Gender Development Index

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"Healthy life for all" is the 3rd of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - the GII contains a sub-index for this: life expectancy from birth for women and men (SDG 3)

The index of gender development  - English Gender Development Index , shortly GDI  - is a social indicator for gender equality in the countries of the world, from the United Nations Development Program is published (UNDP) since 2014 year. The GDI is an addition to the basic human development index (HDI) and initially divides it into separate values ​​for women and men. The ratio of the two HDI values ​​to one another gives the GDI as a measure of inequality , with values ​​from 0.001 to optimally 1.000 (equality); GDI values ​​above 1,000 lack equality between men. The two sex-related HDI values ​​are calculated from data on three areas: health ( life expectancy ), education (school years) and per capita income . Using scientific statistics from the United Nations (UN), the World Bank and other institutions, results are calculated separately for women and men and then related to one another: The smaller the GDI, the more women are disadvantaged compared to men with regard to the quality of life recorded. The percentage difference between the HDI for women and that for men is used as a measure of the gender gap (“ gender gap ”). In the UNDP report 2014, the GDI replaced the GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) index of women’s participation . Four of the particulars serve as distribution measure of 2015 by the United Nations adopted " targets for sustainable development " (SDGs).

At the end of 2019, UNDP published together with the global HDI of 2018 the GDI values ​​for 166 countries ( see below ); insufficient data was available for 23 others . As an additional benchmark for equality , UNDP has been calculating the country-specific GII ( Gender Inequality Index for gender-specific inequality) on the reproductive health of women, the proportion of women in the state parliament, as well as higher education and the rate of female employment since 2010 . At the same time , the World Economic Forum published its Global Gender Gap Index 2020 (GGGI) for 2019 as its own index - the following overview shows the three gender indices together with the HDI in the DA-CH countries and compares them to Norway (at HDI rank 1 ) and the global averages:

Country 2018 # GDI = HDI
woman 		to HDI
man 		= Gap GDI
2013 		HDI rank GII rank GGGI rank
Norway 31 0.990 0.9456 0.9548 0.96% 0.994 0.954 1 0.044 5 0.842 2
Germany 72 0.968 0.9228 0.9532 3.20% 0.966 0.939 4th 0.084 19th 0.787 10
Switzerland 82 0.963 0.9243 0.9594 3.66% 0.965 0.946 2 0.037 1 0.779 18th
Austria 84 0.963 0.8949 0.9293 3.70% 0.962 0.914 20th 0.073 14th 0.744 34
world 101 0.941 0.7070 0.7510 5.86% 0.939 0.731 93 0.439 99 0.686 95

Development of the GDI

" Education for all" is the 4th  goal for sustainable development - the GDI contains the 2 sub-indices "Expected school attendance" and "Average school attendance" by women and men (SDG 4.3 and 4.6)

The United Nations (UNDP) development program experimented from the 1990s with metrics to calculate the gaps ( "gap, gap") between women and men in terms of gender equality and equal rights. As a basis for global measures by the United Nations (UN), an orientation value should be created that would enable a comparison between the almost 200 UN member states. In 1995 the Gender-related Development Index (abbreviated to GDI ) was first presented as the “Index of Gender-Related Development ”. In the UNDP report 2010, however, it was replaced by a new Gender Inequality Index (GII: " Index of gender-specific inequality "), which records both the well-being of women (reproductive health) and their ability to participate in politics (empowerment) . However, due to its structure, the GII is difficult to interpret and difficult to convey: It can neither point to practical problem areas, nor can it offer orientation for improving the statistically recorded areas of life (for example with regard to the proportion of women in state parliaments).

Reviews Following, UNDP took the GDI in a new version as a Gender Development Index as a measure of the adverse costs of the gap between women and men in terms of their respective "- in the year 2014 in addition to human development " (human development) with regard to the three factors of life expectancy , Standard of living and level of education (compare educational disadvantage by gender ).

Worldwide the GDI 2018 is 0.941 - this leaves a gender gap (gap) of 5.9% in the recorded quality of life, with an improvement of 0.2% since 2013 (0.939) and of 2.8% since 2000 ( 0.913: 8.7% gap).

reception

The German development economist Stephan Klasen ( University of Göttingen ) is a member of the UN Committee on Development Policy and has accompanied the gender-specific measures and indices of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) with critical analyzes and suggestions for improvement since the 2000s. Klasen wrote in 2017: “Overall, the GDI is a welcome addition to the gender measures [of the UN]. It has a beneficial direct connection with the HDI, is easy to interpret and is meaningful ”.

criticism

Klasen also points to still existing criticisms regarding several shortcomings of GDI down, especially for the measurement of income disparities between men and women: The GDI examines this in terms of the actual earned income . Inaccuracies arise when men earn more money than women, but the family uses the income collectively. In addition, the index does not take into account the value of care services or other work performed in the informal sector such as housework, cooking, cleaning or childcare.

Calculation of the GDI and examples

"Decent work and economic growth " is the eighth  goal of sustainable development - to the GDI contains the sub-index "estimated gross national income per capita" of women and men (SDG 8.5)

The GDI (Gender Development Index) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) applies the calculation methods of the HDI (Human Development Index) to separate data on women and men. The ratio of the two HDI values ​​to each other gives the GDI value. The data come from three basic areas of "human development" :

  1. Health - the life expectancy of women and men from birth (women 5 years longer, limit: 87.5)
  2. Education - the school years of women and men, divided into
    a) Estimated duration of school attendance (between the ages of 6 and 24, including studies, limit: 18)
    b) Average length of school attendance (by people aged 25 and over, limit value: 15)
    The arithmetic mean is calculated from both values as half of (a + b).
  3. Economic resources - the estimated annual per capita income of women and men (in international dollars adjusted for purchasing power , limit: 75,000)

A (limited) index is calculated for each of the areas, then the three gender-related values ​​are multiplied and geometrically averaged :

  • HDI = (health index × education index × income index) 1/3

UNDP cites the exact individual values ​​for Mexico as the only example :

  • Women: (0.8514 × 0.686617 × 0.7135) 1/3 = 0.7472 HDI
  • Men: (0.8403 × 0.682096 × 0.8297) 1/3 = 0.7805 HDI

The GDI only calculates the ratio of these gender-specific HDIs to one another:

UNDP outputs the averaged intermediate values ​​for the three individual areas or their four indicators, separated by gender, here for Mexico:

  • Women 77.8 years to 72.1 years of life for men
  • Women 14.6 years to 14.0 years expected school years by men
  • Women 08.4 years to 08.8 years schooled by men
  • Women 11,254 to 24,286 annual earnings ($) of men

Mexico's GDI of 0.957 is expressed in inverse proportion as a percentage gap ("Gap"): 4.3%, calculated as 100 × (1 - 0.957). Based on the gap, the country is divided into one of 5 groups (Gender Development Index groups) with different degrees of " equality in HDI achievements between women and men" , in steps of 2.5 each %:

  • Group 1: GDI from 0.9751 = gap below 02.5% = high equality: 53 countries (up to GDI 1.025)
  • Group 2: GDI from 0.9501 = gap below 05.0% = medium equality: 39 countries, also with GDI from 1.025 ( DA-CH countries from 72nd place )
  • Group 3: GDI from 0.9251 = gap below 07.5% = average equality: 22 countries
  • Group 4: GDI from 0.9001 = gap below 10.0% = medium-low equality: 8 countries
  • Group 5: GDI u. 0.9001 = gap 0from 010.0% = low equality: 44 countries
  • 23 countries with insufficient data

In the case of the gaps, no distinction is made between values ​​in the plus area (disadvantage for women) and in the minus area (disadvantage for men): GDIs above 1.025 also have a gap of at least 2.5% and therefore belong to group 2 - the highest GDI of 1.043 results in a (minus) gap of 4.3% for men in Qatar .

