State of Palestine

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دولة فلسطين

Daulat Filasṭin
State of Palestine
Flag of Palestine
Coat of arms of Palestine
flag coat of arms
Official language Arabic
Capital East Jerusalem (claimed)
Ramallah (de facto)
Form of government Semi- Presidential Republic
Head of state President Mahmoud Abbas
Head of government Prime Minister Mohammed Shtajjeh 1
surface 6,020 (West Bank 5,655 km², Gaza Strip 365 km²) km²
population 4,976,684 (2019) 2
Population density 779.90 ( 8th ) inhabitants per km²
founding
National anthem Bilādī
National holiday 15th of November
Time zone UTC + 2
License Plate PS
ISO 3166 PS
Internet TLD .ps
1 Mohammed Schtajjeh, as Prime Minister is not completely clarified - see section “ Institutional links with the autonomous authority ”.

2 The figures for area and inhabitants cover the entire claimed national territory and come from the Palestinian Statistical Office.

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Palestine
Palestine

The State of Palestine ( Arabic دولة فلسطين, DMG Daulat Filasṭīn ) is internationally recognized by a majority as a state unit, but its statehood is controversial under international law. It was proclaimed a state of the Palestinians on November 15, 1988 in Algiers by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) . The founders claimed the West Bank, occupied by Israel since 1967, and the Gaza Strip , with East Jerusalem as the capital of the national territory . As the proclamation took place at a time when the PLO was in exile in Tunisia and exercised no control over the claimed areas, the step was initially only of symbolic significance. Nevertheless, by 1990 almost 100 states had recognized a state of Palestine , u. a. the German Democratic Republic . Today 138 states recognize the state of Palestine.

As a “representative of the Palestinian people”, the PLO had had an “observer status” recognized under international law at the United Nations since 1974 , and since 1998 it has been able to participate in debates in the General Assembly , albeit without voting rights. Since October 31, 2011, Palestine has been a member of UNESCO . On November 29, 2012, the representation of the PLO received observer status ( non member observer state 'status ) as the State of Palestine for the Palestinian Territories at the United Nations. 138 of the 193 UNO members voted in favor of such recognition, nine against and 41 abstained, including Germany.

Under the leadership of Mahmud Abbas , whose presidency of a Palestinian state is separated from his role as President of the Palestinian Authority , the PLO is striving for the recognition of a Palestinian state as a full member of the United Nations and full sovereignty over the claimed territories. The extent to which the PLO-controlled autonomous authority, administratively and governmentally, is to be absorbed or replaced in such a state is the subject of internal debates. Since the Palestinian civil war (2007), the Palestinian territories have in fact been divided into the domain of the radical Islamic Hamas in the Gaza Strip and the autonomous territories in the West Bank controlled by Fatah of the PLO.

The fate of the Palestinian Arabs who fled decades ago is closely linked to the state of Palestine. These are sometimes kept in Arab refugee camps as stateless persons and are excluded from property rights, economic opportunities, educational offers and medical care. The only Arab state that to date has offered Palestinian refugees full citizenship was Jordan . In contrast, the Israeli state accepted the remaining Arabs as citizens with all legal and political rights.

Historical background

During the British mandate for Palestine , a civil war for land and political influence broke out between Arab and Jewish national movements. The UN partition plan of 1947 , through which a Jewish and an Arab state were to emerge in the area of historical Palestine , failed due to the rejection of the Arab side. After the founding of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948, the civil war grew into the Palestinian War , when an alliance of surrounding Arab states intervened in the conflict. The war resulted in the flight and displacement of 700,000 Arab Palestinians from and within the former mandate area. The PLO was founded in 1964 by the Palestinian National Council with the aim of again forcing an independent Palestinian state over the entire former British mandate . The Palestinian National Charter of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) of 1964 declared the Palestine region to be the indivisible homeland of the Arab Palestinians and part of the whole of Arabia. She regarded the State of Israel as illegal, which denied Israel's right to exist within the international community , which is anchored in international law .

The six-day war, which the Arabs lost again three years later, led to an even more precarious situation for the PLO, which in the coming decades operated from states such as Jordan and Lebanon , but also got into conflicts with or in the respective states - in Jordan the PLO was driven out after the events of so-called Black September . The PLO's revised Palestinian National Charter of 1968 also recognized neither the UN's partition plan for Palestine nor the state of Israel, which had long been recognized by the international community.

