Gender inequality index
The index of gender inequality - English Gender Inequality Index , shortly GII - is a social indicator for gender equality in the countries of the world, the development program of the United Nations published annually (UNDP) since of 2010. The index is made up of five statistical data on the reproductive health of women, the proportion of women in the state parliament, and secondary school education and labor force participation in a gender comparison. A GII between 1,000 and optimally 0.000 is calculated by gradually averaging the individual data: the smaller the GII, the less women are disadvantaged compared to men with regard to the recorded quality of life. Four of the individual figures serve as a measure of the unequal distribution of the “ Sustainable Development Goals ” (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015 . Overall, the GII shows a country's loss of " human development " (human development) , resulting from gender inequality.
At the end of 2019, UNDP published the GII values for 162 countries for 2018 ( see below ); insufficient data were available for 27 others . As an additional benchmark for equality , UNDP calculates the country-specific GDI ( Gender Development Index for gender-specific development), formed from life expectancy , school years and income in a comparison between women and men. At the same time , the World Economic Forum published its Global Gender Gap Index 2020 (GGGI) for 2019 as its own index - the following overview shows all three indices on the gender gap in the DA-CH countries and compares them to the very high average values worldwide (43.9 % Inequality), GII minus values from 2010 (+/-) mean a reduction in discrimination against women:
Country 2018 | GII | rank | from 2017 | from 2010 | GDI | # | GGGI | rank | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+/- | GII | +/- | GII | |||||||||
Switzerland | 0.037 | 1 (+3) | −0.003 | 0.040 | −0.025 | 0.062 | 0.963 | 82 | 0.779 | 18th | ||
Austria | 0.073 | 14 (−1) | −0.005 | 0.078 | −0.038 | 0.111 | 0.963 | 84 | 0.744 | 34 | ||
Germany | 0.084 | 19 (−11) | 0.000 | 0.084 | −0.013 | 0.097 | 0.968 | 72 | 0.787 | 10 | ||
world | 0.439 | 100 (−11) | −0.003 | 0.442 | −0.034 | 0.473 | 0.941 | 101 | 0.686 | 95 |
Development of the GII
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) initially introduced two gender-specific indices in the 1995 reporting year: an earlier form of the GDI and the GEM women’s participation index . In the years that followed, however, both were criticized as inadequate from various sides. With the UNDP report 2010, the GII (Gender Inequality Index) was presented as a measure of inequality , which takes into account key points of criticism and is intended to enable the evaluation of data on as many UN member states as possible. 2008 statistical data were available for 137 countries. The introduction of the GII was justified as follows (in translation):
“Gender inequality remains a major barrier to human development . Girls and women have made great strides since 1990, but they have not yet achieved gender equality. [...] Measurements of disadvantage for women raise awareness of problems, allow monitoring of progress towards the goals of gender equality and hold governments accountable. "
The Human Development Report 2019 does not calculate the changes in the GII values from 2008, but based on the latest data and calculation methods from 2010 and retrospectively for the years 2005, 2000 and 1995. UNDP regularly criticizes a lack of data from some countries, but points out Overall, there was a steady improvement in the data situation: in 2019, statistical information on 162 countries could be evaluated, with insufficient data on 27 other countries ( see below ). The report summarizes the overall situation (in translation):
“Gender gaps remain one of the most persistent forms of inequality in all countries. Given that these disadvantages affect half the world's population, gender inequality is arguably one of the major barriers to progress in human development. Too often women and girls are discriminated against in terms of health, education, in the home and in the labor market - with negative repercussions on their freedoms. "
Worldwide, the GII 2018 is 0.439 - this corresponds to an average inequality of 43.9% in the recorded quality of life, with a decrease of 3.4% since 2010 (0.473) and 8.2% since 2000 (0.521).
reception
The Spanish demographer Iñaki Permanyer welcomed the introduction of the GII in 2011: “UNDP's new index of gender inequality is an important contribution to the discussion of measuring gender inequality. Introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report , the new index was designed to overcome many of the limitations of its predecessor - the GDI . "
criticism
Permanyer criticized the complexity of the GII and its mixing of dimensions in several ways, and in 2011 proposed simplifying improvements.
The German development economist Stephan Klasen ( University of Göttingen ) is a member of the UN Committee on Development Policy and has accompanied the gender-specific measures and indices of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) with critical analyzes and suggestions for improvement since the 2000s. Klasen wrote in 2017:
“My overall assessment of the GII is that it is in no way an improvement, and in fact is a deterioration in many ways, from the previous state of affairs, particularly the revised and previously discussed GDI and GEM measurements. The GII mixes well-being [health] with empowerment and levels of achievement with gender gaps, and it is far too complex to be meaningfully communicated and interpreted. "
Calculation of the GII and example
The index of gender-specific inequality (GII) is calculated by the UN Development Program using data from the United Nations ( UNDESA , UNESCO ), the Interparliamentary Union IPU (parliamentary seats) and the International Labor Organization ( ILU ) (employment rate). The data come from three basic areas of " human development " :
-
Reproductive health (reproductive health) , determined from
- a) Maternal mortality rate : number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (minimum: 10, limit: 1,000)
- b) Maternity of minors : births per 1,000 girls between the ages of 15 and 19
- Both values - set to 1 in the calculation for men - are part of the “ Sustainable Development Goals ” ( goals 3.1 and 3.7). The concept of “ reproductive health and reproductive rights ” represents a legal approach by the UN to anchor family planning as a human right.
-
Participation (empowerment) , determined from
- a) political participation : seats in the state parliament of women and men (sustainable goal 5.5)
- b) Secondary education for women and men aged 25 and over (Sustainable Goal 4.6)
- Participation (labor force participation) of women and men aged 15 and over
A minimum value of 0.1 percent is set for each of the 5 indicators . First of all, a geometric mean of the 5 individual values for each gender is formed, then the two end values are harmoniously averaged . UNDP cites the concrete figures for the country Papua New Guinea as an example :
- 1. a) Maternal mortality: 215 (per 100,000 live births)
- 1.b) Youth birth rate: 52.7 (per 1,000)
- 2. a) Parliamentary seats for women: 0.0% (set to the minimum: 0.1%)
- 2.b) Secondary education: 9.94% of women and 15.16% of men (from 25 years of age)
- 3. Employment rate: 46.0% for women and 47.6% for men (aged 15 and over)
Using a complex formula, intermediate values are calculated separately for both sexes from the individual values:
- Women: 0.05146
- Men: 0.57005
Harmonic mean: 0.0944
Then the geometric mean of all individual values is calculated: 0.3637
Finally, the GII is calculated: 1 - (0.0944 / 0.3637) = 0.740
This puts Papua New Guinea at GII rank 161 (out of 162) in 2018 , its HDI of 0.543 ranks 155 (out of 189).
List of countries according to their GII
The following list shows the GII (Gender Inequality Index) for the 162 evaluated UN member states in 2018 according to the ranking of the UN development program in its report on human development 2019 (see below for comparison with the HDI ), together with the 5th Social indicators on women's reproductive health, women's empowerment and participation and their participation in the labor market:
- Maternal mortality per 100,000 live births
- Maternity of minors per 1,000 girls aged 15–19
- Proportion of women in the state parliament (? seats) - see the state list with changes since 1995
- Secondary education for women (?) and men (?)