Human development

Independent of the 5 GDI groups, the actual HDI divides the 189 countries evaluated into the 4 groups “very high, high, medium and low human development”. A country's GDI is to be understood as a supplement to its HDI as a gendered expression of human development. All index values ​​of the HDI, GDI and GII are calculated annually by UNDP using the latest data and the latest scientific methods, also retrospectively with regard to the index values ​​from previous years (see the GDI list from 2000 below ).

With regard to life expectancy, the GDI assumes that women live an average of five years longer than men; Differences below this mean mean disadvantages for women, larger age differences indicate disadvantages for men. The GDI considers income gaps in relation to actual income from work , with the lower proportion of women in the professional world having an impact ( participation mostly below 40%) as well as gender-specific wage gaps ( gender pay gap ).

As a social indicator for gender-specific differences, the GDI can only be viewed in connection with a country's HDI (the degree of its “human development”). For example, if there are only a few educational opportunities (low HDI), the proportion of women and men can still be the same, while even in some countries with “high human development” access to education shows large gender gaps. The HDI rank of a country can differ significantly from its GDI rank:

  • Countries with very high or high “human development” can have a low GDI, for example Saudi Arabia : Here the income is very high, which results in a high overall HDI (0.857), but the income gap is 75% (women: 18,000 $ to $ 72,000 by men). Accordingly, the country is in 36th HDI rank (out of 189), but with 0.879 it is only in GDI 135th place (out of 166). The country with the highest GDI - Qatar: 1.043 (HDI: 0.848 in 41st place ) - has an income gap of 55.2% between women ($ 57,000) and men ($ 128,000), at the same time a general gap of −4.3% to the disadvantage of men.
  • Conversely, countries can have a low level of “human development” (HDI below 0.549) but have a high GDI because life expectancy, education and income are relatively gender-equitable, for example in Lesotho, South Africa : HDI rank 164 (0.518), GDI - 5th place (1,026: men are disadvantaged here).

List of countries by their GDI

2018:   World map with the five GDI groups (data status: December 2019)
  • Group 1: GDI from 0.9751 = gap below 02.5% = high equality: 53 countries
  • Group 2: GDI from 0.9501 = gap below 05.0% = medium equality: 39 countries
  • Group 3: GDI from 0.9251 = gap below 07.5% = average equality: 22 countries
  • Group 4: GDI from 0.9001 = gap below 10.0% = medium-low equality: 8 countries
  • Group 5: GDI u. 0.9001 = gap 0from 010.0% = low equality: 44 countries
  • without sufficient data (23 countries)
    • A GDI of 1,000 means equality, a GDI over 1,000 means a gap (“gap”) in equality between men.

    The following list brings the GDI values of the country in 2018 in an order (#) and displays the values of women (?) and men (?) as the basis of calculation - the GDI results from the ratio of women's HDI to Male HDI (example Germany : ? 0.9228 divided by 0.9532 ? = 0.968 GDI in 72nd place ). The calculation of the gender-related HDI results from the three sub-indices of the areas life expectancy (from birth), school years and per capita income of women and men (in international dollars adjusted for purchasing power ). The school years are displayed here as the arithmetic mean of the two indicators "Expected school attendance" (aged 6 to 24, including studies, max. 18) and the actual "Average school attendance" (for people aged 25 and over, max. 15) , because this is an intermediate step to the gender-related HDI calculation (both indicator values ​​are published).

    The ratio of women's values ​​to men's values ​​results in a percentage gender gap as a gap to the respective gender equality ; in the case of gaps in the minus area, there is a lack of equality for men - as is the case with GDI values ​​over 1,000 (in 22 countries in the first "places").

    The Gulf state of Qatar has the highest GDI with 1.043 because the HDI value for women there is 0.8733 higher than the HDI value for men (0.8370) - but the value arithmetically means 4.3% disadvantage for men (Germany: 0.968 = 3.2% disadvantage for women). Mongolia , Latvia , Lithuania and Lesotho (GDI 1,026) follow in 2nd to 5th place . The general gap in these five countries is above 2.5%, which is why they do not belong to the first group with “high equality” ( high equality: 53 countries with a gap below 2.5%). The three DA-CH countries only belong to the second group with “medium-high equality” (39 countries with a gap below 5.0%). The global GDI average is 0.941 (5.9% gap). Afghanistan (0.723), Yemen (0.458) and Niger ( 0.298) have the lowest values ​​in the fifth group (“low equality”: 44 countries ). The main cause of this low GDI is the income gap, because men have almost twice the income of women. Only two countries reported higher incomes for women than men: Burundi and Liberia ($ 763 versus $ 555). The greatest differences in the expected years of life from birth have some Eastern European countries and Russia , where women live over 10 years longer than men (set average: 5 years longer). The result for Syria (11.2 years) can be explained by the civil war since 2011 with many deaths. Kuwait (0.07%) and Kazakhstan (0.14%) have the smallest gap between the HDI value for women and that for men .

    The list begins with the average values (ø) of the 166 members of the United Nations (UN), which were evaluated by UNDP (as of October 2019), as well as the values ​​of the 36  OECD countries - the three DA-CH countries are marked with flags (from 72nd place ), the country with the highest HDI value is highlighted in green ( Norway : 0.954 on HDI rank 1 and GDI 0.990 on rank 31 ):

