |
![]() |
0.754 | 0.809 | 0.827 | 0.856 | 0.102 |
![]() |
0.697 | 0.743 | 0.808 | 0.853 | 0.156 |
![]() |
0.711 | 0.785 | 0.822 | 0.847 | 0.136 |
![]() |
0.701 | 0.759 | 0.808 | 0.843 | 0.142 |
![]() |
0.704 | 0.769 | 0.823 | 0.838 | 0.134 |
![]() |
0.704 | 0.771 | 0.813 | 0.825 | 0.121 |
![]() |
0.734 | 0.720 | 0.780 | 0.816 | 0.082 |
![]() |
0.694 | 0.712 | 0.779 | 0.813 | 0.119 |
![]() |
0.701 | 0.709 | 0.797 | 0.811 | 0.110 |
![]() |
0.692 | 0.742 | 0.773 | 0.804 | 0.112 |
![]() |
0.713 | 0.786 | 0.792 | 0.803 | 0.090 |
![]() |
0.643 | 0.725 | 0.772 | 0.802 | 0.159 |
![]() |
0.690 | 0.685 | 0.765 | 0.800 | 0.110 |
![]() |
0.577 | 0.670 | 0.755 | 0.798 | 0.221 |
![]() |
0.656 | 0.711 | 0.754 | 0.794 | 0.138 |
![]() |
0.579 | 0.655 | 0.734 | 0.791 | 0.212 |
![]() |
0.659 | 0.719 | 0.758 | 0.789 | 0.130 |
![]() |
0.718 | 0.711 | 0.759 | 0.787 | 0.069 |
![]() |
0.645 | 0.669 | 0.741 | 0.785 | 0.140 |
![]() |
0.676 | 0.686 | 0.779 | 0.777 | 0.101 |
![]() |
0.650 | 0.702 | 0.743 | 0.774 | 0.124 |
![]() |
0.625 | 0.685 | 0.745 | 0.770 | 0.145 |
![]() |
0.634 | 0.672 | 0.759 | 0.761 | 0.127 |
![]() |
0.611 | 0.684 | 0.727 | 0.759 | 0.148 |
![]() |
0.631 | 0.647 | 0.728 | 0.755 | 0.124 |
![]() |
0.574 | 0.649 | 0.724 | 0.755 | 0.181 |
![]() |
0.577 | 0.644 | 0.729 | 0.754 | 0.177 |
![]() |
0.502 | 0.594 | 0.706 | 0.752 | 0.250 |
![]() |
0.643 | 0.670 | 0.715 | 0.752 | 0.109 |
![]() |
0.705 | 0.671 | 0.733 | 0.751 | 0.046 |
![]() |
0.611 | 0.678 | 0.717 | 0.750 | 0.139 |
![]() |
0.592 | 0.653 | 0.719 | 0.747 | 0.155 |
![]() |
0.579 | 0.589 | 0.697 | 0.741 | 0.162 |
![]() |
0.598 | 0.657 | 0.702 | 0.736 | 0.138 |
![]() |
0.617 | 0.702 | 0.728 | 0.735 | 0.118 |
![]() |
0.569 | 0.653 | 0.716 | 0.735 | 0.166 |
![]() |
k. A. | 0.595 | 0.666 | 0.710 | - |
![]() |
0.677 | 0.727 | 0.755 | 0.706 | 0.029 |
![]() |
0.586 | 0.624 | 0.665 | 0.699 | 0.113 |
![]() |
0.618 | 0.630 | 0.649 | 0.699 | 0.081 |
![]() |
0.546 | 0.611 | 0.665 | 0.696 | 0.150 |
![]() |
0.528 | 0.606 | 0.661 | 0.694 | 0.166 |
![]() |
0.475 | 0.579 | 0.654 | 0.694 | 0.219 |
![]() |
0.536 | 0.608 | 0.649 | 0.693 | 0.157 |
![]() |
0.572 | 0.607 | 0.649 | 0.685 | 0.113 |
![]() |
0.458 | 0.530 | 0.616 | 0.667 | 0.209 |
![]() |
0.478 | 0.546 | 0.611 | 0.650 | 0.172 |
![]() |
0.427 | 0.493 | 0.581 | 0.640 | 0.213 |
![]() |
0.387 | 0.468 | 0.545 | 0.608 | 0.221 |
![]() |
0.455 | 0.484 | 0.554 | 0.592 | 0.137 |
![]() |
0.468 | 0.451 | 0.543 | 0.590 | 0.122 |
![]() |
0.401 | 0.432 | 0.544 | 0.588 | 0.187 |
![]() |
0.364 | 0.420 | 0.537 | 0.582 | 0.218 |
![]() |
k. A. | 0.387 | 0.520 | 0.581 | - |
![]() |
0.358 | 0.431 | 0.530 | 0.578 | 0.220 |
![]() |
0.378 | 0.446 | 0.529 | 0.574 | 0.196 |
![]() |
0.404 | 0.450 | 0.526 | 0.562 | 0.158 |
![]() |
0.440 | 0.431 | 0.506 | 0.556 | 0.116 |
![]() |
0.370 | 0.395 | 0.493 | 0.538 | 0.168 |
![]() |
0.556 | 0.590 | 0.644 | 0.536 | 0.020 |
![]() |
0.491 | 0.440 | 0.467 | 0.535 | 0.044 |
![]() |
k. A. | k. A. | 0.484 | 0.532 | - |
![]() |
0.250 | 0.335 | 0.485 | 0.524 | 0.274 |
![]() |
0.311 | 0.398 | 0.486 | 0.516 | 0.205 |
![]() |
0.367 | 0.380 | 0.456 | 0.505 | 0.138 |
![]() |
0.331 | 0.402 | 0.470 | 0.502 | 0.171 |
