Artsakh Republic

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Արցախի Հանրապետություն

Arzachi Hanrapetutjun Artsakh
Republic

Flag of the Artsakh Republic
Arms of the Artsakh Republic
flag coat of arms
De facto regime , area
is part of under international law 		Azerbaijan
Official language Armenian
capital city Stepanakert
Form of government Presidential political system
Head of government and head of government President Arajik Harutjunjan
area 3,170 km²
population 146,600
Population density 11.8 (2005) inhabitants per km²
currency Armenian Dram , also nominally Nagorno-Karabakh Dram
founding 2nd September 1991
National anthem Ազատ ու անկախ Արցախ
Asat u ankach Arzach
Free and independent Arzach
Time zone UTC + 4
ISO 3166 not assigned
sometimes alternatively: NKR
Phone code +374

The Republic of Artsakh ( Armenian Արցախի Հանրապետություն Arzachi Hanrapetutjun ), until 2017 the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh , is a de facto state in Nagorno-Karabakh that is not recognized by the international community . The United Nations and the Council of Europe consider the area , which is predominantly inhabited by Armenians, to be part of Azerbaijan . The Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh was made on 2 September 1991 a referendum on independence on 10 December 1991. Along with Abkhazia , South Ossetia and Transnistria , the Republic of Artsakh is the Community non-recognized states . The name Arzach refers to several Armenian political entities that existed in the past on today's national territory : the ancient province of Arzach of the Armenian Empire and the medieval Armenian kingdom of Arzach .

geography

Topography of the Republic of Artsakh (with borders as of September 2020)

The territory of the republic is located in the southwest of Azerbaijan in the eastern foothills of the Lesser Caucasus . It roughly corresponds to the Nagorno-Karabakh region , from which the state takes its second name. Until the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020 , Artsakh bordered Iran , with which the Macaw formed the border, in the south, and Armenia in the west. It thus encompassed more than the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Since the loss of territory in 2020, the republic has been completely surrounded by Azerbaijani territory and parts of Nagorno-Karabakh are also outside the de facto regime.

The highest elevation is the Mrav-Sar (3340 m), until 2020 the Gamış dağı , in the Murovdağ mountain range on the northern border. The territory of the republic is dominated by the Karabakh Mountains adjoining Murovdağ to the south . The largest body of water is the Sarsang reservoir . Important rivers are the Tartar , which separates the Murovdağ and Karabakh Mountains, the Chatschen and the Karkar . The largest city and the seat of government Stepanakert are located on the latter . The landscape changes from steppe in the lower valleys and plains over dense oak and beech forests to birch forests and alpine meadows in the higher elevations.

Population and culture

languages

Since Armenian was de facto the only official language in the Republic of Artsakh since the declaration of independence in 1991 , it has also been de jure since the constitution of the Republic of Artsakh came into force in December 2007 . However, Article 15 of the constitution guarantees the use of all languages ​​spoken in the population. Other languages ​​in the area historically have been Azerbaijani , Kurdish, and Russian . As in Armenia and Azerbaijan, Russian is the most widely spoken foreign language.

religion

The Armenian population, which according to the 2005 census made up more than 99% of the population, belongs to the majority of the Armenian Apostolic Church , while the Azeris who previously lived here (in 2005 six according to the census) are predominantly Shiites . After emigrating, in 2004 there were believed to have been around 30 Jews out of several thousand . There are also small groups of Protestant and Orthodox Christians. Religious affiliation was not recorded in censuses. Znund , Christmas of the Armenian Apostolic Church, is celebrated as an official holiday on January 6th.

education

In Stepanakert there is the State University of Artsakh , where around 5000 students were enrolled in 2007.

public holidays

National holiday is Independence Day on September 2nd. This goes back to the 1991 declaration of independence. Further holidays are December 10th and May 9th.

politics

status

The Republic of Artsakh belongs to Azerbaijan under international law , but has been de facto independent since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1994 . Until the fall of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent states, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast belonged to the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic . According to Article 87 of the Soviet Constitution , Nagorno-Karabakh was an autonomous area within the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic and, according to Article 86, was subject to this. Thus it had the lowest status in the Soviet territorial hierarchy and was only responsible for cultural affairs. Article 78 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union also stated that the territory of a Union republic could not be changed without the consent of the Soviet Union. The boundaries between the Union republics could therefore be changed “according to a mutual agreement of the respective republics, which requires confirmation by the USSR”. Armenia exhausted this legal path by passing the resolution on the annexation of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia on June 15, 1988. In return, Azerbaijan passed a counter-resolution on June 17, in which the territorial affiliation of Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan was again confirmed. The case was finally settled on July 18 during the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: the claim of the Armenian SSR was rejected. Another legal route would have been the USSR Secession Act, on which the Armenian reasoning was based. This law allowed the autonomous units in the respective union republic to remain either in the secession republic or in the USSR. However, independence was not envisaged as an option. In addition, the process of secession under this law was very long and complicated. This procedure was not followed.