- Employment participation (? and ? from 15 years)
Switzerland is in 1st place with the lowest GII (0.037: low female disadvantage), Austria is in 14th place and Germany is in 19th place , for comparison the average values of the UN members and the OECD countries:
Country 2018 | GII | rank | Maternal death |
Youth Mothers |
? seats in parliament |
Secondary education | Activity rate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | ? | ? | ? | |||||||
162 UN members ø | 0.439 | 100 | 216 | 42.9 | 24.1% | 62.8% | 71.2% | 48.0% | 74.9% | |
36 OECD countries ø | 0.182 | 42 | 14th | 20.5 | 30.1% | 84.8% | 87.7% | 51.6% | 68.5% | |
Switzerland | 0.037 | 1 | 5 | 2.8 | 29.3% | 96.4% | 97.2% | 62.6% | 74.1% | |
Sweden | 0.040 | 2 | 4th | 5.1 | 46.1% | 88.8% | 89.0% | 61.1% | 67.6% | |
Denmark | 0.040 | 2 | 6th | 4.1 | 37.4% | 89.2% | 89.4% | 58.1% | 65.9% | |
Netherlands | 0.041 | 4th | 7th | 3.8 | 35.6% | 86.6% | 90.1% | 58.0% | 68.9% | |
Norway | 0.044 | 5 | 5 | 5.1 | 41.4% | 96.1% | 94.8% | 60.2% | 66.7% | |
Belgium | 0.045 | 6th | 7th | 4.7 | 41.4% | 82.6% | 87.1% | 47.9% | 58.9% | |
Finland | 0.050 | 7th | 3 | 5.8 | 42.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 55.0% | 62.2% | |
France | 0.051 | 8th | 8th | 4.7 | 35.7% | 81.0% | 86.3% | 50.3% | 60.0% | |
Iceland | 0.057 | 9 | 3 | 6.3 | 38.1% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 72.1% | 80.6% | |
South Korea | 0.058 | 10 | 11 | 1.4 | 17.0% | 89.8% | 95.6% | 52.8% | 73.3% | |
Singapore | 0.065 | 11 | 10 | 3.5 | 23.0% | 76.3% | 83.3% | 60.5% | 76.3% | |
Slovenia | 0.069 | 12 | 9 | 3.8 | 20.0% | 97.0% | 98.3% | 53.4% | 62.7% | |
Italy | 0.069 | 12 | 4th | 5.2 | 35.6% | 75.6% | 83.0% | 40.0% | 58.4% | |
Austria | 0.073 | 14th | 4th | 7.3 | 34.8% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 54.8% | 65.9% | |
Spain | 0.074 | 15th | 5 | 7.7 | 38.6% | 73.3% | 78.4% | 51.7% | 63.4% | |
Luxembourg | 0.078 | 16 | 10 | 4.7 | 20.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 53.5% | 62.7% | |
Portugal | 0.081 | 17th | 10 | 8.4 | 34.8% | 53.6% | 54.8% | 53.9% | 64.2% | |
Canada | 0.083 | 18th | 7th | 8.4 | 31.7% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 60.9% | 69.7% | |
Germany | 0.084 | 19th | 6th | 8.1 | 31.5% | 96.0% | 96.6% | 55.3% | 66.2% | |
Cyprus, Republic | 0.086 | 20th | 7th | 4.6 | 17.9% | 78.2% | 82.6% | 57.3% | 67.2% | |
Estonia | 0.091 | 21st | 9 | 7.7 | 26.7% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 57.0% | 70.9% | |
Ireland | 0.093 | 22nd | 8th | 7.5 | 24.3% | 90.2% | 86.3% | 55.1% | 68.1% | |
Japan | 0.099 | 23 | 5 | 3.8 | 13.7% | 95.2% | 92.2% | 51.4% | 70.7% | |
Israel | 0.100 | 24 | 5 | 9.6 | 27.5% | 87.8% | 90.5% | 59.2% | 69.1% | |
Australia | 0.103 | 25th | 6th | 11.7 | 32.7% | 90.0% | 90.7% | 59.7% | 70.5% | |
Society. Arab. Emirates | 0.113 | 26th | 6th | 6.5 | 22.5% | 78.8% | 65.7% | 51.2% | 93.4% | |
United Kingdom | 0.119 | 27 | 9 | 13.4 | 28.9% | 82.9% | 85.7% | 57.1% | 67.8% | |
Belarus | 0.119 | 27 | 4th | 14.5 | 33.1% | 87.2% | 92.5% | 58.1% | 70.3% | |
Montenegro | 0.119 | 27 | 7th | 9.3 | 23.5% | 88.0% | 97.5% | 43.6% | 58.1% | |
Poland | 0.120 | 30th | 3 | 10.5 | 25.5% | 82.9% | 88.1% | 48.9% | 65.5% | |
Greece | 0.122 | 31 | 3 | 7.2 | 18.7% | 61.5% | 73.2% | 45.3% | 60.7% | |
Croatia | 0.122 | 31 | 8th | 8.7 | 18.5% | 94.5% | 96.9% | 45.7% | 58.2% | |
Lithuania | 0.124 | 33 | 10 | 10.9 | 21.3% | 92.9% | 97.5% | 56.4% | 66.7% | |
New Zealand | 0.133 | 34 | 11 | 19.3 | 38.3% | 97.2% | 96.6% | 64.6% | 75.7% | |
Czech Republic | 0.137 | 35 | 4th | 12.0 | 20.3% | 99.8% | 99.8% | 52.4% | 68.4% | |
North Macedonia | 0.145 | 36 | 8th | 15.7 | 38.3% | 41.6% | 57.6% | 42.7% | 67.5% | |
Serbia | 0.161 | 37 | 17th | 14.7 | 34.4% | 85.7% | 93.6% | 46.8% | 62.1% | |
Bosnia Herzegovina | 0.162 | 38 | 11 | 9.6 | 19.3% | 73.1% | 90.0% | 35.6% | 58.6% | |
China, People's Republic | 0.163 | 39 | 27 | 7.6 | 24.9% | 75.4% | 83.0% | 61.3% | 75.9% | |
Latvia | 0.169 | 40 | 18th | 16.2 | 31.0% | 100.0% | 99.1% | 55.4% | 68.0% | |
Libya | 0.172 | 41 | 9 | 5.8 | 16.0% | 69.4% | 45.0% | 25.7% | 79.0% | |
United States | 0.182 | 42 | 14th | 19.9 | 23.6% | 95.7% | 95.5% | 56.1% | 68.2% | |
Slovakia | 0.190 | 43 | 6th | 25.7 | 20.0% | 99.1% | 100.0% | 52.7% | 67.4% | |
Malta | 0.195 | 44 | 9 | 12.9 | 11.9% | 74.3% | 82.2% | 43.3% | 66.2% | |
Qatar | 0.202 | 45 | 13 | 9.9 | 9.8% | 73.5% | 66.1% | 57.8% | 94.7% | |
Kazakhstan | 0.203 | 46 | 12 | 29.8 | 22.1% | 98.3% | 98.9% | 65.2% | 77.1% | |
Bahrain | 0.207 | 47 | 15th | 13.4 | 18.8% | 64.2% | 57.5% | 44.5% | 87.3% | |
Bulgaria | 0.218 | 48 | 11 | 39.9 | 23.8% | 94.2% | 96.2% | 49.5% | 61.6% | |
Saudi Arabia | 0.224 | 49 | 12 | 7.3 | 19.9% | 67.8% | 75.5% | 23.4% | 79.2% | |
Moldova, Republic | 0.228 | 50 | 23 | 22.4 | 22.8% | 95.5% | 97.4% | 38.9% | 45.6% | |
Brunei | 0.234 | 51 | 23 | 10.3 | 9.1% | 69.5% | 70.6% | 58.2% | 71.7% | |
Albania | 0.234 | 51 | 29 | 19.6 | 27.9% | 93.5% | 92.8% | 47.2% | 64.9% | |
Kuwait | 0.245 | 53 | 4th | 8.2 | 3.1% | 56.8% | 49.3% | 57.5% | 85.3% | |
Russia | 0.255 | 54 | 25th | 20.7 | 16.1% | 96.3% | 95.7% | 54.9% | 70.5% | |
Barbados | 0.256 | 55 | 27 | 33.6 | 27.5% | 94.6% | 91.9% | 61.9% | 69.6% | |
Hungary | 0.258 | 56 | 17th | 24.0 | 12.6% | 96.3% | 98.2% | 48.3% | 65.0% | |
Armenia | 0.259 | 57 | 25th | 21.5 | 18.1% | 96.9% | 97.6% | 49.6% | 69.9% | |
Malaysia | 0.274 | 58 | 40 | 13.4 | 15.8% | 79.8% | 81.8% | 50.9% | 77.4% | |
Uruguay | 0.275 | 59 | 15th | 58.7 | 22.3% | 57.8% | 54.0% | 55.8% | 73.8% | |
Ukraine | 0.284 | 60 | 24 | 23.7 | 12.3% | 94.0% | 95.2% | 46.7% | 62.8% | |
Costa Rica | 0.285 | 61 | 25th | 53.5 | 45.6% | 53.8% | 52.3% | 45.7% | 74.6% | |
Chile | 0.288 | 62 | 22nd | 41.1 | 22.7% | 79.0% | 80.9% | 51.0% | 74.2% | |
Tunisia | 0.300 | 63 | 62 | 7.8 | 31.3% | 42.3% | 54.6% | 24.1% | 69.9% | |
Uzbekistan | 0.303 | 64 | 36 | 23.8 | 16.4% | 99.9% | 99.9% | 53.4% | 78.2% | |
Oman | 0.304 | 65 | 17th | 13.1 | 8.8% | 73.4% | 63.7% | 31.0% | 88.7% | |
Turkey | 0.305 | 66 | 16 | 26.6 | 17.4% | 44.3% | 66.0% | 33.5% | 72.6% | |
Cuba | 0.312 | 67 | 39 | 51.6 | 53.2% | 86.7% | 88.9% | 40.0% | 67.4% | |
Vietnam | 0.314 | 68 | 54 | 30.9 | 26.7% | 66.2% | 77.7% | 72.7% | 82.5% | |
Romania | 0.316 | 69 | 31 | 36.2 | 18.7% | 87.2% | 93.1% | 45.6% | 64.2% | |
Azerbaijan | 0.321 | 70 | 25th | 55.8 | 16.8% | 93.9% | 97.5% | 63.1% | 69.7% | |
Mongolia | 0.322 | 71 | 44 | 31.0 | 17.1% | 91.2% | 86.3% | 53.3% | 66.7% | |
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.323 | 72 | 63 | 30.1 | 30.1% | 74.4% | 71.2% | 50.4% | 71.3% | |
St. Lucia | 0.333 | 73 | 48 | 40.5 | 20.7% | 49.2% | 42.1% | 60.2% | 75.3% | |
Mexico | 0.334 | 74 | 38 | 60.4 | 48.4% | 58.4% | 61.1% | 43.8% | 78.9% | |