    Country 2018 # GDI = HDI
    woman     		to HDI
    man     		= Gap Years of life <· 5.0 ·> School years ( averaged ) Per capita income ( $ )
    ? ? ↔ ? ? Gap ? $ ? $ Gap
    166 UN members ø 101 0.941 0.7070 0.7510 5.86% 74.9 70.4 4.5 y. 10.3 10.8 4.6% 11,246 20,167 44.2%
    36 OECD countries ø 56 0.976 0.8820 0.9030 2.40% 83.0 77.7 5.3 y. 14.3 14.1 −1.4% 31,016 50,530 38.6%
    Qatar 1 1.043 0.8733 0.8370 −4.34% 81.9 79.0 2.9 y. 12.6 10.2 −23.5% 57.209 127,774 55.2%
    Mongolia 2 1.031 0.7457 0.7236 −3.05% 74.0 65.6 8.4 y. 12.7 11.8 −7.2% 9,666 11,931 19.0%
    Latvia 3 1.030 0.8653 0.8398 −3.04% 79.9 70.1 9.8 y. 14.9 13.9 −7.2% 21,857 31,520 30.7%
    Lithuania 4th 1.028 0.8804 0.8564 −2.80% 81.2 70.1 11.1 y. 15.0 14.6 −2.7% 25,665 34,560 25.7%
    Lesotho 5 1.026 0.5222 0.5091 −2.55% 57.0 50.6 6.4 y. 9.1 7.9 −14.6% 2,641 3,864 31.7%
    Uruguay 6th 1.016 0.8097 0.7969 −1.61% 81.4 74.0 7.4 y. 13.1 11.8 −11.1% 14,901 24,292 38.7%
    Estonia 7th 1.016 0.8859 0.8721 −1.57% 82.6 74.1 8.5 y. 15.1 14.0 −8.2% 22,999 38,653 40.5%
    Russia 8th 1.015 0.8283 0.8161 −1.50% 77.6 66.9 10.7 y. 13.9 13.7 −1.8% 19,969 30,904 35.4%
    Venezuela 9 1.013 0.6548 0.6463 −1.32% 76.1 68.4 7.7 y. 12.3 10.9 −12.4% 6,655 11,546 42.4%
    Nicaragua 10 1.013 0.7285 0.7193 −1.27% 77.8 70.7 7.1 y. 9.8 9.2 −6.5% 4,277 5,318 19.6%
    Belarus 11 1.010 0.8197 0.8113 −1.03% 79.4 69.4 10.0 y. 14.0 13.7 −1.8% 13,923 20,616 32.5%
    Barbados 12 1.010 0.8164 0.8080 −1.03% 80.4 77.7 2.7 y. 13.8 12.1 −14.1% 13,686 18,292 25.2%
    Namibia 13 1.009 0.6474 0.6414 −0.95% 66.2 60.4 5.8 y. 10.0 9.6 −4.7% 8,917 10,497 15.1%
    Poland 14th 1.009 0.8742 0.8668 −0.85% 82.4 74.6 7.8 y. 14.8 14.0 −6.1% 21,876 33,739 35.2%
    Moldova, Republic 15th 1.007 0.7136 0.7086 −0.71% 76.1 67.5 8.6 y. 11.7 11.5 −2.2% 5,886 7,861 25.1%
    Panama 16 1.005 0.7939 0.7902 −0.46% 81.6 75.2 6.4 y. 11.9 11.0 −7.7% 16,106 24,788 35.0%
    Philippines 17th 1.004 0.7122 0.7096 −0.37% 75.4 67.1 8.3 y. 11.3 10.8 −4.6% 7,541 11,518 34.5%
    Dominican. republic 18th 1.003 0.7440 0.7415 −0.34% 77.2 70.8 6.4 y. 11.6 10.6 −9.5% 11,176 18,974 41.1%
    Burundi 19th 1.003 0.4217 0.4203 −0.32% 63.0 59.4 3.6 y. 6.8 7.7 11.1% 763 555 −37.5%
    Vietnam 20th 1.003 0.6934 0.6915 −0.27% 79.4 71.2 8.2 y. 10.4 10.5 1.0% 5,739 6.703 14.4%
    Slovenia 21st 1.003 0.9018 0.8995 −0.26% 83.9 78.4 5.5 y. 15.2 14.5 −4.8% 28,832 35,487 18.8%
    Trinidad and Tobago 22nd 1.002 0.7980 0.7963 −0.21% 76.1 70.8 5.3 y. 12.5 11.5 −8.7% 22,266 34,878 36.2%
    Kuwait 23 0.999 0.8022 0.8028 0.07% 76.5 74.7 1.8 y. 11.2 9.9 −12.6% 49,067 85,620 42.7%
    Kazakhstan 24 0.999 0.8141 0.8153 0.14% 77.3 68.8 8.5 y. 13.8 13.3 −3.4% 16,492 28.197 41.5%
    Thailand 25th 0.995 0.7627 0.7662 0.45% 80.7 73.2 7.5 y. 11.2 11.3 0.9% 14,319 18,033 20.6%
    Ukraine 26th 0.995 0.7452 0.7489 0.49% 76.7 67.0 9.7 y. 13.3 13.1 −1.5% 6,064 10,232 40.7%
    Brazil 27 0.995 0.7571 0.7608 0.49% 79.4 72.0 7.4 y. 12.0 11.3 −5.8% 10,432 17,827 41.5%
    Bulgaria 28 0.993 0.8119 0.8179 0.74% 78.5 71.4 7.1 y. 13.5 13.2 −1.9% 15,621 23,905 34.7%
    Slovakia 29 0.992 0.8521 0.8586 0.76% 80.8 73.8 7.0 y. 13.8 13.4 −2.6% 23,683 38,045 37.8%
    United States 30th 0.991 0.9148 0.9227 0.86% 81.4 76.3 5.1 y. 15.2 14.6 −4.5% 44,465 68,061 34.7%
    Norway 31 0.990 0.9456 0.9548 0.96% 84.3 80.3 4.0 y. 15.7 15.0 −5.0% 60.283 75,688 20.4%
    Finland 32 0.990 0.9198 0.9292 1.02% 84.6 78.9 5.7 y. 16.4 15.4 −6.2% 35,066 48,689 28.0%
    Botswana 33 0.990 0.7230 0.7307 1.05% 72.0 66.2 5.8 y. 11.0 11.1 0.5% 14,176 17,854 20.6%
    Canada 34 0.989 0.9159 0.9260 1.09% 84.3 80.3 4.0 y. 15.1 14.4 −4.9% 35,118 52.221 32.8%
    Croatia 35 0.989 0.8323 0.8419 1.14% 81.5 75.1 6.4 y. 13.3 13.2 −1.1% 19,441 26,960 27.9%
    Singapore 36 0.988 0.9294 0.9405 1.19% 85.6 81.3 4.3 y. 13.8 14.1 1.8% 74,600 92.163 19.1%
    Argentina 37 0.988 0.8176 0.8276 1.21% 79.9 73.1 6.8 y. 14.8 13.5 −10.0% 12,084 23,419 48.4%
    Brunei 38 0.987 0.8367 0.8478 1.31% 77.0 74.6 2.4 y. 12.0 11.6 −3.5% 65,914 86,071 23.4%
    Colombia 39 0.986 0.7547 0.7652 1.37% 79.9 74.3 5.6 y. 11.7 11.3 −4.0% 10,236 15,656 34.6%