Declaration of Independence

In June 1988, during the First Palestinian Intifada , Jordan waived its claims over the West Bank. Hussein I of Jordan called on the PLO to independently seek an Arab state in Palestine. In November 1988 the Palestinian National Council passed the Palestinian Declaration of Independence . The state of Palestine proclaimed with it subsequently only existed de facto on paper, as there was no control over the claimed state territory.

This same territory was not defined in the declaration of independence itself. In an official amendment passed a few days later, the Palestinian National Council specified that it was referring to UN Security Council resolution 242 and claiming the territories occupied by Israel in 1967, specifically the Gaza Strip and the West Bank with East Jerusalem as the capital of the national territory. Up until 1988, the PLO had rejected UN Resolution 242 and demanded that Israel completely evacuate all occupied territories.

Achieving partial autonomy and conflict

After the failed First Intifada, the Oslo Peace Process developed , in which the PLO started negotiations with Israel about the reduced national territory that had been striving for since 1988. The Gaza-Jericho Agreement created the Palestinian autonomous territories in which the Palestinian-led autonomous authority took over control of parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip that had been occupied by Jordan and Egypt before 1967 and after the lost six days -War were now controlled by Israel.

The declared goal was the establishment and international recognition of an independent state. The hoped-for development of state structures was, however, hampered by two essential factors: on the one hand, the continued Israeli occupation, and on the other hand, the policy of the PLO, especially that of the president of the autonomous regions, Yasser Arafat . In the 1990s, for example, various authorities and a large security apparatus were created, but “efforts to establish modern state structures were put on the back burner,” including above all political integration and participation of oppositional and / or social organizations as well as socio-economic developments; Universities, schools, hospitals, kindergartens, energy and water supply, sewage treatment plants, garbage disposal, free markets etc. have been underdeveloped. What emerged in the self-governing Palestinian territories was “rather [...] a system of rule [...] that can be described as neopatrimonial. It is not primarily based on the institutions that emerged from the democratic elections, but on informal and clientelist structures and on an intimidating coercive apparatus. ”Institutionally, there was and still is the problematic constellation from a democratic point of view that the autonomy authority does not have an independent foreign ministry . This task, including, above all, representing the Palestinians before the United Nations, is controlled directly by the PLO.

Widespread discontent among the Palestinians was channeled by the PLO in the violent Second Intifada (also known as Al-Aqsa Intifada), during which the radical Islamic Hamas in particular made a name for itself as an opposition to the PLO. After the failure of the uprising, Hamas also gained increasing political influence, which culminated in a victory for the organization in the 2006 elections to the Palestinian Legislative Council . However, since Israel and Western allies isolated the Hamas government through sanctions and rejected it as a negotiating partner, the PLO, under the leadership of Arafat's successor Mahmoud Abbas , retained its leading role, at least in terms of foreign policy.

Peace offer made by former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert with a solution to the settlement problem through a territorial exchange to create a sovereign state of Palestine. Mahmoud Abbas rejected the proposal.

Research is still debating about the causes of this renewed outbreak of violence. As a trigger, however, the provocation of Ariel Sharons against the Palestinians can be named, when he visited the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif) on September 28, 2000 under the protection of hundreds of Israeli law enforcement officers as part of his election campaign and thus presented himself to his own compatriots as a “strong man “Could present. The very next day there were demonstrations and unrest on the part of the Palestinian population, which then escalated into the Second Intifada.

Israel's 2005 unilateral disengagement plan resulted in the withdrawal of all Israelis from the Gaza Strip. The struggle for the formerly Jewish territories that had become free was bloody; the battle for Gaza broke out in June 2007 . Hamas succeeded in driving Fatah out of the Gaza Strip. The international hopes for peace that the now autonomous Gaza could develop into an up-and-coming center of education and trade in the Arab region with international financial aid, however, were not fulfilled. This was followed by years of continuous bombardment of the Israeli civilian population with several thousand Qassam and Katyusha rockets from the Gaza Strip. The media described the fighting as a war. This resulted in Operation Cast Lead and Operation Protective Edge . Domestically, this situation led to the Fatah-Hamas conflict since 2006 , which was apparently only resolved in April 2014 through a reconciliation pact and the formation of a unity government . However, in October 2016, Hamas withdrew its ministers from the cabinet following a unilateral cabinet reshuffle by Mahmoud Abbas.