Georgia | 0.351 | 75 | 36 | 46.4 | 16.0% | 97.4% | 98.6% | 57.8% | 78.7% | |
Bahamas | 0.353 | 76 | 80 | 30.0 | 21.8% | 88.0% | 91.0% | 67.6% | 82.0% | |
Argentina | 0.354 | 77 | 52 | 62.8 | 39.5% | 66.5% | 63.3% | 49.0% | 72.8% | |
Fiji | 0.357 | 78 | 30th | 49.4 | 19.6% | 78.3% | 70.2% | 38.1% | 76.1% | |
Lebanon | 0.362 | 79 | 15th | 14.5 | 4.7% | 54.3% | 55.6% | 23.5% | 70.9% | |
Samoa | 0.364 | 80 | 51 | 23.9 | 10.0% | 79.1% | 71.6% | 23.7% | 38.6% | |
Country 2018 | GII | rank |
Maternal death |
Youth Mothers |
? seats in parliament |
? sec. Education |
? sec. Education |
? work |
? work |
|
Maldives | 0.367 | 81 | 68 | 7.8 | 5.9% | 44.9% | 49.3% | 41.9% | 82.0% | |
Mauritius | 0.369 | 82 | 53 | 25.7 | 11.6% | 65.7% | 68.1% | 45.0% | 71.8% | |
Cape Verde | 0.372 | 83 | 42 | 73.8 | 20.8% | 28.7% | 31.2% | 65.1% | 73.2% | |
Thailand | 0.377 | 84 | 20th | 44.9 | 5.3% | 43.1% | 48.2% | 59.5% | 76.2% | |
Tajikistan | 0.377 | 84 | 32 | 57.1 | 20.0% | 98.8% | 87.0% | 27.8% | 59.7% | |
Sri Lanka | 0.380 | 86 | 30th | 20.9 | 5.8% | 82.6% | 83.1% | 34.9% | 72.2% | |
Peru | 0.381 | 87 | 68 | 56.9 | 27.7% | 57.4% | 68.5% | 69.9% | 84.7% | |
Kyrgyzstan | 0.381 | 87 | 76 | 32.8 | 19.2% | 98.6% | 98.3% | 48.0% | 75.8% | |
Brazil | 0.386 | 89 | 44 | 59.1 | 15.0% | 61.0% | 57.7% | 54.0% | 74.4% | |
Ecuador | 0.389 | 90 | 64 | 79.3 | 38.0% | 51.9% | 51.9% | 56.6% | 81.8% | |
Belize | 0.391 | 91 | 28 | 68.5 | 11.1% | 78.9% | 78.4% | 53.3% | 81.4% | |
El Salvador | 0.397 | 92 | 54 | 69.5 | 31.0% | 39.9% | 46.3% | 46.1% | 78.9% | |
Jamaica | 0.405 | 93 | 89 | 52.8 | 19.0% | 69.9% | 62.4% | 60.4% | 73.9% | |
Colombia | 0.411 | 94 | 64 | 66.7 | 19.0% | 53.1% | 50.9% | 58.6% | 82.0% | |
Rwanda | 0.412 | 95 | 290 | 39.1 | 55.7% | 12.9% | 17.9% | 84.2% | 83.6% | |
Tonga | 0.418 | 96 | 124 | 14.7 | 7.4% | 94.0% | 93.4% | 45.3% | 74.1% | |
South Africa | 0.422 | 97 | 138 | 67.9 | 41.8% | 75.0% | 78.2% | 48.9% | 62.6% | |
Philippines | 0.425 | 98 | 114 | 54.2 | 29.1% | 75.6% | 72.4% | 45.7% | 74.1% | |
Bhutan | 0.436 | 99 | 148 | 20.2 | 15.3% | 7.6% | 17.5% | 58.2% | 74.5% | |
Algeria | 0.443 | 100 | 140 | 10.1 | 21.3% | 39.1% | 38.9% | 14.9% | 67.4% | |
Bolivia | 0.446 | 101 | 206 | 64.9 | 51.8% | 52.8% | 65.1% | 56.6% | 79.4% | |
Egypt | 0.450 | 102 | 33 | 53.8 | 14.9% | 59.2% | 71.2% | 22.8% | 73.2% | |
Indonesia | 0.451 | 103 | 126 | 47.4 | 19.8% | 44.5% | 53.2% | 52.2% | 82.0% | |
Dominican. republic | 0.453 | 104 | 92 | 94.3 | 24.3% | 58.6% | 54.4% | 50.9% | 77.6% | |
Nicaragua | 0.455 | 105 | 150 | 85.0 | 45.7% | 48.3% | 46.6% | 50.7% | 83.7% | |
Venezuela | 0.458 | 106 | 95 | 85.3 | 22.2% | 71.7% | 66.6% | 47.7% | 77.1% | |
Myanmar | 0.458 | 106 | 178 | 28.5 | 10.2% | 28.7% | 22.3% | 47.7% | 77.3% | |
Panama | 0.460 | 108 | 94 | 81.8 | 18.3% | 74.8% | 68.4% | 52.5% | 80.5% | |
Namibia | 0.460 | 108 | 265 | 63.6 | 39.7% | 40.5% | 41.9% | 56.2% | 65.9% | |
Laos | 0.463 | 110 | 197 | 65.4 | 27.5% | 35.0% | 46.0% | 76.8% | 79.7% | |
Botswana | 0.464 | 111 | 129 | 46.1 | 9.5% | 89.6% | 90.3% | 66.2% | 78.6% | |
Suriname | 0.465 | 112 | 155 | 61.7 | 25.5% | 61.5% | 60.1% | 39.2% | 64.2% | |
Jordan | 0.469 | 113 | 58 | 25.9 | 15.4% | 82.0% | 85.9% | 14.1% | 64.0% | |
Cambodia | 0.474 | 114 | 161 | 50.2 | 19.3% | 15.1% | 28.1% | 75.2% | 87.6% | |
Nepal | 0.476 | 115 | 258 | 65.1 | 33.5% | 29.0% | 44.2% | 81.7% | 69.1% | |
Honduras | 0.479 | 116 | 129 | 72.9 | 21.1% | 34.2% | 32.6% | 47.2% | 83.7% | |
Paraguay | 0.482 | 117 | 132 | 70.5 | 16.0% | 47.3% | 48.3% | 56.9% | 84.1% | |
Iran | 0.492 | 118 | 25th | 40.6 | 5.9% | 67.4% | 72.0% | 16.8% | 71.2% | |
Morocco | 0.492 | 118 | 121 | 31.0 | 18.4% | 29.0% | 35.6% | 21.4% | 70.4% | |
Guyana | 0.492 | 118 | 229 | 74.4 | 31.9% | 70.9% | 55.5% | 41.2% | 73.6% | |
Guatemala | 0.492 | 118 | 88 | 70.9 | 12.7% | 38.4% | 37.2% | 41.1% | 85.0% | |
India | 0.501 | 122 | 174 | 13.2 | 11.7% | 39.0% | 63.5% | 23.6% | 78.6% | |
Ethiopia | 0.508 | 123 | 353 | 66.7 | 37.3% | 11.5% | 22.0% | 74.2% | 86.5% | |
Burundi | 0.520 | 124 | 712 | 55.6 | 38.8% | 7.5% | 11.0% | 80.4% | 77.6% | |
Senegal | 0.523 | 125 | 315 | 72.7 | 41.8% | 11.1% | 21.4% | 35.2% | 58.6% | |
Zimbabwe | 0.525 | 126 | 443 | 86.1 | 34.3% | 55.9% | 66.3% | 78.6% | 89.0% | |
Uganda | 0.531 | 127 | 343 | 118.8 | 34.3% | 27.4% | 34.7% | 67.2% | 75.0% | |
Gabon | 0.534 | 128 | 291 | 96.2 | 17.4% | 65.6% | 49.8% | 43.4% | 60.2% | |
Bangladesh | 0.536 | 129 | 176 | 83.0 | 20.3% | 45.3% | 49.2% | 36.0% | 81.3% | |
Tanzania | 0.539 | 130 | 398 | 118.4 | 37.2% | 11.9% | 16.9% | 79.4% | 87.2% | |
Iraq | 0.540 | 131 | 224 | 120.1 | 18.0% | 39.2% | 52.4% | 70.8% | 79.8% | |
Zambia | 0.540 | 131 | 50 | 71.7 | 25.2% | 39.5% | 56.5% | 12.4% | 72.6% | |
Ghana | 0.541 | 133 | 319 | 66.6 | 12.7% | 55.7% | 71.1% | 63.6% | 71.5% | |
Kenya | 0.545 | 134 | 510 | 75.1 | 23.3% | 29.8% | 37.3% | 63.6% | 84.4% | |
Lesotho | 0.546 | 135 | 487 | 92.7 | 22.7% | 32.8% | 25.1% | 59.8% | 74.9% | |
Sao Tome & Principe | 0.547 | 136 | 156 | 94.6 | 14.5% | 31.5% | 45.8% | 43.3% | 76.2% | |
Pakistan | 0.547 | 136 | 178 | 38.8 | 20.0% | 26.7% | 47.3% | 23.9% | 81.5% | |
Syria | 0.547 | 136 | 68 | 38.6 | 13.2% | 37.1% | 43.4% | 12.0% | 70.3% | |
Sudan | 0.560 | 139 | 311 | 64.0 | 31.0% | 15.3% | 19.6% | 24.5% | 70.3% | |
Cameroon | 0.566 | 140 | 596 | 105.8 | 29.3% | 32.7% | 40.9% | 71.2% | 81.4% | |
Togo | 0.566 | 140 | 368 | 89.1 | 17.6% | 27.6% | 54.0% | 76.1% | 79.3% | |
Mozambique | 0.569 | 142 | 489 | 148.6 | 39.6% | 14.0% | 27.3% | 77.5% | 79.6% | |
Afghanistan | 0.575 | 143 | 396 | 69.0 | 27.4% | 13.2% | 36.9% | 48.7% | 82.1% | |
Angola | 0.578 | 144 | 477 | 150.5 | 30.5% | 23.1% | 38.1% | 75.4% | 80.1% | |
Congo, Republic | 0.579 | 145 | 442 | 112.2 | 14.0% | 46.7% | 51.3% | 66.9% | 71.6% | |
Swaziland | 0.579 | 145 | 389 | 76.7 | 12.1% | 31.3% | 33.9% | 41.4% | 65.9% | |
Burkina Faso | 0.612 | 147 | 371 | 104.3 | 11.0% | 6.0% | 12.1% | 58.5% | 75.1% | |
Benin | 0.613 | 148 | 405 | 86.1 | 7.2% | 18.2% | 33.6% | 69.2% | 73.3% | |
Malawi | 0.615 | 149 | 634 | 132.7 | 16.7% | 17.6% | 25.9% | 72.9% | 82.0% | |
Mauritania | 0.620 | 150 | 602 | 71.0 | 20.3% | 12.7% | 24.9% | 29.2% | 63.2% | |
Haiti | 0.620 | 150 | 359 | 51.7 | 2.7% | 26.9% | 39.9% | 63.3% | 72.8% | |
Gambia | 0.620 | 150 | 706 | 78.2 | 10.3% | 30.7% | 43.6% | 51.7% | 67.7% | |
Sierra Leone | 0.644 | 153 | 1360 | 112.8 | 12.3% | 19.9% | 32.9% | 57.7% | 58.5% | |
Niger | 0.647 | 154 | 553 | 186.5 | 17.0% | 4.3% | 8.9% | 67.3% | 90.5% | |
Liberia | 0.651 | 155 | 725 | 136.0 | 11.7% | 18.5% | 39.6% | 54.7% | 57.5% | |
Congo, Dem. Rep. | 0.655 | 156 | 693 | 124.2 | 8.2% | 36.7% | 65.8% | 60.8% | 66.5% | |
Ivory Coast | 0.657 | 157 | 645 | 117.6 | 9.2% | 17.8% | 34.1% | 48.3% | 66.0% | |
Mali | 0.676 | 158 | 587 | 169.1 | 8.8% | 7.3% | 16.4% | 61.3% | 80.9% | |