![]() |
0.301 | 0.346 | 0.463 | 0.498 | 0.197 |
![]() |
0.388 | 0.394 | 0.442 | 0.492 | 0.104 |
![]() |
k. A. | 0.283 | 0.412 | 0.463 | - |
![]() |
0.399 | 0.443 | 0.498 | 0.452 | 0.053 |
![]() |
0.356 | 0.333 | 0.407 | 0.457 | 0.101 |
![]() |
0.209 | 0.298 | 0.403 | 0.437 | 0.228 |
![]() |
0.210 | 0.255 | 0.318 | 0.354 | 0.144 |
Subnational regions according to HDI
- List of Australian states
- List of Brazilian states
- List of Chinese provinces
- List of the German federal states
- List of Indian states
- List of Iranian provinces
- List of Italian regions
- List of Canadian provinces
- List of Mexican states
- List of the Austrian federal states
- List of Polish voivodeships
- List of Russian Federation subjects
- List of Swiss regions
- List of Spanish autonomous communities
- List of South African provinces
- List of US states
- List of regions of the United Kingdom
See also
- Index of gender development (GDI: Gender Development Index )
- Index of gender inequality (GII: Gender Inequality Index)
- Women's participation index (GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure )
- List of countries according to average life expectancy
- List of states by literacy rate
- List of countries by educational expectation
- List of countries by gross national income per capita
- List of countries according to income distribution
UNDP reports
United Nations Development Program (UNDP):
- 2019: Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. New York December 2019, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 147–160: Chapter 4: Gender inequalities beyond averages: Between social norms and power imbalances, and pp. 312–315: Table 5: Gender Development Index (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on undp.org ).
- Technical notes. December 2019 (English; supplement to the Human Development Report 2019; PDF: 287 kB, 16 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
- 2018: Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. UNDP, New York 2018 (English; PDF: 1.4 MB, 123 pages at hdr.undp.org ).
- Download page: Human Development Reports 1990–2019.
German Society for the United Nations (translations and summaries):
- 2019: Human Development Report 2019. January 15, 2020 ( download page ).
- 2018: Human Development: Facts and Figures 2018 - Statistical Update on the Human Development Report. Berlin, December 14, 2018, pp. 7–10: Gender inequality - reducing the gap in order to enable half of the world's population to participate more, and pp. 39–39: Table 4: Index of gender-specific development ( summary as PDF : 421 kB; download page ).
- 2016: Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for All. Berlin, March 21, 2017 ( download page ).
- 2015: Report on human development 2015. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8305-3618-5 ( PDF: 9.3 MB, 328 pages at hdr.undp.org ).
literature
- 2009: Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong, Maximilian Auffhammer: Human Development Index: Are Developing Countries Misclassified? Working paper. January 2009 (English; PDF: 463 kB, 36 pages on ageconsearch.umn.edu ).