The de facto independence of the unrecognized republic is denied by Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani diplomacy is of the opinion that the existence of the so-called Artsakh Republic only serves to cover up the policy of occupation of Armenia. Armenia does not officially recognize the Artsakh Republic. Bills to recognize independence have so far been blocked by the ruling party in the Armenian parliament and rejected by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The then government justified this position in 2013 with the ongoing negotiations with Azerbaijan within the Minsk Group of the OSCE. The statement of the Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan at the end of September 2015, in which he described Nagorno-Karabakh as an "inseparable part" of Armenia, considers Azerbaijan to be further evidence of the occupation of Azerbaijani territories and the legal and political responsibility of Armenia in the conflict. The American Co-Chair of the Minsk Group of the OSCE , Matthew Bryza, was surprised by the statement made by the Armenian President, as it contradicts the position held by Armenia for many years.

The Security Council of the United Nations adopted four resolutions in 1993 concerning the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, in which Nagorno Karabakh is referred to as part of Azerbaijan and urging the parties to the conflict to a peaceful resolution of the conflict. In this spirit, the Council of Europe expressed itself in a resolution of January 2005. On March 14, 2008, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution on the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh by 39 votes to 7, with 100 abstentions, in which it gave Armenia an “immediate and complete Withdrawal of troops from the occupied Azerbaijani territories “demands. With a few exceptions, supporters of the resolution were predominantly members of the GUAM and the Organization for Islamic Cooperation , of which Azerbaijan is a member. The three member states of the Minsk OSCE group (France, USA, Russia) rejected the resolution.

On May 17, 2012, the House of Representatives of the US state of Rhode Island passed a resolution recognizing the Nagorno-Karabakh area as historically Armenian territory. It called on US President Barack Obama and the US Congress to recognize the independence of the Artsakh Republic, and endorsed and encouraged the Artsakh Republic's efforts to develop as a free and independent nation. The Massachusetts Parliament followed on August 6 and the House of Representatives of Georgia on March 2, 2016 . On October 25, 2012, the Australian state of New South Wales unanimously passed a resolution recognizing the independent Republic of Artsakh and the right to self-determination of its Armenian people. On April 10, 2013, the US state of Maine passed a resolution recognizing the independence of the Artsakh Republic and the right to self-determination and calling on the US President and Congress to do the same. On May 30, 2013, the Louisiana Senate followed with recognition by Resolution 151. California finally followed on May 8, 2014 . After the Nagorno-Karabakh war in 2020 , New Jersey also recognized the independence of the Artsakh Republic in July 2021 .

independence

Tatik Papik

The referendum on independence was held on December 10, 1991. It was boycotted by the Azerbaijani minority. Result of the referendum:

voices Percentage ownership %
Eligible voters 132,328 100.00
Voters 108,736 82.20
Yes votes 108,615 99.89
Vote no 24 0.02
invalid votes 95 0.09

Constitutional votes in 2006 and 2017

On December 10, 2006, a referendum was held on a draft constitution . Result of the referendum:

voices Percentage ownership %
Eligible voters 90,077 100.00
Voters 78,389 87.02
Yes votes 77.279 99.28
Vote no 554 0.72

Another constitutional referendum was held on February 20, 2017. With a participation of 76%, 87.6% of those who voted and 9.7% against, voted for a new constitution, with which, among other things, a full presidential system was introduced in place of the previous semi-presidential system and the official name of the "Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh" in "Artsakh Republic" was changed, with "Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" still being an official synonym.

voices Percentage ownership %
Eligible voters 102,757 100.00
Voters 79,314 76.44
Yes votes 69,540 87.60
Vote no 7,686 9.70
Invalid 2,202 2.80