Central Africa | 0.682 | 159 | 882 | 129.1 | 8.6% | 13.4% | 31.1% | 64.7% | 79.8% | |
Chad | 0.701 | 160 | 856 | 161.1 | 15.3% | 1.7% | 10.3% | 64.8% | 77.9% | |
Papua New Guinea | 0.740 | 161 | 215 | 52.7 | 0.0% | 9.9% | 15.2% | 46.0% | 47.6% | |
Yemen | 0.834 | 162 | 385 | 60.4 | 0.5% | 19.9% | 35.5% | 6.0% | 70.8% | |
162 UN members ø | 0.439 | 100 | 216 | 42.9 | 24.1% | 62.8% | 71.2% | 48.0% | 74.9% | |
Country 2018 | GII | rank |
Maternal death |
Youth Mothers |
? seats in parliament |
woman | man | woman | man | |
Secondary education | Activity rate |
GII list from 2000
The following list compares the GII of 162 countries with their basic HDI ( Human Development Index ) and GDI ( Gender Development Index ), along with the change in GII since 2017, since 2010 and since 2000, all based on the data and Calculation methods from 2019 - minus changes are positive, plus values mean an increase in the gender gap in gender equality ; the three DA-CH countries are HDI rank 20 , rank 4 and rank 2 :
Country 2018 | comparison | GII | rank | from 2017 | from 2010 | from 2000 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HDI | rank | GDI | # | rank | +/- | GII | rank | +/- | GII | +/- | GII | ||||
162 UN members ø | 0.731 | 93 | 0.941 | 101 | 0.439 | 100 | −2 | −0.003 | 0.442 | −11 | −0.034 | 0.473 | −0.082 | 0.521 | |
36 OECD countries ø | 0.895 | 25th | 0.976 | 56 | 0.182 | 42 | −0.007 | 0.189 | −2 | −0.052 | 0.234 | −0.109 | 0.291 | ||
Switzerland | 0.946 | 2 | 0.963 | 82 | 0.037 | 1 | −0.003 | 0.040 | +3 | −0.025 | 0.062 | −0.057 | 0.094 | ||
Sweden | 0.937 | 8th | 0.982 | 50 | 0.040 | 2 | +1 | −0.003 | 0.043 | −1 | −0.010 | 0.050 | −0.021 | 0.061 | |
Denmark | 0.930 | 11 | 0.980 | 52 | 0.040 | 2 | −0.001 | 0.041 | +1 | −0.016 | 0.056 | −0.036 | 0.076 | ||
Netherlands | 0.934 | 10 | 0.967 | 76 | 0.041 | 4th | −0.003 | 0.044 | −2 | −0.013 | 0.054 | −0.055 | 0.096 | ||
Norway | 0.954 | 1 | 0.990 | 31 | 0.044 | 5 | −0.003 | 0.047 | −0.031 | 0.075 | −0.064 | 0.108 | |||
Belgium | 0.919 | 17th | 0.972 | 64 | 0.045 | 6th | −0.005 | 0.050 | +1 | −0.046 | 0.091 | −0.077 | 0.122 | ||
Finland | 0.925 | 12 | 0.990 | 32 | 0.050 | 7th | +1 | −0.005 | 0.055 | −1 | −0.027 | 0.077 | −0.035 | 0.085 | |
France | 0.891 | 26th | 0.984 | 42 | 0.051 | 8th | +1 | −0.007 | 0.058 | +4 | −0.056 | 0.107 | −0.121 | 0.172 | |
Iceland | 0.938 | 6th | 0.966 | 77 | 0.057 | 9 | +2 | −0.008 | 0.065 | +1 | −0.042 | 0.099 | −0.091 | 0.148 | |
South Korea | 0.906 | 22nd | 0.934 | 109 | 0.058 | 10 | −0.002 | 0.060 | −1 | −0.040 | 0.098 | −0.133 | 0.191 | ||
Singapore | 0.935 | 9 | 0.988 | 36 | 0.065 | 11 | +2 | −0.001 | 0.066 | −1 | −0.034 | 0.099 | −0.209 | 0.274 | |
Slovenia | 0.902 | 24 | 1.003 | 21st | 0.069 | 12 | −5 | +0.016 | 0.053 | +5 | −0.057 | 0.126 | ... | ... | |
Italy | 0.883 | 29 | 0.967 | 74 | 0.069 | 12 | +4 | −0.011 | 0.080 | +4 | −0.056 | 0.125 | −0.109 | 0.178 | |
Austria | 0.914 | 20th | 0.963 | 84 | 0.073 | 14th | +1 | −0.005 | 0.078 | −1 | −0.038 | 0.111 | −0.077 | 0.150 | |
Spain | 0.893 | 25th | 0.981 | 51 | 0.074 | 15th | −1 | −0.003 | 0.077 | −1 | −0.041 | 0.115 | −0.045 | 0.119 | |
Luxembourg | 0.909 | 21st | 0.970 | 70 | 0.078 | 16 | −4 | +0.013 | 0.065 | +3 | −0.054 | 0.132 | −0.097 | 0.175 | |
Portugal | 0.850 | 40 | 0.984 | 44 | 0.081 | 17th | +2 | −0.007 | 0.088 | +6 | −0.060 | 0.141 | −0.128 | 0.209 | |
Canada | 0.922 | 13 | 0.989 | 34 | 0.083 | 18th | +2 | −0.009 | 0.092 | −1 | −0.043 | 0.126 | ... | ... | |
Germany | 0.939 | 4th | 0.968 | 72 | 0.084 | 19th | −2 | 0.000 | 0.084 | −11 | −0.013 | 0.097 | −0.046 | 0.130 | |
Cyprus, Republic | 0.873 | 31 | 0.983 | 47 | 0.086 | 20th | −2 | −0.001 | 0.087 | −1 | −0.046 | 0.132 | −0.172 | 0.258 | |
Estonia | 0.882 | 30th | 1.016 | 7th | 0.091 | 21st | +4 | −0.019 | 0.110 | +8 | −0.078 | 0.169 | -0.191 | 0.282 | |
Ireland | 0.942 | 3 | 0.975 | 59 | 0.093 | 22nd | −1 | −0.008 | 0.101 | +8 | −0.077 | 0.170 | −0.105 | 0.198 | |
Japan | 0.915 | 19th | 0.976 | 56 | 0.099 | 23 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.102 | −8 | −0.022 | 0.121 | −0.036 | 0.135 | |
Israel | 0.906 | 22nd | 0.972 | 66 | 0.100 | 24 | −1 | −0.004 | 0.104 | +1 | −0.049 | 0.149 | −0.097 | 0.197 | |
Australia | 0.938 | 6th | 0.975 | 58 | 0.103 | 25th | −1 | −0.001 | 0.104 | −3 | −0.035 | 0.138 | −0.057 | 0.160 | |
Society. Arab. Emirates | 0.866 | 35 | 0.965 | 79 | 0.113 | 26th | +9 | −0.025 | 0.138 | +14 | −0.118 | 0.231 | −0.496 | 0.609 | |
United Kingdom | 0.920 | 15th | 0.967 | 75 | 0.119 | 27 | −0.009 | 0.128 | +5 | −0.064 | 0.183 | −0.096 | 0.215 | ||
Belarus | 0.817 | 50 | 1.010 | 11 | 0.119 | 27 | +4 | −0.010 | 0.129 | −1 | −0.031 | 0.150 | ... | ... | |
Montenegro | 0.816 | 52 | 0.966 | 78 | 0.119 | 27 | +1 | −0.009 | 0.128 | +11 | −0.097 | 0.216 | ... | ... | |
Poland | 0.872 | 32 | 1.009 | 14th | 0.120 | 30th | −1 | −0.008 | 0.128 | −0.050 | 0.170 | −0.085 | 0.205 | ||
Greece | 0.872 | 32 | 0.963 | 85 | 0.122 | 31 | −5 | −0.002 | 0.124 | −4 | −0.035 | 0.157 | −0.099 | 0.221 | |
Croatia | 0.837 | 46 | 0.989 | 35 | 0.122 | 31 | −1 | −0.006 | 0.128 | −7 | −0.024 | 0.146 | −0.084 | 0.206 | |
Lithuania | 0.869 | 34 | 1.028 | 4th | 0.124 | 33 | −1 | −0.005 | 0.129 | −5 | −0.044 | 0.168 | −0.157 | 0.281 | |
New Zealand | 0.921 | 14th | 0.963 | 81 | 0.133 | 34 | −0.004 | 0.137 | −1 | −0.053 | 0.186 | −0.057 | 0.190 | ||
Czech Republic | 0.891 | 26th | 0.983 | 48 | 0.137 | 35 | −2 | +0.004 | 0.133 | −14 | +0.002 | 0.135 | ... | ... | |
North Macedonia | 0.759 | 82 | 0.947 | 95 | 0.145 | 36 | −0.005 | 0.150 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ||
Serbia | 0.799 | 63 | 0.976 | 57 | 0.162 | 37 | +2 | −0.006 | 0.168 | +2 | −0.059 | 0.221 | ... | ... | |
Bosnia Herzegovina | 0.769 | 75 | 0.924 | 117 | 0.162 | 38 | −0.005 | 0.167 | +3 | −0.073 | 0.235 | ... | ... | ||
China, People's Republic | 0.758 | 85 | 0.961 | 88 | 0.163 | 39 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.164 | −5 | −0.029 | 0.192 | −0.105 | 0.268 | |
Latvia | 0.854 | 39 | 1.030 | 3 | 0.169 | 40 | +5 | −0.039 | 0.208 | −4 | −0.039 | 0.208 | −0.107 | 0.276 | |
Libya | 0.708 | 110 | 0.931 | 111 | 0.172 | 41 | −1 | −0.001 | 0.173 | +3 | −0.074 | 0.246 | ... | ... | |
United States | 0.920 | 15th | 0.991 | 30th | 0.182 | 42 | +1 | −0.020 | 0.202 | +3 | −0.072 | 0.254 | ... | ... | |
Slovakia | 0.857 | 36 | 0.992 | 29 | 0.190 | 43 | −2 | +0.003 | 0.187 | −8 | −0.005 | 0.195 | −0.029 | 0.219 | |
Malta | 0.885 | 28 | 0.965 | 80 | 0.195 | 44 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.197 | +5 | −0.077 | 0.272 | −0.125 | 0.320 | |
Qatar | 0.848 | 41 | 1.043 | 1 | 0.202 | 45 | +1 | −0.007 | 0.209 | +77 | −0.378 | 0.580 | ... | ... | |