    Romania 40 0.986 0.8094 0.8207 1.37% 79.4 72.5 6.9 y. 12.6 12.6 0.0% 19,487 28,569 31.8%
    Jamaica 41 0.986 0.7190 0.7292 1.40% 76.0 72.8 3.2 y. 12.0 11.0 −9.1% 6.326 9,559 33.8%
    France 42 0.984 0.8830 0.8970 1.56% 85.4 79.6 5.8 y. 13.5 13.4 −0.7% 33.002 48,510 32.0%
    South Africa 43 0.984 0.6983 0.7095 1.58% 67.4 60.5 6.9 y. 12.0 11.9 −0.8% 9,035 14,554 37.9%
    Portugal 44 0.984 0.8426 0.8563 1.60% 84.7 78.8 5.9 y. 12.7 12.8 0.8% 23,627 32,738 27.8%
    Hungary 45 0.984 0.8364 0.8501 1.61% 80.1 73.1 7.0 y. 13.6 13.5 −0.7% 21,010 33.906 38.0%
    Cape Verde 46 0.984 0.6442 0.6547 1.62% 76.0 69.3 6.7 y. 9.1 9.1 0.0% 5,523 7,497 26.3%
    Cyprus, Republic 47 0.983 0.8647 0.8796 1.69% 82.9 78.7 4.2 y. 13.6 13.3 −2.3% 27,791 38,404 27.6%
    Czech Republic 48 0.983 0.8816 0.8968 1.70% 81.8 76.6 5.2 y. 15.1 14.6 −3.4% 24,114 39,327 38.7%
    Belize 49 0.983 0.7130 0.7255 1.72% 77.7 71.6 6.1 y. 11.7 11.3 −3.1% 5,665 8,619 34.3%
    Sweden 50 0.982 0.9275 0.9447 1.82% 84.4 80.9 3.5 y. 16.1 15.2 −5.9% 41,919 53,979 22.3%
    Spain 51 0.981 0.8819 0.8993 1.93% 86.1 80.7 5.4 y. 14.0 13.8 −1.5% 28,086 42,250 33.5%
    Denmark 52 0.980 0.9201 0.9385 1.95% 82.8 78.8 4.0 y. 16.3 15.4 −5.5% 41,026 56,732 27.7%
    Ecuador 53 0.980 0.7477 0.7631 2.01% 79.6 74.1 5.5 y. 12.3 11.6 −6.0% 7,319 12,960 43.5%
    Georgia 54 0.979 0.7746 0.7913 2.12% 78.0 69.2 8.8 y. 14.3 14.0 −1.8% 6,505 12,929 49.7%
    Costa Rica 55 0.977 0.7815 0.7998 2.29% 82.7 77.5 5.2 y. 12.3 11.7 −5.1% 10,566 19,015 44.4%
    Japan 56 0.976 0.9012 0.9229 2.35% 87.5 81.3 6.2 y. 14.1 14.0 −1.1% 28,784 53,384 46.1%
    Serbia 57 0.976 0.7891 0.8082 2.36% 78.5 73.3 5.2 y. 13.0 13.0 −0.4% 12,549 17,995 30.3%
    Australia 58 0.975 0.9257 0.9493 2.49% 85.3 81.3 4.0 y. 17.7 17.1 −3.2% 35,900 52,359 31.4%
    Ireland 59 0.975 0.9288 0.9527 2.51% 83.7 80.4 3.3 y. 15.8 15.5 −1.9% 44,921 66,583 32.5%
    St. Lucia 60 0.975 0.7341 0.7531 2.52% 77.4 74.7 2.7 y. 11.5 10.9 −5.5% 9,085 14,046 35.3%
    Mauritius 61 0.974 0.7820 0.8032 2.64% 78.4 71.5 6.9 y. 12.4 12.0 −3.8% 14,261 31,385 54.6%
    Guyana 62 0.973 0.6560 0.6739 2.66% 73.0 66.8 6.2 y. 10.4 9.6 −8.9% 4,676 10,533 55.6%
    Armenia 63 0.972 0.7457 0.7671 2.79% 78.4 71.2 7.2 y. 12.7 12.3 −3.3% 6,342 12,581 49.6%
    Belgium 64 0.972 0.9045 0.9309 2.84% 83.8 79.1 4.7 y. 16.1 15.4 −4.9% 34,928 52,927 34.0%
    Suriname 65 0.972 0.7101 0.7308 2.84% 74.9 68.4 6.5 y. 11.2 10.8 −3.7% 7,953 15,868 49.9%
    Israel 66 0.972 0.8909 0.9169 2.84% 84.4 81.1 3.3 y. 14.8 14.2 −4.2% 24,616 42,792 42.5%
    Malaysia 67 0.972 0.7915 0.8147 2.85% 78.2 74.1 4.1 y. 11.9 11.7 −1.7% 20,820 33,279 37.4%
    Albania 68 0.971 0.7789 0.8019 2.87% 80.2 76.8 3.4 y. 12.9 12.5 −2.8% 9,781 14,725 33.6%
    Honduras 69 0.970 0.6114 0.6301 2.96% 77.4 72.8 4.6 y. 8.6 8.2 −4.9% 3.214 5,305 39.4%
    Luxembourg 70 0.970 0.8932 0.9206 2.97% 84.2 80.0 4.2 y. 13.1 13.4 2.2% 53.006 77,851 31.9%
    El Salvador 71 0.969 0.6541 0.6749 3.07% 77.6 68.2 9.4 y. 9.3 9.8 5.1% 5,234 8,944 41.5%
    GermanyGermany Germany 72 0.968 0.9228 0.9532 3.20% 83.6 78.8 4.8 y. 15.4 15.9 3.5% 38,470 55,649 30.9%
    Paraguay 73 0.968 0.7101 0.7335 3.20% 76.3 72.2 4.1 y. 10.9 10.3 −5.3% 8,325 15.001 44.5%
    Italy 74 0.967 0.8659 0.8952 3.27% 85.4 81.1 4.3 y. 13.3 13.2 −0.8% 26,471 46,360 42.9%
    United Kingdom 75 0.967 0.9035 0.9346 3.33% 83.0 79.5 3.5 y. 15.5 15.1 −2.7% 28,526 50,771 43.8%
    Netherlands 76 0.967 0.9157 0.9473 3.34% 83.8 80.4 3.4 y. 15.1 15.2 0.3% 40,573 59,536 31.9%
    Iceland 77 0.966 0.9214 0.9538 3.40% 84.4 81.3 3.1 y. 16.4 15.4 −6.5% 39,246 55,824 29.7%
    Montenegro 78 0.966 0.8009 0.8295 3.45% 79.2 74.3 4.9 y. 13.0 13.4 2.6% 14,457 20,634 29.9%
    Society. Arab. Emirates 79 0.965 0.8317 0.8617 3.49% 79.2 77.1 2.1 y. 13.2 11.6 −13.4% 24,211 85,772 71.8%
    Malta 80 0.965 0.8670 0.8988 3.54% 84.1 80.5 3.6 y. 13.7 13.5 −1.5% 25,023 44,518 43.8%
    New Zealand 81 0.963 0.9019 0.9361 3.65% 83.9 80.4 3.5 y. 16.2 15.4 −5.2% 26,754 43,745 38.8%
    SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 82 0.963 0.9243 0.9594 3.66% 85.5 81.7 3.8 y. 14.4 15.0 3.7% 49,275 69,649 29.3%