Institutional integration with the autonomous authority

On January 5, 2013, President Mahmud Abbas issued a decree to use the term “State of Palestine” instead of the “Palestinian Authority”. The name “Palestinian National Authority” was replaced by “State of Palestine” and the coat of arms of the State of Palestine has been used ever since on official documents, seals, letterheads and websites of the Palestinian Authority. This move had no de jure effect on the separation of the administration of Palestinian autonomy from the PLO body. De facto, however, institutions of the autonomous authority now appear with the claim to represent a sovereign state. The Hamdallah II cabinet describes itself as the government of the State of Palestine, even though, according to a resolution by the National Council in 1988, the Executive Committee of the PLO acts as the government of the state.

population

Population development in millions of inhabitants
Age pyramid in 1000 inhabitants

At present (2017) there are estimated to be approx. 4.95 million inhabitants (including East Jerusalem), of which 3.01 million in the West Bank and 1.94 million in the Gaza Strip. The number of Israeli settlers in 2015 was around 617,291, including around 214,135 in East Jerusalem. Since Israel's unilateral disengagement plan and the withdrawal of all its Israeli residents in 2005, the Gaza Strip has been inhabited almost exclusively by people of Arab origin. The majority of the Palestinians in the Middle East are distributed across the following areas or countries: West Bank and Gaza Strip: 38% (including East Jerusalem); Israel: 12%; Arab countries: 44%; 6% other countries (2014)

politics

The organs of the State of Palestine are formally organs of the PLO, which is due to the historical development of the declaration of independence and the status of the PLO at the United Nations. The Executive Committee of the PLO functions as a body in which fundamental decisions are made and which corresponds, for example, with the United Nations. The Executive Committee is entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the State of Palestine. At the same time, the ministers of the governments of the Palestinian Authority vis-à-vis international organizations are also appointed as ministers of the State of Palestine. The President of the State of Palestine is appointed by another PLO body. The legislature is formally the Palestinian National Council , which has only met once since 1998 - 2018.

Cabinets of Ministers of the State of Palestine
No. government Taking office Term expires coalition
14th Government of Fayyad III May 16, 2012 6th June 2013 Third way - Fatah - DFLP - FIDA - PSF
15 & 16 Hamdallah I government 6th June 2013 2nd June 2014
17th Hamdallah II government 2nd June 2014 April 12, 2019 Unity government
18th Shtayeh I government April 13, 2019 in office Fatah- PPP- FIDA-PSF

Administrative division

The Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip were after the signing of the Gaza-Jericho Agreement in Cairo in three areas (Area A, Area B and Area C) and 16 on 4 May 1994 governorates ( Arabic محافظة muhāfaza , DMG muḥāfaẓa ) and placed under the legal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority (PNA).

Ägypten Jordanien Golanhöhen (de-facto Israel - von Syrien beansprucht) Israel de-facto (und aus israelischer Sicht auch de-jure) Israel (diese Teile werden von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde als Teil von Jerusalem beansprucht) de-facto (und aus israelischer Sicht auch de-jure) Israel (diese Teile werden von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde als Teil von Ramallah und Al-Bireh beansprucht) Gouvernement Rafah Gouvernement Chan Yunis Gouvernement Dair al-Balah Gouvernement Gaza Gouvernement Nordgaza Hebron Bethlehem Jerusalem Jericho Gouvernement Tubas Dschenin Tulkarm Qalqiliya Salfit Nablus Ramallah und al-Bira
Formal division of the governorates of the Palestinian autonomous territories in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Ägypten Jordanien Golanhöhen (de-facto Israel - von Syrien beansprucht) Israel de-facto (und aus israelischer Sicht de-jure) Israel (diese Teile werden von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde beansprucht) de-facto (und aus israelischer Sicht de-jure) Israel - wird von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde als Teil des Westjordanlandes beansprucht Gazastreifen: von Israel de-facto abhängig. Offiziell A/B-Gebiete der Selbstverwaltung der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde - steht im Inneren de-facto unter über das A/B-Statut hinausgehender palästinensischer Verwaltung. Die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde hat im Gazastreifen nur geringen Einfluss Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: A/B-Gebiete: de-facto von Israel abhängig, aber von der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in weiten Teilen selbstverwaltet (diese A/B-Gebiete im Westjordanland sind auch als Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete bekannt) Westjordanland: C-Gebiete: de-facto Israel (die C-Gebiete stehen in fast jeder Hinsicht unter israelischer Verwaltung. Die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde erhebt auf diese Gebiete Anspruch)
Formal division into governorates and the de facto self-governing area (Zones A and B). Zone C: hatched. Other parts that are de jure Israeli from the Israeli point of view: gray
Governorate Area
km²
Population
(2020)
Jenin 583 332.050
Tubas 402 64.507
Tulkarm 246 195.341
Nablus 605 407.754
Qalqilya 166 119.042
Salfit 204 80.225
Ramallah and al-Bira 855 347.818
Jericho 593 52,355
Jerusalem 345 461.666
Bethlehem 659 229,884
Hebron 997 762,541
West Bank 5,655 3,053,183
North Gaza 61 403.457
Gaza 74 695.967
Dair al-Balah 58 294.260
Chan Yunis 108 401,582
Rafah 64 252.703
Gaza Strip 365 2,047,969