Kazakhstan | 0.817 | 50 | 0.999 | 24 | 0.203 | 46 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.204 | +1 | −0.065 | 0.268 | −0,201 | 0.404 | |
Bahrain | 0.838 | 45 | 0.937 | 106 | 0.207 | 47 | +1 | −0.016 | 0.223 | −5 | −0.029 | 0.236 | ... | ... | |
Bulgaria | 0.816 | 52 | 0.993 | 28 | 0.218 | 48 | −1 | −0.002 | 0.220 | −5 | −0.020 | 0.238 | −0.118 | 0.336 | |
Saudi Arabia | 0.857 | 36 | 0.879 | 135 | 0.224 | 49 | −0.008 | 0.232 | +88 | −0.409 | 0.633 | ... | ... | ||
Moldova, Republic | 0.711 | 107 | 1.007 | 15th | 0.228 | 50 | −0.004 | 0.232 | −0.058 | 0.286 | −0.192 | 0.420 | |||
Brunei | 0.845 | 43 | 0.987 | 38 | 0.234 | 51 | +1 | −0.009 | 0.243 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Albania | 0.791 | 69 | 0.971 | 68 | 0.234 | 51 | −0.002 | 0.236 | −3 | −0.035 | 0.269 | −0.146 | 0.380 | ||
Kuwait | 0.808 | 57 | 0.999 | 23 | 0.245 | 53 | −0.006 | 0.251 | −16 | +0.030 | 0.215 | −0.331 | 0.576 | ||
Russia | 0.824 | 49 | 1.015 | 8th | 0.255 | 54 | −0.007 | 0.262 | −0.061 | 0.316 | −0.168 | 0.423 | |||
Barbados | 0.813 | 56 | 1.010 | 12 | 0.256 | 55 | +3 | −0.027 | 0.283 | +1 | −0.064 | 0.320 | −0.100 | 0.356 | |
Hungary | 0.845 | 43 | 0.984 | 45 | 0.258 | 56 | −0.012 | 0.270 | −10 | +0.003 | 0.255 | −0.030 | 0.288 | ||
Armenia | 0.760 | 81 | 0.972 | 63 | 0.259 | 57 | −2 | −0.004 | 0.263 | +6 | −0.086 | 0.345 | −0.209 | 0.468 | |
Malaysia | 0.804 | 61 | 0.972 | 67 | 0.274 | 58 | +1 | −0.012 | 0.286 | −6 | −0.035 | 0.309 | −0.061 | 0.335 | |
Uruguay | 0.808 | 57 | 1.016 | 6th | 0.275 | 59 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.276 | +1 | −0.052 | 0.327 | −0.114 | 0.389 | |
Ukraine | 0.750 | 88 | 0.995 | 26th | 0.284 | 60 | −0.005 | 0.289 | +2 | −0.053 | 0.337 | −0.101 | 0.385 | ||
Costa Rica | 0.794 | 68 | 0.977 | 55 | 0.285 | 61 | +1 | −0.018 | 0.303 | −4 | −0.036 | 0.321 | −0.138 | 0.423 | |
Chile | 0.847 | 42 | 0.962 | 87 | 0.288 | 62 | ... | ... | ... | +3 | −0.074 | 0.362 | −0.145 | 0.433 | |
Tunisia | 0.739 | 91 | 0.899 | 126 | 0.300 | 63 | −2 | +0.001 | 0.299 | −10 | −0.013 | 0.313 | −0.129 | 0.429 | |
Uzbekistan | 0.710 | 108 | 0.939 | 103 | 0.303 | 64 | −1 | 0.000 | 0.303 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Oman | 0.834 | 47 | 0.943 | 100 | 0.304 | 65 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.307 | −4 | −0.024 | 0.328 | ... | ... | |
Turkey | 0.807 | 59 | 0.924 | 116 | 0.305 | 66 | +4 | −0.016 | 0.321 | +15 | −0.120 | 0.425 | −0.286 | 0.591 | |
Cuba | 0.778 | 72 | 0.948 | 94 | 0.313 | 67 | −1 | −0.005 | 0.318 | −8 | −0.013 | 0.326 | −0.066 | 0.379 | |
Vietnam | 0.693 | 118 | 1.003 | 20th | 0.314 | 68 | −1 | −0.004 | 0.318 | −10 | −0.010 | 0.324 | −0.033 | 0.347 | |
Romania | 0.816 | 52 | 0.986 | 40 | 0.316 | 69 | −4 | 0.000 | 0.316 | −3 | −0.049 | 0.365 | ... | ... | |
Azerbaijan | 0.754 | 87 | 0.940 | 101 | 0.321 | 70 | −2 | +0.003 | 0.318 | −19 | +0.019 | 0.302 | ... | ... | |
Mongolia | 0.735 | 92 | 1.031 | 2 | 0.322 | 71 | −2 | +0.004 | 0.318 | +2 | −0.084 | 0.406 | −0.130 | 0.452 | |
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.799 | 63 | 1.002 | 22nd | 0.324 | 72 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.327 | −8 | −0.030 | 0.354 | ... | ... | |
St. Lucia | 0.745 | 89 | 0.975 | 60 | 0.333 | 73 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.336 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Mexico | 0.767 | 76 | 0.957 | 90 | 0.334 | 74 | −1 | −0.012 | 0.346 | −2 | −0.067 | 0.401 | −0.158 | 0.492 | |
Georgia | 0.786 | 70 | 0.979 | 54 | 0.351 | 75 | −0.003 | 0.354 | +2 | −0.069 | 0.420 | −0.071 | 0.422 | ||
Bahamas | 0.805 | 60 | ... | ... | 0.353 | 76 | −2 | 0.000 | 0.353 | −5 | −0.033 | 0.386 | −0.034 | 0.387 | |
Argentina | 0.830 | 48 | 0.988 | 37 | 0.354 | 77 | −1 | −0.001 | 0.355 | −8 | −0.017 | 0.371 | −0.055 | 0.409 | |
Fiji | 0.724 | 98 | ... | ... | 0.357 | 78 | −1 | −0.010 | 0.367 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Lebanon | 0.730 | 93 | 0.891 | 130 | 0.362 | 79 | +10 | −0.033 | 0.395 | −4 | −0.050 | 0.412 | ... | ... | |
Samoa | 0.707 | 111 | ... | ... | 0.364 | 80 | −2 | −0.005 | 0.369 | −4 | −0.054 | 0.418 | −0.107 | 0.471 | |
Country 2018 | HDI | rank | GDI | # | GII | rank | since 2017 |
Value +/- |
2017 GII |
since 2010 |
Value +/- |
2010 GII |
Value +/- |
2000 GII |
|
Maldives | 0.719 | 104 | 0.939 | 102 | 0.367 | 81 | +1 | −0.008 | 0.375 | −1 | −0.057 | 0.424 | −0.169 | 0.536 | |
Mauritius | 0.796 | 66 | 0.974 | 61 | 0.369 | 82 | −3 | −0.004 | 0.373 | −12 | −0.013 | 0.382 | −0.084 | 0.453 | |
Cape Verde | 0.651 | 126 | 0.984 | 46 | 0.372 | 83 | −3 | −0.002 | 0.374 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Thailand | 0.765 | 77 | 0.995 | 25th | 0.377 | 84 | +1 | −0.009 | 0.386 | −29 | +0.058 | 0.319 | −0.020 | 0.397 | |
Tajikistan | 0.656 | 125 | 0.799 | 157 | 0.377 | 84 | −3 | +0.003 | 0.374 | −16 | +0.010 | 0.367 | −0.061 | 0.438 | |
Sri Lanka | 0.780 | 71 | 0.938 | 104 | 0.380 | 86 | −3 | −0.001 | 0.381 | −12 | −0.028 | 0.408 | ... | ... | |
Peru | 0.759 | 82 | 0.951 | 92 | 0.381 | 87 | −3 | −0.002 | 0.383 | −9 | −0.040 | 0.421 | ... | ... | |
Kyrgyzstan | 0.674 | 122 | 0.959 | 89 | 0.381 | 87 | −1 | −0.008 | 0.389 | −21 | +0.016 | 0.365 | −0.095 | 0.476 | |
Brazil | 0.761 | 79 | 0.995 | 27 | 0.386 | 89 | +2 | −0.018 | 0.404 | −1 | −0.070 | 0.456 | −0.121 | 0.507 | |
Ecuador | 0.758 | 85 | 0.980 | 53 | 0.389 | 90 | −3 | −0.001 | 0.390 | −12 | −0.032 | 0.421 | −0.101 | 0.490 | |
Belize | 0.720 | 103 | 0.983 | 49 | 0.391 | 91 | −3 | −0.002 | 0.393 | −10 | −0.034 | 0.425 | −0.090 | 0.481 | |
El Salvador | 0.667 | 124 | 0.969 | 71 | 0.397 | 92 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.398 | −8 | −0.045 | 0.442 | −0.124 | 0.521 | |
Jamaica | 0.726 | 96 | 0.986 | 41 | 0.405 | 93 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.408 | −6 | −0.050 | 0.455 | −0.065 | 0.470 | |
Colombia | 0.761 | 79 | 0.986 | 39 | 0.411 | 94 | −1 | 0.000 | 0.411 | −6 | −0.045 | 0.456 | −0.092 | 0.503 | |
Rwanda | 0.536 | 157 | 0.943 | 99 | 0.412 | 95 | −1 | 0.000 | 0.412 | −10 | −0.034 | 0.446 | −0.142 | 0.554 | |
Tonga | 0.717 | 105 | 0.944 | 97 | 0.418 | 96 | −1 | −0.001 | 0.419 | +51 | −0.263 | 0.681 | −0.259 | 0.677 | |
South Africa | 0.705 | 113 | 0.984 | 43 | 0.422 | 97 | −1 | −0.002 | 0.424 | −14 | −0.010 | 0.432 | +0.006 | 0.416 | |
Philippines | 0.712 | 106 | 1.004 | 17th | 0.425 | 98 | −1 | −0.002 | 0.427 | −12 | −0.024 | 0.449 | −0.051 | 0.476 | |
Bhutan | 0.617 | 134 | 0.893 | 129 | 0.436 | 99 | +14 | −0.048 | 0.484 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Algeria | 0.759 | 82 | 0.865 | 144 | 0.443 | 100 | −2 | −0.004 | 0.447 | +4 | −0.080 | 0.523 | −0.184 | 0.627 | |
Bolivia | 0.703 | 114 | 0.936 | 107 | 0.446 | 101 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.448 | −6 | −0.057 | 0.503 | −0.141 | 0.587 | |