    Hong Kong 83 0.963 0.9188 0.9538 3.67% 87.6 81.8 5.8 y. 14.0 14.6 3.8% 43,852 79,385 44.8%
    AustriaAustria Austria 84 0.963 0.8949 0.9293 3.70% 83.8 79.0 4.8 y. 14.5 14.5 0.3% 32,618 60,303 45.9%
    Country 2018 # GDI HDI ? HDI ? = Gap ? ? ↔ ? ? Gap Mrs. $ Man $ $ Gap
    Greece 85 0.963 0.8541 0.8872 3.73% 84.5 79.6 4.9 y. 13.7 14.2 3.2% 19,747 30,264 34.8%
    Swaziland 86 0.962 0.5950 0.6183 3.77% 64.0 55.3 8.7 y. 8.6 9.5 9.0% 7,030 11,798 40.4%
    Chile 87 0.962 0.8276 0.8604 3.81% 82.4 77.6 4.8 y. 13.6 13.5 −0.7% 15,211 28,933 47.4%
    China, People's Republic 88 0.961 0.7412 0.7715 3.93% 79.1 74.5 4.6 y. 10.8 11.0 1.8% 12,665 19,410 34.8%
    Kyrgyzstan 89 0.959 0.6558 0.6835 4.06% 75.5 67.3 8.2 y. 12.3 12.0 −2.5% 2,192 4,465 50.9%
    Mexico 90 0.957 0.7472 0.7805 4.27% 77.8 72.1 5.7 y. 11.5 11.4 −0.9% 11,254 24,286 53.7%
    Myanmar 91 0.953 0.5662 0.5939 4.67% 69.9 63.8 6.1 y. 7.8 7.5 −3.3% 3,613 8,076 55.3%
    Peru 92 0.951 0.7384 0.7763 4.89% 79.3 73.8 5.5 y. 11.4 11.7 2.6% 8,839 15,854 44.2%
    Zambia 93 0.949 0.5752 0.6059 5.07% 66.4 60.5 5.9 y. 9.2 10.0 8.5% 3,011 4.164 27.7%
    Cuba 94 0.948 0.7527 0.7936 5.15% 80.7 76.8 3.9 y. 13.3 12.8 −3.9% 5,035 10,625 52.6%
    North Macedonia 95 0.947 0.7368 0.7781 5.31% 77.7 73.7 4.0 y. 11.4 11.8 3.0% 9,464 16,279 41.9%
    Madagascar 96 0.946 0.5042 0.5328 5.36% 68.3 65.1 3.2 y. 8.4 8.1 −3.1% 1,119 1,690 33.8%
    Tonga 97 0.944 0.6919 0.7327 5.57% 72.8 68.9 3.9 y. 12.9 12.6 −2.4% 3.817 7,747 50.7%
    Guatemala 98 0.943 0.6285 0.6664 5.70% 76.9 71.1 5.8 y. 8.5 8.7 2.3% 4,864 9,970 51.2%
    Rwanda 99 0.943 0.5197 0.5511 5.70% 70.8 66.5 4.3 y. 7.6 8.1 6.2% 1,708 2,218 23.0%
    Oman 100 0.943 0.7929 0.8411 5.74% 80.1 75.9 4.2 y. 13.1 11.8 −11.1% 11,435 50,238 77.2%
    Azerbaijan 101 0.940 0.7280 0.7741 5.96% 75.3 70.3 5.0 y. 11.3 11.7 3.0% 9,849 20,656 52.3%
    Maldives 102 0.939 0.6892 0.7340 6.10% 80.5 77.2 3.3 y. 9.5 9.5 0.0% 7,454 15,576 52.1%
    Uzbekistan 103 0.939 0.6854 0.7303 6.15% 73.7 69.4 4.3 y. 11.6 12.0 3.8% 4,656 8,277 43.7%
    Sri Lanka 104 0.938 0.7494 0.7994 6.25% 80.1 73.4 6.7 y. 12.4 12.7 2.4% 6,766 16,852 59.9%
    Indonesia 105 0.937 0.6813 0.7269 6.27% 73.7 69.4 4.3 y. 10.3 10.7 3.8% 7,672 14,789 48.1%
    Bahrain 106 0.937 0.7998 0.8539 6.34% 78.3 76.3 2.0 y. 12.7 12.1 −5.0% 18,422 52,949 65.2%
    Bolivia 107 0.936 0.6777 0.7240 6.39% 74.2 68.4 5.8 y. 11.2 11.9 6.3% 4,902 8,780 44.2%
    Tanzania 108 0.936 0.5091 0.5442 6.44% 66.8 63.2 3.6 y. 6.7 7.3 8.3% 2,436 3,175 23.3%
    South Korea 109 0.934 0.8699 0.9318 6.65% 85.8 79.7 6.1 y. 13.7 14.9 8.4% 23,228 50.241 53.8%
    Kenya 110 0.933 0.5534 0.5930 6.67% 68.7 64.0 4.7 y. 8.2 9.1 9.9% 2,619 3,490 25.0%
    Libya 111 0.931 0.6704 0.7202 6.92% 75.8 69.9 5.9 y. 10.5 9.9 −6.1% 4,867 18,363 73.5%
    Congo, Rep. 112 0.931 0.5906 0.6347 6.95% 65.7 62.8 2.9 y. 8.8 9.7 9.3% 4,989 6,621 24.6%
    Malawi 113 0.930 0.4663 0.5014 7.00% 66.9 60.7 6.2 y. 7.5 8.1 6.8% 925 1,400 33.9%
    Laos 114 0.929 0.5809 0.6250 7.06% 69.4 65.8 3.6 y. 7.8 8.5 7.7% 5,027 7,595 33.8%
    Zimbabwe 115 0.925 0.5402 0.5841 7.51% 62.6 59.5 3.1 y. 9.0 9.8 8.7% 2,280 3,080 26.0%
    Turkey 116 0.924 0.7705 0.8340 7.62% 80.3 74.4 5.9 y. 11.4 12.7 9.9% 15,921 34,137 53.4%
    Bosnia Herzegovina 117 0.924 0.7353 0.7960 7.62% 79.7 74.8 4.9 y. 11.3 12.2 7.8% 8,432 17.123 50.8%
    Cambodia 118 0.919 0.5567 0.6056 8.09% 71.6 67.3 4.3 y. 7.5 8.8 14.3% 3.129 4,089 23.5%
    Gabon 119 0.917 0.6689 0.7294 8.30% 68.3 64.2 4.1 y. 10.0 11.3 11.1% 11,238 20.183 44.3%
    Ghana 120 0.912 0.5671 0.6218 8.79% 64.9 62.7 2.2 y. 8.9 9.8 9.2% 3,287 4,889 32.8%
    Angola 121 0.902 0.5455 0.6049 9.81% 63.7 58.1 5.6 y. 7.5 9.6 21.5% 4,720 6,407 26.3%
    Mozambique 122 0.901 0.4217 0.4678 9.86% 63.0 57.1 5.9 y. 5.9 7.4 20.3% 1,031 1,284 19.7%
    Sao Tome & Principe 123 0.900 0.5714 0.6351 10.03% 72.6 67.8 4.8 y. 9.3 9.9 6.6% 1,885 4.162 54.7%
    East Timor 124 0.899 0.5895 0.6555 10.07% 71.4 67.3 4.1 y. 7.8 9.1 13.8% 5,389 9,618 44.0%
    Liberia 125 0.899 0.4379 0.4873 10.14% 65.1 62.3 2.8 y. 6.2 8.0 23.1% 1,051 1,030 −2.0%