International recognition

International recognition of Palestine

The statehood of Palestine is currently recognized by 138 of the 193 UN member states. Whether the state of Palestine fulfills the criteria of a state is (as of 2015) considered controversial among international lawyers.

United Nations

UN resolution on the recognition of Palestine as an observer state :
  • approval
  • Rejection
  • abstention
  • Absent
  • The PLO was recognized by the United Nations in 1974 as representing the interests of the Palestinian people and was given a special status that allowed representatives of the PLO to participate in UN meetings, although initially without the right to speak. After the proclamation of the State of Palestine in 1988, the representatives of the PLO appeared before the United Nations under this name; In 1998 they were granted the extended right to participate in debates at the General Assembly, but without voting rights.

    On 29 November 2012, the status of the PLO delegation as was the State of Palestine to observer State ( , non member observer state 'status ) of the United Nations upgraded ( UN Resolution 67/19 ). The proposal of the Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas received 138 votes in favor and nine against with 41 abstentions and five absences in the 2012 general assembly vote. After the vote, the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon emphasized that the status upgrade was no substitute for direct negotiations between the conflicting parties. Germany abstained, while u. a. Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg voted in favor. Israel reacted to the UN decision by stepping up its settlement policy .

    By recognizing it as a non-member state with observer status, the United Nations also enabled the State of Palestine to file suits at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). President Abbas had already declared his wish to join the Rome Statute on January 21, 2009 and finally signed the Statute on December 31, 2014, the admission took effect on April 1, 2015. In April 2014, Palestine finally joined the Geneva Convention , the Hague Land Warfare Regulations and 13 other UN conventions . Israel responded to this diplomatic offensive with economic sanctions.

    See also

    Web links

    Remarks

    1. Article 5 of the Palestinian National Charter of July 17, 1968 defines Palestinians as “those Arab nationals who were regularly resident in Palestine up to 1947, regardless of whether they were expelled from there or remained there. Every child of a Palestinian father who was born after this point in time - (be it now) in Palestine or outside of it - is also Palestinian. "