Egypt | 0.700 | 116 | 0.878 | 136 | 0.450 | 102 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.452 | ... | ... | ... | -0.186 | 0.636 | |
Indonesia | 0.707 | 111 | 0.937 | 105 | 0.451 | 103 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.453 | −11 | −0.035 | 0.486 | −0.110 | 0.561 | |
Dominican. republic | 0.745 | 89 | 1.003 | 18th | 0.453 | 104 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.454 | −14 | −0.020 | 0.473 | −0.041 | 0.494 | |
Nicaragua | 0.651 | 126 | 1.013 | 10 | 0.455 | 105 | −2 | −0.003 | 0.458 | −4 | −0.065 | 0.520 | −0.151 | 0.606 | |
Venezuela | 0.726 | 96 | 1.013 | 9 | 0.458 | 106 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.459 | −15 | −0.017 | 0.475 | ... | ... | |
Myanmar | 0.584 | 145 | 0.953 | 91 | 0.459 | 106 | −1 | −0.001 | 0.460 | −6 | −0.058 | 0.517 | ... | ... | |
Panama | 0.795 | 67 | 1.005 | 16 | 0.460 | 108 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.462 | −7 | −0.060 | 0.520 | −0.046 | 0.506 | |
Namibia | 0.645 | 130 | 1.009 | 13 | 0.460 | 108 | +2 | −0.010 | 0.470 | −9 | −0.054 | 0.514 | −0.085 | 0.545 | |
Laos | 0.604 | 140 | 0.929 | 114 | 0.463 | 110 | −3 | −0.002 | 0.465 | −13 | −0.047 | 0.510 | −0.117 | 0.580 | |
Botswana | 0.728 | 94 | 0.990 | 33 | 0.464 | 111 | −3 | −0.002 | 0.466 | −16 | −0.039 | 0.503 | −0.067 | 0.531 | |
Suriname | 0.724 | 98 | 0.972 | 65 | 0.465 | 112 | −3 | −0.002 | 0.467 | −5 | −0.069 | 0.534 | ... | ... | |
Jordan | 0.723 | 102 | 0.868 | 142 | 0.469 | 113 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.471 | −19 | −0.025 | 0.494 | −0.163 | 0.632 | |
Cambodia | 0.581 | 146 | 0.919 | 118 | 0.474 | 114 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.476 | −21 | −0.019 | 0.493 | −0.124 | 0.598 | |
Nepal | 0.579 | 147 | 0.897 | 127 | 0.476 | 115 | −0.012 | 0.488 | −8 | −0.058 | 0.534 | −0.193 | 0.669 | ||
Honduras | 0.623 | 132 | 0.970 | 69 | 0.479 | 116 | ... | ... | ... | −15 | −0.041 | 0.520 | −0.071 | 0.550 | |
Paraguay | 0.724 | 98 | 0.968 | 73 | 0.482 | 117 | −3 | −0.003 | 0.485 | −19 | −0.029 | 0.511 | −0.070 | 0.552 | |
Iran | 0.797 | 65 | 0.874 | 138 | 0.492 | 118 | −2 | +0.004 | 0.488 | −12 | −0.037 | 0.529 | −0.104 | 0.596 | |
Morocco | 0.676 | 121 | 0.833 | 151 | 0.492 | 118 | −1 | −0.002 | 0.494 | −3 | −0.072 | 0.564 | −0.214 | 0.706 | |
Guyana | 0.670 | 123 | 0.973 | 62 | 0.492 | 118 | −0.003 | 0.495 | −14 | −0.031 | 0.523 | −0.052 | 0.544 | ||
Guatemala | 0.651 | 126 | 0.943 | 98 | 0.492 | 118 | +1 | −0.003 | 0.495 | −9 | −0.047 | 0.539 | −0.104 | 0.596 | |
India | 0.647 | 129 | 0.829 | 153 | 0.501 | 122 | −0.021 | 0.522 | +5 | −0.099 | 0.600 | ... | ... | ||
Ethiopia | 0.470 | 173 | 0.844 | 148 | 0.508 | 123 | −3 | −0.004 | 0.512 | −1 | −0.072 | 0.580 | ... | ... | |
Burundi | 0.423 | 185 | 1.003 | 19th | 0.520 | 124 | −3 | −0.001 | 0.521 | −14 | −0.024 | 0.544 | −0.102 | 0.622 | |
Senegal | 0.514 | 166 | 0.873 | 139 | 0.523 | 125 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.524 | −1 | −0.060 | 0.583 | −0.118 | 0.641 | |
Zimbabwe | 0.563 | 150 | 0.925 | 115 | 0.525 | 126 | −2 | −0.003 | 0.528 | −6 | −0.053 | 0.578 | −0.102 | 0.627 | |
Uganda | 0.528 | 159 | 0.863 | 145 | 0.531 | 127 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.532 | −10 | −0.038 | 0.569 | −0.116 | 0.647 | |
Gabon | 0.702 | 115 | 0.917 | 119 | 0.534 | 128 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.537 | −15 | −0.021 | 0.555 | −0.075 | 0.609 | |
Bangladesh | 0.614 | 135 | 0.895 | 128 | 0.536 | 129 | −1 | −0.002 | 0.538 | −3 | −0.052 | 0.588 | −0.144 | 0.680 | |
Tanzania | 0.528 | 159 | 0.936 | 108 | 0.539 | 130 | −1 | 0.000 | 0.539 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Iraq | 0.689 | 120 | 0.789 | 161 | 0.540 | 131 | +1 | −0.004 | 0.544 | −6 | −0.047 | 0.587 | −0.112 | 0.652 | |
Zambia | 0.591 | 143 | 0.949 | 93 | 0.540 | 131 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.543 | −17 | −0.016 | 0.556 | −0.113 | 0.653 | |
Ghana | 0.596 | 142 | 0.912 | 120 | 0.541 | 133 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.543 | −15 | −0.033 | 0.574 | ... | ... | |
Kenya | 0.579 | 147 | 0.933 | 110 | 0.545 | 134 | +1 | −0.003 | 0.548 | −3 | −0.069 | 0.614 | −0.150 | 0.695 | |
Lesotho | 0.518 | 164 | 1.026 | 5 | 0.546 | 135 | −2 | +0.001 | 0.545 | −19 | −0.019 | 0.565 | −0.043 | 0.589 | |
Sao Tome & Principe | 0.609 | 137 | 0.900 | 123 | 0.547 | 136 | −10 | +0.011 | 0.536 | −25 | −0.001 | 0.548 | ... | ... | |
Pakistan | 0.560 | 152 | 0.747 | 163 | 0.547 | 136 | −0.002 | 0.549 | −15 | −0.031 | 0.578 | ... | ... | ||
Syria | 0.549 | 154 | 0.795 | 160 | 0.547 | 136 | −2 | 0.000 | 0.547 | −24 | −0.002 | 0.549 | −0.001 | 0.548 | |
Sudan | 0.508 | 168 | 0.837 | 150 | 0.560 | 139 | −2 | −0.006 | 0.566 | −3 | −0.065 | 0.625 | ... | ... | |
Cameroon | 0.563 | 150 | 0.869 | 141 | 0.566 | 140 | +1 | −0.006 | 0.572 | −7 | −0.057 | 0.623 | −0.122 | 0.688 | |
Togo | 0.513 | 167 | 0.818 | 154 | 0.566 | 140 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.567 | −11 | −0.041 | 0.607 | −0.097 | 0.663 | |
Mozambique | 0.446 | 180 | 0.901 | 122 | 0.569 | 142 | −3 | −0.001 | 0.570 | −14 | −0.036 | 0.605 | −0.065 | 0.634 | |
Afghanistan | 0.496 | 170 | 0.723 | 164 | 0.575 | 143 | +1 | −0.015 | 0.590 | −3 | −0.090 | 0.665 | ... | ... | |
Angola | 0.574 | 149 | 0.902 | 121 | 0.578 | 144 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.580 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Congo, Republic | 0.609 | 138 | 0.931 | 112 | 0.579 | 145 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.580 | −15 | −0.034 | 0.613 | −0.037 | 0.616 | |
Swaziland | 0.608 | 138 | 0.962 | 86 | 0.579 | 145 | −5 | +0.008 | 0.571 | −26 | +0.002 | 0.577 | −0.085 | 0.664 | |
Burkina Faso | 0.434 | 182 | 0.875 | 137 | 0.612 | 147 | −2 | 0.000 | 0.612 | −15 | −0.007 | 0.619 | ... | ... | |
Benin | 0.520 | 163 | 0.883 | 133 | 0.613 | 148 | −1 | −0.001 | 0.614 | −15 | −0.010 | 0.623 | −0.065 | 0.678 | |
Malawi | 0.485 | 172 | 0.930 | 113 | 0.615 | 149 | −1 | −0.003 | 0.618 | −16 | −0.008 | 0.623 | −0.076 | 0.691 | |
Mauritania | 0.527 | 161 | 0.853 | 146 | 0.620 | 150 | −4 | +0.008 | 0.612 | −12 | −0.036 | 0.656 | −0.135 | 0.755 | |
Haiti | 0.503 | 169 | 0.890 | 131 | 0.620 | 150 | −1 | −0.002 | 0.622 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Gambia | 0.466 | 174 | 0.832 | 152 | 0.620 | 150 | −0.005 | 0.625 | −10 | −0.045 | 0.665 | −0.128 | 0.748 | ||
Sierra Leone | 0.438 | 181 | 0.882 | 134 | 0.644 | 153 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.646 | −13 | −0.021 | 0.665 | −0.052 | 0.696 | |
Niger | 0.377 | 189 | 0.298 | 166 | 0.647 | 154 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.649 | ... | ... | ... | −0.150 | 0.797 | |