    Tunisia 126 0.899 0.6893 0.7672 10.15% 78.5 74.5 4.0 y. 11.1 11.2 0.4% 4,737 16,722 71.7%
    Nepal 127 0.897 0.5489 0.6117 10.26% 71.9 69.0 2.9 y. 8.2 9.1 9.9% 2.113 3,510 39.8%
    Bangladesh 128 0.895 0.5745 0.6416 10.45% 74.3 70.6 3.7 y. 8.5 8.8 4.0% 2,373 5,701 58.4%
    Bhutan 129 0.893 0.5805 0.6498 10.67% 71.8 71.1 0.7 y. 7.2 8.1 11.7% 6,388 10,579 39.6%
    Lebanon 130 0.891 0.6785 0.7618 10.94% 80.8 77.1 3.7 y. 10.0 10.3 2.9% 4,667 17,530 73.4%
    Haiti 131 0.890 0.4774 0.5362 10.96% 65.8 61.5 4.3 y. 7.0 8.5 18.2% 1,388 1,949 28.8%
    Comoros 132 0.888 0.5040 0.5675 11.19% 65.9 62.4 3.5 y. 7.5 8.7 13.3% 1,812 3,030 40.2%
    Benin 133 0.883 0.4857 0.5498 11.65% 63.0 59.9 3.1 y. 7.2 9.1 20.9% 1,863 2,407 22.6%
    Sierra Leone 134 0.882 0.4106 0.4653 11.75% 55.1 53.5 1.6 y. 6.3 7.5 16.7% 1,238 1,525 18.8%
    Saudi Arabia 135 0.879 0.7843 0.8922 12.09% 76.6 73.8 2.8 y. 12.4 13.9 10.5% 18,166 72,328 74.9%
    Egypt 136 0.878 0.6427 0.7317 12.17% 74.2 69.6 4.6 y. 9.9 10.6 6.2% 4,364 16,989 74.3%
    Burkina Faso 137 0.875 0.4031 0.4609 12.53% 61.9 60.4 1.5 y. 4.9 5.6 13.4% 1,336 2,077 35.7%
    Iran 138 0.874 0.7268 0.8316 12.60% 77.7 75.4 2.3 y. 12.3 12.5 1.6% 5,809 30,250 80.8%
    Senegal 139 0.873 0.4760 0.5449 12.65% 69.6 65.5 4.1 y. 5.6 6.5 13.8% 2.173 4,396 50.6%
    Palestine 140 0.871 0.6235 0.7156 12.87% 75.6 72.3 3.3 y. 11.3 10.7 −6.1% 1,824 8,705 79.0%
    Cameroon 141 0.869 0.5220 0.6008 13.11% 60.2 57.7 2.5 y. 8.4 10.7 22.0% 2,724 3,858 29.4%
    Jordan 142 0.868 0.6543 0.7535 13.17% 76.2 72.7 3.5 y. 11.2 11.2 0.0% 2,734 13,668 80.0%
    Nigeria 143 0.868 0.4917 0.5667 13.23% 55.2 53.5 1.7 y. 7.0 8.9 21.5% 4,313 5,838 26.1%
    Algeria 144 0.865 0.6850 0.7923 13.54% 77.9 75.5 2.4 y. 11.3 11.4 0.9% 4,103 22,981 82.1%
    Uganda 145 0.863 0.4838 0.5608 13.73% 65.2 60.7 4.5 y. 7.6 9.5 19.6% 1,272 2,247 43.4%
    Mauritania 146 0.853 0.4791 0.5617 14.71% 66.3 63.1 3.2 y. 6.1 7.0 12.9% 2,018 5,462 63.1%
    Congo, Dem. Rep. 147 0.844 0.4189 0.4963 15.60% 61.9 58.9 3.0 y. 7.0 9.5 26.3% 684 917 25.4%
    Ethiopia 148 0.844 0.4277 0.5068 15.61% 68.2 64.4 3.8 y. 5.0 6.5 23.8% 1,333 2,231 40.3%
    South Sudan 149 0.839 0.3687 0.4395 16.11% 59.1 56.1 3.0 y. 3.8 5.6 33.0% 1,277 1,633 21.8%
    Sudan 150 0.837 0.4565 0.5457 16.35% 66.9 63.3 3.6 y. 5.5 6.3 12.8% 1,759 6.168 71.5%
    Morocco 151 0.833 0.6030 0.7241 16.72% 77.7 75.2 2.5 y. 8.6 10.0 14.0% 3,012 12,019 74.9%
    Gambia 152 0.832 0.4157 0.4996 16.79% 63.2 60.4 2.8 y. 6.3 6.9 8.8% 800 2,190 63.5%
    India 153 0.829 0.5737 0.6923 17.13% 70.7 68.2 2.5 y. 8.8 10.1 12.4% 2,625 10,712 75.5%
    Togo 154 0.818 0.4590 0.5612 18.21% 61.6 59.9 1.7 y. 7.4 10.2 27.6% 1,200 1,989 39.7%
    Mali 155 0.807 0.3801 0.4710 19.29% 59.6 58.1 1.5 y. 4.3 5.8 26.7% 1.311 2,618 49.9%
    Guinea 156 0.806 0.4134 0.5129 19.39% 61.7 60.5 1.2 y. 4.6 7.1 35.2% 1,878 2,569 26.9%
    Tajikistan 157 0.799 0.5613 0.7029 20.14% 73.2 68.7 4.5 y. 10.5 11.8 10.6% 1,044 5,881 82.2%
    Ivory Coast 158 0.796 0.4454 0.5593 20.37% 58.7 56.3 2.4 y. 6.2 8.2 24.5% 1,790 5,355 66.6%
    Central Africa 159 0.795 0.3351 0.4213 20.46% 55.0 50.6 4,4 y. 4.6 7.3 36.6% 622 935 33.5%
    Syria 160 0.795 0.4574 0.5751 20.47% 77.8 66.6 11.2 y. 6.7 7.2 7.6% 656 4,779 86.3%
    Iraq 161 0.789 0.5874 0.7441 21.07% 72.5 68.4 4.1 y. 8.1 10.4 21.7% 3.712 26,745 86.1%
    Chad 162 0.774 0.3474 0.4486 22.55% 55.4 52.6 2.8 y. 3.7 6.3 41.6% 1,377 2,056 33.0%
    Pakistan 163 0.747 0.4643 0.6216 25.31% 68.1 66.2 1.9 y. 5.8 7.9 26.6% 1,570 8,605 81.8%
    Afghanistan 164 0.723 0.4108 0.5682 27.71% 66.0 63.0 3.0 y. 4.9 9.3 47.0% 1.102 2,355 53.2%
    Yemen 165 0.458 0.2449 0.5352 54.25% 67.8 64.4 3.4 y. 4.7 7.3 35.9% 168 2,679 93.7%
    Niger 166 0.298 0.1298 0.4352 70.18% 63.2 60.9 2.3 y. 3.6 5.0 27.3% 112 1,705 93.4%
    166 UN members ø 101 0.941 0.7070 0.7510 5.86% 74.9 70.4 4.5 y. 10.3 10.8 4.6% 11,246 20,167 44.2%
    Country 2018 # GDI = HDI
    woman     		to HDI
    man     		= Gap ? ? ↔ ? ? Gap Mrs. $ Man $ $ Gap
    Years of life <· 5.0 ·> School years ( averaged ) Per capita income ( $ )