The referendum is also seen as a reaction to the Azerbaijani attack on Nagorno-Karabakh in early April 2016, in which, among other things, the village of Talisch was destroyed. A pure presidential system can react more quickly to security issues. 104 election observers from over 30 countries were present at the referendum , including the three MEPs Frank Engel from Luxembourg, Eleni Theocharous from Cyprus and Jaromír Štětina from the Czech Republic, the former German ambassador in Yerevan, Hans-Jochen Schmidt , and the former German MEP Hans- Jürgen Zahorka . According to Schmidt and his former successor as ambassador in Yerevan, Reiner Morell , the vote - in contrast to the authoritarian style of government in Azerbaijan - met internationally accepted standards. According to information from Frank Engel, the "terror regime of Baku" then applied via Interpol for the extradition of the European parliamentarians by "red tender".

houses of Parliament

The unicameral parliament of the Republic of Artsakh, the National Assembly , consists of 33 deputies elected for five years. 22 members of the National Assembly are elected in the respective constituencies (“single-mandate districts”) using relative majority voting. The remaining eleven are elected by proportional representation across the country .

president

With the constitutional referendum on February 20, 2017, a presidential system was introduced. Arajik Harutjunjan was elected president in the 2020 general election (first round on March 31, 2020, second round on April 14, 2020) and took office on May 21, 2020. His predecessor Bako Sahakjan was elected President on July 19, 2007 and took office on September 7, 2007.

External relations

In order not to intensify the conflict with Azerbaijan, Armenia has not officially recognized the Artsakh Republic, but reserves the right to do so in the event that negotiations with Azerbaijan fail. The United States does not recognize the Artsakh Republic, but is the only country in the world to provide development aid alongside Armenia. For example, the USA granted a loan for the restoration of the Adana brewery.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Artsakh has offices in various countries:

military

The armed forces of the Artsakh Republic were established during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. Today the army consists of around 20,000 men. The main task of the armed forces is to defend the border of the unrecognized republic. Trenches have been dug along the border and there are repeated exchanges of fire with the Azerbaijani armed forces with dead and injured. The federal government wrote in its response to the inquiry made by the parliamentary group Die Linke (18/2816) that "the regular of the 23 000 soldiers of the self-defense forces' of the so-called Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh 8,000 soldiers members of the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia were". According to the Federal Government's estimate, the majority of the “self-defense forces” are “provided by conscripts, the majority of whom are recruited from Armenia”.

Administrative divisions and cities

Provinces of the Republic of Artsakh by 2020,
! Capital Stepanakert

The republic of Artsakh is divided into the seven provinces of Askeran , Hadrut , Kaschatach , Martakert , Martuni , Schahumjan and Shuschi . The capital Stepanakert does not belong to any province. The province of Hadrut has been completely under Azerbaijani control since November 2020, the provinces of Shahumyan and Kaschatach almost completely, and the provinces of Martakert and Martuni to a small extent since the war at the beginning of the 1990s.

  • The capital Stepanakert , today by far the largest city in the republic

  • The provincial capital Askeran

  • Shuschi / Şuşa , historically significant and formerly the second largest city in the Autonomous Oblast , lost four fifths of its 1989 predominantly Azerbaijani inhabitants by 1994 and fell back to Azerbaijan in 2020.

  • The Sarsang reservoir in the largest province of Martakert in terms of area

According to the jurisdiction of the republic, there are ten cities in Nagorno-Karabakh. Some of the cities were lost to Azerbaijan again in the course of the war until November 2020 and continued to lose residents as a result of the fighting. The following table contains the cities and their provincial affiliations according to the jurisdiction of the Republic of Artsakh. The population figures according to the census of 2005 and - if available - for comparison the data from the last Soviet census in 1989 (before the beginning of the fighting in the Karabakh conflict ) and additionally the respective official Azerbaijani names and rayon affiliations of the places according to the division from 1991. Cities that have lost their city status according to the reading of the Artsakh Republic are also listed in italics. With the exception of Xocalı / Iwanjan - this had only received Azerbaijani town charter in 1990 - these places were destroyed in the course of the war until 1994 to such an extent that in 2005 they had no or less than 100 inhabitants. Ağdam / Akna has been managed by the authorities of the Artsakh Republic since November 2010 as a district of the provincial capital Askeran, which at that time again had 360 inhabitants. The total number of inhabitants in all of the above-mentioned localities fell between 1989 and 2005 from around 180,000 to a good 70,000, i.e. by around 60%. The sortable table is initially sorted in descending order according to the number of inhabitants in 2005:

Surname Armenian province Azerbaijani Rayon Inhabitants
(1989) 		Population
(2005) 		Affiliation December 2020
Stepanakert Ստեփանակերտ provincial Xankəndi rayon free 56,705 49,986 Artsakh
Martuni Մարտունի Martuni Xocavənd Xocavənd 6,998 4,878 Artsakh
Martakert Մարտակերտ Martakert Ağdərə Tərtər 8,325 4,262 Artsakh
Shuschi Շուշի Shuschi Shusha Shusha 15,039 3.191 Azerbaijan
Hadrut Հադրութ Hadrut Hadrut Xocavənd 2,614 2,770 Azerbaijan
Berdsor Բերձոր Kashatach Laçın Laçın 7,829 2,247 Azerbaijan
Askeran Ասկերան Askeran Əsgəran Xocalı 2.024 1,967 Artsakh
Ivanjan Իվանյան Askeran Xocalı Xocalı ... 1,021 Artsakh
Karvachar Քարվաճառ Shahumyan Kəlbəcər Kəlbəcər 7,246 491 Azerbaijan
Kowsakan Կովսական Kashatach Zəngilan Zəngilan 6,968 376 Azerbaijan
Midschnawan Միջնավան Kashatach Mincivan Zəngilan 5,506 344 Azerbaijan
Waranda Վարանդա Hadrut Fuzuli Fuzuli 17,090 70 Azerbaijan
Sanassar Սանասար Kashatach Qubadlı Qubadlı 5,508 69 Azerbaijan
Akna Ակնա Askeran Agdam Agdam 28,031 ... Azerbaijan
Jrakan Ջրական Hadrut Cəbrayıl Cəbrayıl 6,070 ... Azerbaijan

business

The economy collapsed in the early 1990s. The reasons were the end of the economic system of the USSR , but far worse was the Nagorno-Karabakh war, in the course of which large parts of the country were destroyed.

Since the conclusion of the ceasefire in 1994, the economy has been primarily burdened by three factors:

  • the closed borders with Azerbaijan,
  • lack of development aid (only from Armenia and to a lesser extent from the United States),
  • as a result, there was hardly any investment by foreign companies.

The Armenian diaspora plays a central role in the country's reconstruction . For example, in 1995 the construction of a new trunk road from Goris in Armenia to Stepanakert began , which reduced the travel time from just under three hours to 60 to 80 minutes. In 1999 the road, which is of strategic importance (economically and militarily), was completed. Most of the costs (around 10 million US dollars) were taken over by the semi-governmental All-Armenian Foundation , which had solicited donations from the diaspora around the world. In 1999, the construction of another trunk road began, which runs from north to south. It should be completed in 2006.

A modest but noticeable economic upswing has been underway since 2000. In February 2002 the Lebanese company Karabach Telekom started operations. According to official figures , the gross domestic product in 2005 was 51.4 billion drams (around 114 million US dollars ), almost twice as much as in 2001. The most important sector is still agriculture , which in 2005 generated around 40 percent of GDP, which means it is in Compared to the previous year grew by 5.6%. The construction industry contributed a good 20%, although it grew by around 38% compared to the previous year. Despite this construction boom, however, unemployment remains the biggest problem. The foreign trade , which is handled by Armenia as a stopover, grew in 2005 by 15%. In the first half of 2007, the Artsakh Republic received about 16.67 million US dollars in tax revenue, according to the statistics office.

The Church of the Redeemer in Shushi (under the control of Azerbaijan since November 2020)
Gandsassar Monastery (Martakert Province)

The Republic of Artsakh is in an economic and monetary union with Armenia. The Armenian dram is legal tender. There has also been the Karabakh Dram since 2005 , which can be exchanged for the Armenian Dram in a ratio of one to one. However, practically none of these notes and coins are in circulation in Nagorno-Karabakh itself. It seems to be more of a source of income for the state, because Karabakh dram notes and coins are on sale on the Internet.

Amaras Monastery (Martuni Province), the origins of which date back to the 4th century

tourism

Attempts are being made to revitalize tourism . In 2005 about 4,000 tourists came to the Artsakh Republic. The Dschanapar hiking trail is particularly noteworthy .