Liberia | 0.465 | 176 | 0.899 | 125 | 0.651 | 155 | −0.008 | 0.659 | −16 | −0.009 | 0.660 | −0.039 | 0.690 | ||
Congo, Dem. Rep. | 0.459 | 179 | 0.844 | 147 | 0.655 | 156 | −3 | 0.000 | 0.655 | −11 | −0.024 | 0.679 | ... | ... | |
Ivory Coast | 0.516 | 165 | 0.796 | 158 | 0.657 | 157 | −3 | −0.001 | 0.658 | −12 | −0.022 | 0.679 | ... | ... | |
Mali | 0.427 | 184 | 0.807 | 155 | 0.676 | 158 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.677 | −14 | +0.007 | 0.669 | −0.033 | 0.709 | |
Central Africa | 0.381 | 188 | 0.795 | 159 | 0.682 | 159 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.684 | −11 | −0.006 | 0.688 | −0.028 | 0.710 | |
Chad | 0.401 | 187 | 0.774 | 162 | 0.701 | 160 | −2 | −0.009 | 0.710 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Papua New Guinea | 0.543 | 155 | ... | ... | 0.740 | 161 | −2 | −0.002 | 0.742 | −18 | +0.073 | 0.667 | +0.074 | 0.666 | |
Yemen | 0.463 | 177 | 0.458 | 165 | 0.834 | 162 | −2 | −0.001 | 0.835 | −13 | +0.013 | 0.821 | +0.016 | 0.818 | |
162 UN members ø | 0.731 | 93 | 0.941 | 101 | 0.439 | 100 | −2 | −0.003 | 0.442 | −11 | −0.034 | 0.473 | −0.082 | 0.521 | |
Country 2018 | HDI | rank | GDI | # | GII | rank | Rank +/- | +/- | GII | Rank +/- | +/- | GII | +/- | GII | |
comparison | from 2017 | from 2010 | from 2000 |
Countries without GII
For the year 2018, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was only able to calculate the "gender-specific inequality" (GII) for 162 UN member states - for 27 others, economic data was available for calculating their " Human Development Index " (HDI), partly also differentiated between women and men in the index of gender-specific development (GDI), but insufficient data on the 5 social indicators of the GII (compare 23 countries without GDI ):
Country 2018 | comparison | Maternal death |
Youth Mothers |
? seats in parliament |
Secondary education | Activity rate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HDI | rank | GDI | # | ? | ? | ? | ? | |||||
Andorra | 0.857 | 36 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 32.1% | 71.5% | 73.3% | ... | ... | |
Antigua & Barbuda | 0.776 | 74 | ... | ... | ... | 42.8 | 31.4% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Equatorial Guinea | 0.588 | 144 | ... | ... | 342 | 155.6 | 18.0% | ... | ... | 55.2% | 67.1% | |
Dominica | 0.724 | 98 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 25.0% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Djibouti | 0.495 | 171 | ... | ... | 229 | 18.8 | 26.2% | ... | ... | 54.8% | 71.1% | |
Eritrea | 0.434 | 182 | ... | ... | 501 | 52.6 | 22.0% | ... | ... | 74.1% | 87.1% | |
Grenada | 0.763 | 78 | ... | ... | 27 | 29.2 | 39.3% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Guinea | 0.466 | 174 | 0.806 | 156 | 679 | 135.3 | 21.9% | ... | ... | 64.1% | 65.1% | |
Guinea-Bissau | 0.461 | 178 | ... | ... | 549 | 104.8 | 13.7% | ... | ... | 67.3% | 78.9% | |
Hong Kong | 0.939 | 4th | 0.963 | 83 | ... | 2.7 | ... | 76.6% | 82.9% | 54.1% | 67.8% | |
Kiribati | 0.623 | 132 | ... | ... | 90 | 16.2 | 6.5% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Comoros | 0.538 | 156 | 0.888 | 132 | 335 | 65.4 | 6.1% | ... | ... | 37.4% | 50.7% | |
Liechtenstein | 0.917 | 18th | ... | ... | ... | ... | 12.0% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Madagascar | 0.521 | 162 | 0.946 | 96 | 353 | 109.6 | 19.6% | ... | ... | 83.6% | 89.3% | |
Marshall Islands | 0.698 | 117 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 9.1% | 91.6% | 92.5% | ... | ... | |
Micronesia | 0.614 | 135 | ... | ... | 100 | 13.9 | 0.0% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Nigeria | 0.534 | 158 | 0.868 | 143 | 814 | 107.3 | 5.8% | ... | ... | 50.6% | 59.8% | |
East Timor | 0.626 | 131 | 0.899 | 124 | 215 | 33.8 | 33.8% | ... | ... | 25.0% | 52.6% | |
Palau | 0.814 | 55 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 13.8% | 96.9% | 97.3% | ... | ... | |
Palestine | 0.690 | 119 | 0.871 | 140 | 45 | 52.8 | ... | 60.0% | 62.2% | 19.3% | 71.1% | |
Solomon Islands | 0.557 | 153 | ... | ... | 114 | 78.0 | 2.0% | ... | ... | 62.4% | 80.3% | |
Seychelles | 0.801 | 62 | ... | ... | ... | 62.1 | 21.2% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
St. Kitts and Nevis | 0.777 | 73 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 13.3% | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
St. Vincent & Gren. | 0.728 | 94 | ... | ... | 45 | 49.0 | 13.0% | ... | ... | 57.3% | 79.2% | |
South Sudan | 0.413 | 186 | 0.839 | 149 | 789 | 62.0 | 26.6% | ... | ... | 71.8% | 74.3% | |
Turkmenistan | 0.710 | 108 | ... | ... | 42 | 24.4 | 24.8% | ... | ... | 52.8% | 78.0% | |
Vanuatu | 0.597 | 141 | ... | ... | 78 | 49.4 | 0.0% | ... | ... | 61.5% | 79.6% |
For the following 10 states and territories, no suitable data was available for calculating the HDI, some of them are not members of the United Nations (UN):
- Kosovo - Republic on the Balkan Peninsula, not a UN member
- Monaco - European Principality
- Nauru - Pacific mini-state
- North Korea - isolated in terms of foreign policy, hardly any reliable data available
- San Marino - mini republic surrounded by Italy
- Taiwan (Republic of China) - not a UN member due to the Taiwan conflict
- Somalia - "failed state" in East Africa
- Tuvalu - Pacific mini-state
- Vatican City - not a UN member, the Vatican does not have its own education system
- Western Sahara - not a UN member, territory claimed and occupied by Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict )
See also
- Freedom indices (global measures)
World Bank:
United Nations:
- GDI: Gender Development Index (gender-specific development 2018)
- GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure (former female participation index until 2012)
World Economic Forum:
- GGGI: Global Gender Gap Index (2019)
CIA (World Factbook):
- Countries by life expectancy (men / women 2016)
- Countries by literacy rate (men / women 2015)
UNDP reports
United Nations Development Program (UNDP):
- 2019: Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. New York December 2019, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 147–160: Chapter 4: Gender inequalities beyond averages: Between social norms and power imbalances, and pp. 316–319: Table 5: Gender Inequality Index (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
- Technical notes. December 2019, p. 1: Infographic, p. 7–9: Technical note 4: Gender Inequality Index (English; supplement to the Human Development Report 2019; PDF: 287 kB, 16 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
- 2018: Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. UNDP, New York 2018 (English; PDF: 1.4 MB, 123 pages at hdr.undp.org ).