    GDI list from 2000

    The following list compares the GDI of 166 countries with their basic HDI ( index of human development ) and their GII ( index of gender inequality ), together with the changes in the GDI since 2017, since 2013 and retrospectively since 2000, all based on the data and calculation methods from 2019 (see above for the connection between HDI and GDI ) - the three DA-CH countries are HDI rank 4 , rank 20 and rank 2 , Norway has the highest HDI ( 0.954 in green ):

    Country 2018 comparison GDI # from 2017 from 2013 from 2000
    HDI rank GII rank # +/- GDI # +/- GDI +/- GDI
    166 UN members ø 0.731 93 0.439 100 0.941 101   +1 −0.001 0.942   −3 +0.002 0.939 +0.028 0.913
    36 OECD countries ø 0.895 25th 0.182 42 0.976 56   −0.001 0.977   +0.001 0.975 +0.013 0.963
    Qatar 0.848 41 0.202 45 1.043 1   −0.002 1.045   +0.007 1.036 +0.026 1.017
    Mongolia 0.735 92 0.322 71 1.031 2   +2 +0.003 1.028   +7 +0.016 1.015 +0.022 1.009
    Latvia 0.854 39 0.169 40 1.030 3   −1 0.000 1.030   +1 +0.002 1.028 −0.002 1.032
    Lithuania 0.869 34 0.124 33 1.028 4th   −1 −0.001 1.029   −2 −0.004 1.032 +0.006 1.022
    Lesotho 0.518 164 0.546 135 1.026 5   0.000 1.026   −2 −0.003 1.029 +0.019 1.007
    Uruguay 0.808 57 0.275 59 1.016 6th   0.000 1.016   +5 +0.007 1.009 +0.016 1,000
    Estonia 0.882 30th 0.091 21st 1.016 7th   0.000 1.016   −0.004 1.020 −0.016 1.032
    Russia 0.824 49 0.255 54 1.015 8th   0.000 1.015   −3 −0.008 1.023 −0.016 1.031
    Venezuela 0.726 96 0.458 106 1.013 9   −0.001 1.014   −3 −0.010 1.023 +0.028 0.985
    Nicaragua 0.651 126 0.455 105 1.013 10   0.000 1.013   +82 +0.066 0.947 +0.106 0.907
    Belarus 0.817 50 0.119 27 1.010 11   −0.003 1.013   −3 −0.009 1.019 −0.012 1.022
    Barbados 0.813 56 0.256 55 1.010 12   −0.001 1.011   −2 0.000 1.010 +0.021 0.989
    Namibia 0.645 130 0.460 108 1.009 13   0.000 1.009   +10 +0.013 0.996 +0.063 0.946
    Poland 0.872 32 0.120 30th 1.009 14th   0.000 1.009   −1 +0.001 1.008 +0.017 0.992
    Moldova, Republic 0.711 107 0.228 50 1.007 15th   −0.002 1.009   −1 −0.001 1.008 +0.020 0.987
    Panama 0.795 67 0.460 108 1.005 16   +1 0.000 1.005   +8 +0.011 0.994 +0.027 0.978
    Philippines 0.712 106 0.425 98 1.004 17th   +2 +0.001 1.003   −1 +0.003 1.001 +0.028 0.976
    Dominican. republic 0.745 89 0.453 104 1.003 18th   −2 −0.003 1.006   +18 +0.016 0.987 ... ...
    Burundi 0.423 185 0.520 124 1.003 19th   +2 +0.001 1.002   +9 +0.012 0.991 +0.172 0.831
    Vietnam 0.693 118 0.314 68 1.003 20th   0.000 1.003   −3 +0.002 1.001 +0.047 0.956
    Slovenia 0.902 24 0.069 12 1.003 21st   −3 −0.002 1.005   +1 +0.006 0.997 +0.009 0.994
    Trinidad and Tobago 0.799 63 0.324 72 1.002 22nd   0.000 1.002   −1 +0.003 0.999 +0.054 0.948
    Kuwait 0.808 57 0.245 53 0.999 23   −0.001 1,000   −5 −0.001 1,000 +0.021 0.978
    Kazakhstan 0.817 50 0.203 46 0.999 24   −0.001 1,000   −12 −0.010 1.009 −0.005 1.004
    Thailand 0.765 77 0.377 84 0.995 25th   −0.001 0.996   −6 −0.005 1,000 +0.018 0.977
    Ukraine 0.750 88 0.284 60 0.995 26th   0.000 0.995   −6 −0.005 1,000 +0.008 0.987
    Brazil 0.761 79 0.386 89 0.995 27   0.000 0.995   −12 −0.008 1.003 +0.009 0.986
    Bulgaria 0.816 52 0.218 48 0.993 28   +2 +0.001 0.992   +1 +0.002 0.991 +0.020 0.973
    Slovakia 0.857 36 0.190 43 0.992 29   −1 −0.002 0.994   −3 0.000 0.992 +0.006 0.986
    United States 0.920 15th 0.182 42 0.991 30th   −1 −0.003 0.994   −3 −0.001 0.992 +0.004 0.987
    Norway 0.954 1 0.044 5 0.990 31   −0.002 0.992   −6 −0.004 0.994 +0.001 0.989
    Finland 0.925 12 0.050 7th 0.990 32   +1 0.000 0.990   +2 +0.002 0.988 −0.007 0.997
    Botswana 0.728 94 0.464 111 0.990 33   +1 +0.001 0.989   +10 +0.006 0.984 +0.022 0.968
    Canada 0.922 13 0.083 18th 0.989 34   +1 0.000 0.989   −2 0.000 0.989 +0.012 0.977
    Croatia 0.837 46 0.122 31 0.989 35   +1 +0.001 0.988   +2 +0.002 0.987 +0.025 0.964
    Singapore 0.935 9 0.065 11 0.988 36   +1 +0.001 0.987   +10 +0.007 0.981 +0.050 0.938
    Argentina 0.830 48 0.354 77 0.988 37   −5 −0.003 0.991   −7 −0.003 0.991 +0.006 0.982
    Brunei 0.845 43 0.234 51 0.987 38   +1 +0.001 0.986   +6 +0.003 0.984 +0.021 0.966
    Colombia 0.761 79 0.411 94 0.986 39   −1 −0.001 0.987   −1 −0.001 0.987 +0.015 0.971
    Romania 0.816 52 0.316 69 0.986 40   0.000 0.986   +0.001 0.985 +0.022 0.964
    Jamaica 0.726 96 0.405 93 0.986 41   0.000 0.986   −2 0.000 0.986 +0.024 0.962
    France 0.891 26th 0.051 8th 0.984 42   −0.002 0.986   −9 −0.005 0.989 +0.001 0.983
    South Africa 0.705 113 0.422 97 0.984 43   +3 +0.001 0.983   +4 +0.004 0.980 +0.016 0.968
    Portugal 0.850 40 0.081 17th 0.984 44   −1 0.000 0.984   −3 −0.001 0.985 +0.001 0.983
    Hungary 0.845 43 0.258 56 0.984 45   −1 0.000 0.984   −14 −0.007 0.991 +0.001 0.983
    Cape Verde 0.651 126 0.372 83 0.984 46   +2 +0.002 0.982   −4 −0.001 0.985 +0.042 0.942
    Cyprus, Republic 0.873 31 0.086 20th 0.983 47   0.000 0.983   +7 +0.007 0.976 +0.036 0.947
    Czech Republic 0.891 26th 0.137 35 0.983 48   −3 −0.001 0.984   −3 −0.001 0.984 +0.013 0.970
    Belize 0.720 103 0.391 91 0.983 49   +3 +0.003 0.980   +9 +0.011 0.972 +0.055 0.928
    Sweden 0.937 8th 0.040 2 0.982 50   −1 0.000 0.982   −15 −0.006 0.988 −0.005 0.987
    Spain 0.893 25th 0.074 15th 0.981 51   −1 0.000 0.981   −3 +0.002 0.979 +0.014 0.967
    Denmark 0.930 11 0.040 2 0.980 52   −1 −0.001 0.981   −2 +0.002 0.978 −0.007 0.987
    Ecuador 0.758 85 0.389 90 0.980 53   0.000 0.980   +23 +0.016 0.964 ... ...
    Georgia 0.786 70 0.351 75 0.979 54   0.000 0.979   +2 +0.004 0.975 +0.034 0.945
    Costa Rica 0.794 68 0.285 61 0.977 55   0.000 0.977   −4 −0.001 0.978 +0.037 0.940