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is affecting the development of tourism in the region. The Foreign Office strongly advises against “traveling to the Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian-occupied districts of Agdam, Füsuli, Jabrayil, Sangilan, Kubadli, Ladschin and Kalbadschar” in the south-west. On the website of the Federal Foreign Office, travelers are warned that there will be exchanges of fire on the ceasefire line and that there is a risk of mines. A trip to Nagorno-Karabakh without the consent of the Azerbaijani authorities can also have legal consequences. The Foreign Office announced that "travelers whose passports contain visas and / or entry stamps of the so-called 'Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh' will not be issued a visa for entry into Azerbaijan". In principle, this regulation is also applied if the Azerbaijani authorities become aware of trips to Nagorno-Karabakh or the surrounding Azerbaijani territories occupied by Armenia by other means. It is planned to reach the Artsakh Republic from Yerevan Airport in Armenia with Artsakh Air . The newly built Stepanakert Airport is to be approached . Azerbaijani authorities, on the other hand, warn that any aircraft attempting to land at this airport could be destroyed.

Web links

Commons : Artsakh Republic  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikimedia Atlas: Artsakh Republic  - geographical and historical maps
Wikivoyage: Artsakh Republic  - travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Artsakh census. (PDF) January 1, 2013, accessed April 3, 2016 .
  2. ↑ Nagorno-Karabakh. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed October 7, 2020 .
  3. ↑ De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity. (PDF; 89 KB) In: census.stat-nkr.am. 2005, accessed November 16, 2019 (Armenian, English, Russian).
  4. ↑ Steve Sverdlow: The Forgotten Jews of Karabakh. In: turkishweekly.net. October 27, 2004, archived from the original on April 20, 2016 ; accessed on May 28, 2019 .
  5. ^ Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic, Washington DC: Country Overview , accessed June 15, 2015.
  6. ↑ Studying in a non-recognized country. on the Deutschlandfunk homepage .
  7. ↑ a b Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1977). In: www.verfassungen.net. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013 ; Retrieved June 29, 2015 .
  8. ↑ H. Krüger: The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. A legal analysis . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-01723-0 , p. 31 .
  9. ^ T. de Waal: Black Garden. Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War . 10th-year anniversary edition, revised and updated edition. New York University Press, New York / London 2013, ISBN 978-0-8147-6032-1 , pp. 62 .
  10. ^ H. Krüger: The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. A legal analysis . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg / London / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-01723-0 , pp. 33-34 .
  11. ^ H. Krüger: The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. A legal analysis . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg / London / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-01723-0 .
  12. ↑ Так называемые "выборы" в Нагорном Карабахе потворствуют оккупационной политике Армении - МИД Азербайджана (версия 2). Critical article on the Nagorno-Karabakh elections. In: trend.az. September 15, 2011, accessed September 7, 2020 (Russian).
  13. ↑ Karine Ter-Sahakyan: Нужен ли законопроект о признании НКР Армении и Арцаху? In: panarmenian.net. November 12, 2013, accessed January 25, 2020 (Russian).
  14. ↑ Helix Consulting LLC: Президент коснулся зафиксированных в последние дни случаев нарушения Азербайджаном перемирия - Пресс релизы - Новости - Президент Республики Армения (официальный сайт). president.am, accessed September 28, 2015 .
  15. ↑ МИД Азербайджана обвинил Сержа Саргсяна в "синдроме безнаказанности". In: armenianreport. September 28, 2015, accessed January 28, 2020 (Russian).
  16. ^ Matthew Bryza: statement about Nagorno-Karabakh belonging to Armenia is puzzling. Vestnik Kavkaza, September 27, 2015, accessed September 28, 2015 (Russian).
  17. ^ Resolution 1416 (2005) - The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference. In: assembly.coe.int. January 25, 2005, accessed December 3, 2018 .
  18. ↑ General Assembly calls for removal of Armenian forces from Nagorno-Karabakh. In: news.un.org . March 14, 2008, accessed July 8, 2020.