- Download page: Human Development Reports 1990–2019.
German Society for the United Nations (translations and summaries):
- 2019: Human Development Report 2019. January 15, 2020 ( download page ).
- 2018: Human Development: Facts and Figures 2018 - Statistical Update on the Human Development Report. Berlin, December 14, 2018, pp. 7–10: Gender inequality - reducing the gap in order to enable half of the world's population to participate more, and pp. 39–39: Table 4: Index of gender-specific development ( summary as PDF : 421 kB; download page ).
- 2016: Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for All. Berlin, March 21, 2017 ( download page ).
- 2015: Report on human development 2015. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8305-3618-5 ( PDF: 9.3 MB, 328 pages at hdr.undp.org ).
literature
- Stephan Klasen : Working Paper: UNDP's gender-related measures: Current problems and proposals for fixing them. Discussion paper No. 220. In: Leibniz Information Center for Economics . February 2017, pp. 14–17: UNDP's Gender Inequality Index (English; PDF: 1.6 MB, 31 pages on econstor.eu ).
- Iñaki Permanyer: Are UNDP Indices Appropriate to Capture Gender Inequalities in Europe? In: Social Indicators Research. Volume 110, No. 3, February 2013, online: December 6, 2011, pp. 927–950, here p. 940 ff .: Gender Inequality in Europe Using GII Variables (English; doi: 10.1007 / s11205-011-9975- 6 ; PDF: 570 kB, 24 pages without page numbers on ced.uab.es ( Memento from June 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive )).
Web links
United Nations Development Program (UNDP):
- Overview: Gender Inequality Index (GII). December 2019.
- Interpolated table: Gender Inequality Index (GII: 1995–2018). Status: October 22, 2019 (all figures based on the data and calculation methods from 2019).
- All individual values of the DA-CH countries: Germany, Austria, Switzerland. ( Menu of all 189 UN countries ).
- Women's participation: Dashboard 3: Women's empowerment. (Individual data without index formation).
GII indicators 1990–2018 ( data selection ):
- Maternal mortality: Maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births) (Number 3.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals ).
- Adolescent births : Adolescent birth rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) (SDG target 3.7).
- Parliament seats: Share of seats in parliament (% held by women) (SDG 5.5).
- Secondary education women: Population with at least some secondary education, female (% ages 25 and older) (SDG 4.6).
- Secondary education men: Population with at least some secondary education, male (% ages 25 and older) (SDG 4.6).
- Sustainable Development Report 2019: Germany, Austria, Switzerland. June 28, 2019 (English; on the implementation of the 17 UN goals for sustainable development - goal no.5 is gender equality ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. New York December 2019, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 147–160: Chapter 4: Gender inequalities beyond averages: Between social norms and power imbalances, and pp. 316–319: Table 5: Gender Inequality Index (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
- ↑ World Economic Forum : The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. Cologny / Geneva, December 17, 2019, ISBN 978-2-940631-03-2 , p. 9: Table 1: The Global Gender Gap Index 2020 rankings , p. 75 : Austria , p. 169: Germany and p. 325: Switzerland (English; summary; interactive data explorer; PDF: 25 MB, 371 pages on weforum.org ).
- ↑ a b All individual values of the three DA-CH countries: United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Germany, Austria, Switzerland. In: hdr.undp.org. As of October 2019; all accessed on January 6, 2020 (English; overview of all 189 UN countries ).
- ↑ a b c United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Gender Inequality Index (GII: 1995–2018). In: hdr.undp.org. Status: October 22, 2019, accessed on January 6, 2020 (English; alphabetically sorted interpolated online table based on the 2019 calculation method - may deviate from previously published results).
- ↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2010 - The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. New York November 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-28445-6 , p. 89: Measuring gender inequality - the Gender Inequality Index (English; PDF: 13 MB, 238 pages at hdr.undp.org ); Quote: “Gender inequality remains a major barrier to human development. Girls and women have made major strides since 1990, but they have not yet gained gender equity. [...] Measures of the disadvantages for women raise awareness of problems, permit monitoring of progress towards gender equity objectives and keep governments accountable. "
- ↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. New York December 2019, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 147-160: Chapter 4: Gender inequalities beyond averages: Between social norms and power imbalances, here p. 147 (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 Pages on hdr.undp.org ); Quote: “Gender disparities remain among the most persistent forms of inequality across all countries. Given that these disadvantages affect half the world's people, gender inequality is arguably one of the greatest barriers to human development. All too often, women and girls are discriminated against in health, in education, at home and in the labor market - with negative repercussions for their freedoms. ".
- ^ Iñaki Permanyer: Are UNDP Indices Appropriate to Capture Gender Inequalities in Europe? In: Social Indicators Research. Volume 110, No. 3, February 2013, online: December 6, 2011, pp. 927–950, here p. 940: Gender Inequality in Europe Using GII Variables (English; doi: 10.1007 / s11205-011-9975-6 ; PDF: 570 kB, 24 pages without page numbers on ced.uab.es ( Memento from June 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive )); Quote: "UNDP's new Gender Inequality Index is an important contribution to the debate on gender inequality measurement. Introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report, the new index has been designed to overcome the many limitations of its predecessor: the GDI. "Note: The GDI mentioned here refers to the predecessor of the new GDI, which was then introduced in the 2014 UNDP report has been.
- ^ Iñaki Permanyer: Are UNDP Indices Appropriate to Capture Gender Inequalities in Europe? In: Social Indicators Research. Volume 110, No. 3, February 2013, online: December 6, 2011, pp. 927–950, here p. 942: A New Gender Inequality Index (English; doi: 10.1007 / s11205-011-9975-6 ; PDF: 570 kB, 24 pages without page numbers on ced.uab.es ( Memento from June 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ); Quote: "For these reasons, we propose to complement our analysis by constructing an alternative gender inequality index that incorporates the GII variables but that is constructed with a much simpler aggregation methodology."
- ↑ Stephan Klasen: Working Paper: UNDP's gender-related measures: Current problems and proposals for fixing them. February 2017, pp. 14–17: UNDP's Gender Inequality Index (English; PDF: 1.6 MB, 31 pages on econstor.eu ); Quote: "My summary assessment of the GII is that it is not an improvement at all and in fact represents a deterioration in many dimensions vis-à-vis the previous state of affairs, and certainly vis-à-vis reformed GDI and GEM measures discussed earlier. It mixes well-being and empowerment, levels of achievement and gender gaps, and is far too complex to be a [sic!] Usefully communicated and interpreted. "
- ↑ a b UNDP: Technical notes. December 2019, p. 1: Infographic, p. 7–9: Technical note 4: Gender Inequality Index (English; supplement to the Human Development Report 2019; PDF: 287 kB, 16 pages on hdr.undp.org ).