- 2007: Elizabeth A. Stanton: The Human Development Index: A History. In: Working Paper Series. No. 127. Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amhers, February 2007 (English; Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University; PDF: 431 kB, 37 pages at peri.umass.edu ).
Web links
-
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - Human Development Reports (English):
- HDI: Human Development Index (HDI) (table 1990-2018).
- HDI: Table 2. Human Development Index Trends (1990–2017) ( Memento from September 12, 2019 in the Internet Archive ).
- IHDI: Table 3: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (2017) ( Memento from November 12, 2019 in the Internet Archive ).
- Eckhart Ribbeck: Human Development Index (HDI). Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb), September 17, 2008, accessed on December 12, 2019.
References and comments
- ↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2015 . Ed .: German Society for the United Nations e. V. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin, p. 3 ( undp.org [PDF; 9.3 MB ; accessed on November 1, 2016]).
- ↑ HDR_2013_EN_TechNotes (PDF) Page 2.
- ^ Human Development Report 2011. Technical note 1. Calculating the Human Development Index. (PDF; 5.9 MB) United Nations Development Program , pp. 168–173 , accessed on December 19, 2010 (English).
- ^ The Human Development concept , UNDP website, accessed October 8, 2009
- ^ Frank Ackerman : Human well-being and economic goals, Island Press , 1997, p. 389
- ^ Mark McGillivray: The human development index: yet another redundant composite development indicator? In: World Development. Volume 19, No. 10, October 1991, pp. 1461-1468 (English; doi: 10.1016 / 0305-750X (91) 90088-Y ).
- ↑ TN Srinivasan: Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel? In: American Economic Review. Volume 84, No. 2, May 1994, pp. 238-243 (English; info ).
- ^ Miles B. Cahill: Is the Human Development Index redundant? In: Eastern Economic Journal. Volume 31, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1-5 (English; College of the Holy Cross ; PDF: 65 kB, 5 pages on college.holycross.edu).
- ^ Bryan Caplan: Against the Human Development Index. In: Library of Economics and Liberty. Comment. May 22, 2009, accessed February 25, 2019.
- ↑ Ambuj D. Sagara, Adil Najam: The human development index: a critical review. In: Ecological Economics . Volume 25, No. 3, June 1998, pp. 249-264 (English; doi: 10.1016 / S0921-8009 (97) 00168-7 ).
- ↑ World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF): Abstract: Living Planet Report 2014. WWF, in collaboration with Global Footprint Network , Water Footprint Network, ZSL Living Conservation , September 2014, p. 20 (English; PDF: 4.5 MB, 52 pages on wwf.de).
-
↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Overview: Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. UNDP, New York December 2019, pp. 22–25: Human development indices table (English; PFD: 1.7 MB, 40 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
Ibid: full version, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 300-303: Table Human Development Index and its components (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
Online table: Human Development Data (1990-2018) (status: October 22, 2019), accessed on December 25, 2019 (English). - ↑ See also: List of Swiss regions according to the human development index .
- ↑ What is the human development index (HDI)? How is relevant data queried? , National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan), accessed March 1, 2015.
- ↑ Lin Shu-yuan, Maubo Chang: [1] . Latest statistics (Chinese).
- ^ A b Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab. Retrieved December 20, 2019 .
- ↑ About Kosovo , United Nations Development Program , accessed on May 21, 2015.
- ↑ Kosovo Human Development Report 2014 . United Nations Development Program , p. 85, accessed on May 21, 2015 (English) PDF; 5.1 MB
- ↑ What is the human development index (HDI)? How is relevant data queried? , National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan), accessed March 1, 2015.
- ↑ Lin Shu-yuan, Maubo Chang: Taiwan ranks 21st in world human development index . In: Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency, September 18, 2014, accessed March 1, 2015.
- ↑ Human Development Data (1990-2015) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved July 7, 2017 .
- ↑ Human Development Data (1990-2015) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved July 7, 2017 .
- ↑ a b c d e f United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2015 . Ed .: German Society for the United Nations e. V. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin ( undp.org [PDF; 9.3 MB ; accessed on November 30, 2016]). Page 250.
- ↑ Human Development Data (1990-2017) | Human Development Reports. Retrieved June 30, 2017 .
- ↑ Human Development Index 1990-2015