  19. ↑ General Assembly GA / 10693 . UN News Center. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  20. ↑ House resolution supporting the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic's continuing efforts to develop as a free and independent nation. (No longer available online.) In: webserver.rilin.state.ri.us. 2012, archived from the original on March 4, 2014 ; accessed on May 11, 2019 .
  21. ^ Rhode Island Legislature Calls For Nagorno-Karabakh Recognition. In: rferl.org . May 18, 2012, accessed February 18, 2020.
  22. ↑ 2015–2016 Regular Session - HR 1580. Nagorno Karabakh Republic; recognize . Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  23. ^ Full Day Hansard Transcript (Legislative Council, October 25, 2012, Corrected Copy). (No longer available online.) In: parliament.nsw.gov.au. New South Wales Parliament, October 25, 2012, archived from the original on March 14, 2013 ; accessed on August 12, 2020 (English).
  24. ^ Maine legislature recognizes the independence of Nagorno Karabakh. In: news.am . April 10, 2013, accessed March 23, 2020.
  25. ↑ HP0987: Session - 126th Maine Legislature . Retrieved April 10, 2013.
  26. ↑ Shahen Avakian: Nagorno Karabagh - Legal Aspects . 4th edition. Tigran Mets, Yerevan 2013, ISBN 978-99941-0-537-3 , pp. 98 ff . (English, mfa.am [PDF; 1.5 MB ; accessed on November 13, 2018]).
  27. ^ State New Jersey recognized Nagorno-Karabakh independence. In: Kawkasski Usel. July 1, 2021, accessed July 14, 2021 .
  28. ^ Bridget Coggins: Power Politics and State Formation in the Twentieth Century: The Dynamics of Recognition . Cambridge University Press, New York 2014, ISBN 978-1-107-04735-8 , pp. 164 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  29. ↑ nkr.am ( Memento from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Referendum, accessed on February 23, 2013.
  30. ↑ elections.nkr.am: Text of the constitution (in English) ( Memento of March 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ↑ sudd.ch Nagorno Karabakh Constitution , accessed on February 22, 2013.
  32. ^ Artsakh Votes for New Constitution, Officially Renames the Republic. The Armenian Weekly, February 22, 2017.
  33. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh. National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), the 6th convocation, Official website, 2017.
  34. ↑ Andrew Rettman: Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe. Euobserver, February 20, 2017.
  35. ^ German diplomats published an article about Artsakh. Artsakhpress, May 3, 2017.
  36. ↑ "This is the height of political nonsense." The authorities in Azerbaijan want to arrest the Luxembourg MEP Frank Engel. The CSV man reacts to the reports on Facebook. L'Essentiel, February 24, 2017.
  37. ↑ Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, Rowman & Littlefield 2009, ISBN 978-1-4422-0122-4 , p. 809.
  38. ^ Raffi Elliott: Artsakh elects new president amid pandemic. The Armenian Weekly, April 15, 2020.
  39. ↑ DW German: Journal Reporter | Nagorno-Karabakh crisis area on YouTube , May 25, 2008, accessed on July 28, 2020.
  40. ^ Balance sheet and perspectives of the mediation of conflicts of the OSCE-Minsk-Group. (PDF) dip21.bundestag.de, accessed on June 13, 2015 .
  41. ↑ The province of Kaschatach was completely on occupied Azerbaijani territory and, with the exception of the Lachin Corridor, is again under Azerbaijani control.
  42. ↑ Nagorno-Karabakh Census 2005. (PDF; 227 kB) Retrieved on April 19, 2011 .
  43. ↑ Data from the 1989 census at demoscope.ru (Russian)
  44. ↑ Карабах: Агдам переименован в Акна. In: armtoday.info . November 2, 2010, Retrieved April 7, 2020 (Russian).
  45. ↑ Data from the 1989 census are not known. According to estimates, the population increased between 1988 and 1991 mainly due to Azerbaijani refugees and the Meskhetes who were specifically settled there by the Azerbaijani authorities from 2,135 to around 6,300 (see article on the Memorial website ; in Russian).
  46. ↑ Объем ВВП в Нагорном Карабахе увеличился почти вдвое. In: regnum.ru. April 27, 2006, Retrieved December 10, 2019 (Russian).
  47. ↑ Paul Becker: Nagorno Karabakh: The tax revenues are growing. In: gusnews.net. August 13, 2007, accessed March 9, 2019 .
  48. ↑ More than War: Tourism Business Building To Show Another Side of Karabakh. In: huliq.com. October 30, 2006, archived from the original on January 8, 2009 ; Retrieved on December 29, 2017 (English, original from armenianow.com).
  49. ↑ Armenia: Travel and Safety Advice. Federal Foreign Office, December 29, 2017, accessed December 27, 2017 .
  50. ↑ Giorgi Lomsadze: Azerbaijan: Flights to Nagorno Karabakh Will Be Boarding at Gunpoint. In: Eurasianet.com. March 17, 2011, accessed October 15, 2012 .

Coordinates: 39 ° 48 '  N , 46 ° 42'  E