    Individual evidence

    1. PLO asks Mahmud Abbas to be acting president of the State of Palestine , Al Jazeera, May 8, 2005.
    2. ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) , Geography and Climate Conditions
    3. ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) , Population
    4. ^ Ilona-Margarita Stettner: Legal Fact Sheet: Palestinian statehood according to international law. In: Konrad Adenauer Foundation . Archived from the original on December 8, 2017 ; accessed on December 7, 2017 ( PDF ).
    5. John Balouziyeh: Palestinian Statehood under International Law. May 1, 2015, accessed December 7, 2017 .
    6. ^ Bernhard Chiari, Dieter H. Kollmer, Martin Rink (eds.): Middle East. 2nd, revised and expanded edition, Schöningh, Paderborn [u. a.] 2009, ISBN 978-3-506-76759-2 , p. 121.
    7. ^ General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State. UNESCO , October 31, 2011, accessed October 31, 2011 .
    8. a b Israel and Palestinian Territories ( Memento of December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
    9. UN recognizes Palestine as a state. In: Spiegel Online . November 29, 2012, accessed December 1, 2012 .
    10. PLO unanimously elects Abbas president of future Palestinian state , Haaretz, November 23, 2008
    11. After upgrading status, UN officially switches from, Palestine 'to, State of Palestine' , Times of Israel on December 25, 2012
    12. PLO's Central Council to Discuss Changes, says Official ( Memento of January 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), WAFA of January 5, 2013.
    13. Albert Hourani: The History of the Arab Peoples. (2001), pp. 437-440
    14. https://web.archive.org/web/20020804161419/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal4.htm
    15. Muriel Asseburg: On the way to a viable Palestinian state? , in: Dietmar Herz, Christian Jetzlsperger, Kai Ahlborn (eds.) 2003: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict: backgrounds, dimensions and perspectives . Volume 48 of Historical Communications - Supplements Series. Franz Steiner Verlag, ISBN 3-515-08259-X , ISBN 978-3-515-08259-4 , p. 128.
    16. ^ Johannsen, Margret, 2009: The Middle East Conflict, Wiesbaden, p. 52 ff.
    17. Yehonatan & Aaron Friedman Tsirolnik: ISRAEL HAS BEEN ROCKET FREE FOR . Retrieved November 10, 2014.
    18. Summary of Rocket Fire and Mortar Shelling in 2008: Drop in rocket fire calculated from data provided in report. ( Memento of May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, 2009, pp. 5-7.
    19. Days of War, Days of Anger , Der Spiegel No. 2 of January 5, 2009, pp. 92–97.
    20. Netivot home collapses as Hamas intensifies rocket fire from Gaza ( Memento of November 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), haaretz.com, January 3, 2009, accessed on January 5, 2009.
    21. Dirty Just War , FAZ from December 30, 2008.
    22. Heavy fighting in Gaza City , Focus from January 4, 2009.
    23. Fatah-Hamas Pact of Reconciliation: Israel Warns - Palestinians Joy , Euronews, April 24, 2014.
    24. ^ Presidential Decree Orders Using 'State of Palestine' on all Documents. January 8, 2013; Archived from the original on January 15, 2013 ; Retrieved July 18, 2014 .
    25. ^ Government of the State of Palestine. palestineun.org, December 30, 2015, accessed January 5, 2016 .
    26. a b https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/B31EAF092CCE5CA90525651700543EBF (Document A / 43/928) of December 9, 1988.
    27. ^ A b World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. Retrieved September 1, 2017 .
    28. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) , accessed December 14, 2017
    29. Figures from Munzinger Online, keyword “Palestine”, in which the sources are the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) and the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA).
    30. ^ Statement by PLO Executive Committee - Letter from Palestine. In: Question of Palestine. Retrieved February 7, 2020 (American English).
    31. United Nations Official Document. Retrieved February 7, 2020 .
    32. Christopher Heaney: State of Palestine Response to US Secretary of State Pompeo's Statement on Israeli Settlements - Letter from the State of Palestine (A / ES-10/830 – S / 2019/891). In: Question of Palestine. Retrieved February 7, 2020 (American English).
    33. Palestinian forum convenes after 22 years, beset by division . In: Reuters . April 30, 2018 ( reuters.com [accessed February 7, 2020]).
    34. Palestinian Territories: Administrative Division (Areas and Governments) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map. Retrieved June 27, 2020 .
    35. Cf. Felix Dane and Ilona-Margarita Stettner, “A State of Palestine in the United Nations? Requirements, positions and expectations before the UN General Assembly ” , KAS-Auslandsinformationen 08/2011 , Berlin 2011, 53–72, here: 69f
    36. The PLO still has observer status, because the United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19, Recital 14 states: “[…] the designation 'Palestine' should be used in place of the designation 'Palestine Liberation Organization' in the United Nations system [...] ". The name changed to “Palestine” in the UN General Assembly does not change the fact that the PLO, which has not changed its name, retains the status.
    37. sueddeutsche.de: UN upgrade Palestinians with observer status .
    38. Voting behavior of the individual UNO members: General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine, Non-Member Observer State 'Status in United Nations. United Nations , November 29, 2012, accessed January 5, 2016 .
    39. Noting New status accorded to Palestine, Secretary-General Tells General Assembly. 'No Substitute for Negotiations' in Efforts towards Peace, Two-State Solution Press release of the UN General Secretariat November 29, 2012
    40. UN recognizes Palestine as a state , Spiegel Online, November 29, 2012
    41. ^ Israel is building thousands of homes in the West Bank , Spiegel Online, November 30, 2012, accessed December 3, 2012.
    42. Opportunities for a State of Palestine to take legal action before the ICC and the IGH ( Memento of August 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), German Society for the United Nations e. V., accessed on August 5, 2014
    43. ICC membership could be a double-edged sword for Palestine theguardian.com, December 31, 2014, accessed January 1, 2015
    44. Palestinians are allowed to join Geneva Convention TIME online from April 11, 2014

    Coordinates: 31 ° 35 '  N , 35 ° 8'  E