    Japan 0.915 19th 0.099 23 0.976 56   +1 +0.001 0.975   +12 +0.009 0.967 +0.018 0.958
    Serbia 0.799 63 0.162 37 0.976 57   +1 +0.001 0.975   +2 +0.004 0.972 +0.028 0.948
    Australia 0.938 6th 0.103 25th 0.975 58   +1 0.000 0.975   −1 +0.001 0.974 +0.014 0.961
    Ireland 0.942 3 0.093 22nd 0.975 59   +1 0.000 0.975   −10 −0.004 0.979 −0.003 0.978
    St. Lucia 0.745 89 0.333 73 0.975 60   −4 −0.001 0.976   +2 +0.004 0.971 +0.012 0.963
    Mauritius 0.796 66 0.369 82 0.974 61   +8 +0.005 0.969   +20 +0.014 0.960 +0.063 0.911
    Guyana 0.670 123 0.492 118 0.973 62   −1 −0.001 0.974   −2 +0.001 0.972 +0.043 0.930
    Armenia 0.760 81 0.259 57 0.972 63   +2 +0.001 0.971   +2 +0.002 0.970 +0.038 0.934
    Belgium 0.919 17th 0.045 6th 0.972 64   −1 0.000 0.972   −1 +0.001 0.971 0.000 0.972
    Suriname 0.724 98 0.465 112 0.972 65   +1 +0.001 0.971   −10 −0.004 0.976 ... ...
    Israel 0.906 22nd 0.100 24 0.972 66   −2 0.000 0.972   −5 0.000 0.972 −0.003 0.975
    Malaysia 0.804 61 0.274 58 0.972 67   −5 −0.001 0.973   −1 +0.002 0.970 +0.046 0.926
    Albania 0.791 69 0.234 51 0.971 68   +9 +0.006 0.965   +1 +0.004 0.967 +0.038 0.933
    Honduras 0.623 132 0.479 116 0.970 69   −1 0.000 0.970   +1 +0.003 0.967 +0.055 0.915
    Luxembourg 0.909 21st 0.078 16 0.970 70   −3 −0.001 0.971   −6 −0.001 0.971 −0.019 0.989
    El Salvador 0.667 124 0.397 92 0.969 71   −1 0.000 0.969   −19 −0.009 0.978 +0.030 0.939
    GermanyGermany Germany 0.939 4th 0.084 19th 0.968 72   −1 0.000 0.968   −1 +0.002 0.966 +0.025 0.943
    Paraguay 0.724 98 0.482 117 0.968 73   −1 +0.001 0.967   +1 +0.003 0.965 +0.043 0.925
    Italy 0.883 29 0.069 12 0.967 74   −1 0.000 0.967   −7 −0.001 0.968 +0.015 0.952
    United Kingdom 0.920 15th 0.119 27 0.967 75   −1 0.000 0.967   +2 +0.003 0.964 −0.005 0.972
    Netherlands 0.934 10 0.041 4th 0.967 76   −1 0.000 0.967   −4 +0.001 0.966 +0.010 0.957
    Iceland 0.938 6th 0.057 9 0.966 77   −1 −0.001 0.967   −24 −0.012 0.978 −0.027 0.993
    Montenegro 0.816 52 0.119 27 0.966 78   +2 +0.002 0.964   +6 +0.009 0.957 ... ...
    Society. Arab. Emirates 0.866 35 0.113 26th 0.965 79   −1 0.000 0.965   +7 +0.009 0.956 ... ...
    Malta 0.885 28 0.195 44 0.965 80   −1 0.000 0.965   +9 +0.013 0.952 +0.058 0.907
    New Zealand 0.921 14th 0.133 34 0.963 81   +1 0.000 0.963   −3 +0.001 0.962 −0.021 0.984
    SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 0.946 2 0.037 1 0.963 82   +1 0.000 0.963   −7 −0.002 0.965 +0.017 0.946
    Hong Kong 0.939 4th ... ... 0.963 83   +1 0.000 0.963   −10 −0.003 0.966 ... ...
    AustriaAustria Austria 0.914 20th 0.073 14th 0.963 84   −3 −0.001 0.964   −5 +0.001 0.962 +0.030 0.933
    Country 2018 HDI rank GII rank GDI # since
    2017     		Value
    +/-     		2017
    GDI     		since
    2013     		Value
    +/-     		2013
    GDI     		Value
    +/-     		2000
    GDI
    Greece 0.872 32 0.122 31 0.963 85   0.000 0.963   −5 +0.001 0.962 +0.016 0.947
    Swaziland 0.608 138 0.579 145 0.962 86   +2 +0.002 0.960   +9 +0.020 0.942 +0.096 0.866
    Chile 0.847 42 0.288 62 0.962 87   −1 0.000 0.962   −5 +0.003 0.959 +0.030 0.932
    China, People's Republic 0.758 85 0.163 39 0.961 88   −1 0.000 0.961   −3 +0.004 0.957 +0.047 0.914
    Kyrgyzstan 0.674 122 0.381 87 0.959 89   −0.001 0.960   −6 +0.001 0.958 0.000 0.959
    Mexico 0.767 76 0.334 74 0.957 90   0.000 0.957   −3 +0.002 0.955 +0.033 0.924
    Myanmar 0.584 145 0.459 106 0.953 91   −0.003 0.956 ... ... ... ... ...
    Peru 0.759 82 0.381 87 0.951 92   +0.001 0.950   +1 +0.006 0.945 +0.036 0.915
    Zambia 0.591 143 0.540 131 0.949 93   +1 +0.003 0.946   +12 +0.020 0.929 ... ...
    Cuba 0.778 72 0.313 67 0.948 94   +2 +0.003 0.945   −6 −0.007 0.955 +0.037 0.911
    North Macedonia 0.759 82 0.145 36 0.947 95   +0.001 0.946   −5 −0.002 0.949 ... ...
    Madagascar 0.521 162 ... ... 0.946 96   +1 +0.001 0.945   +0.004 0.942 +0.007 0.939
    Tonga 0.717 105 0.418 96 0.944 97   −4 −0.003 0.947   +2 +0.006 0.938 +0.030 0.914
    Guatemala 0.651 126 0.492 118 0.943 98   −0.002 0.945   +14 +0.020 0.923 +0.050 0.893
    Rwanda 0.536 157 0.412 95 0.943 99   +1 +0.001 0.942   −1 +0.004 0.939 +0.057 0.886
    Oman 0.834 47 0.304 65 0.943 100   −1 −0.001 0.944   +0.005 0.938 +0.075 0.868
    Azerbaijan 0.754 87 0.321 70 0.940 101   0.000 0.940   +1 +0.005 0.935 −0.011 0.951
    Maldives 0.719 104 0.367 81 0.939 102   +1 +0.002 0.937   +6 +0.013 0.926 +0.035 0.904
    Uzbekistan 0.710 108 0.303 64 0.939 103   −1 +0.001 0.938   −6 −0.002 0.941 +0.003 0.936
    Sri Lanka 0.780 71 0.380 86 0.938 104   +0.001 0.937   −3 +0.002 0.936 +0.010 0.928
    Indonesia 0.707 111 0.451 103 0.937 105   0.000 0.937   +2 +0.010 0.927 +0.042 0.895
    Bahrain 0.838 45 0.207 47 0.937 106   0.000 0.937   −12 −0.007 0.944 −0.002 0.939
    Bolivia 0.703 114 0.446 101 0.936 107   +1 +0.001 0.935   +4 +0.012 0.924 ... ...
    Tanzania 0.528 159 0.539 130 0.936 108   −1 0.000 0.936   −17 −0.012 0.948 +0.049 0.887
    South Korea 0.906 22nd 0.058 10 0.934 109   +0.001 0.933   −5 +0.004 0.930 +0.028 0.906
    Kenya 0.579 147 0.545 134 0.933 110   +0.001 0.932   −1 +0.008 0.925 +0.039 0.894
    Libya 0.708 110 0.172 41 0.931 111   +0.001 0.930   −5 +0.003 0.928 +0.056 0.875
    Congo, Republic 0.609 138 0.579 145 0.931 112   +0.001 0.930   −2 +0.006 0.925 +0.047 0.884
    Malawi 0.485 172 0.615 149 0.930 113   +0.002 0.928   +0.013 0.917 +0.056 0.874
    Laos 0.604 140 0.463 110 0.929 114   +2 +0.006 0.923   +2 +0.021 0.908 +0.077 0.852
    Zimbabwe 0.563 150 0.525 126 0.925 115   −1 +0.001 0.924   −12 −0.006 0.931 +0.028 0.897
    Turkey 0.807 59 0.305 66 0.924 116   −1 0.000 0.924   −2 +0.009 0.915 +0.078 0.846
    Bosnia Herzegovina 0.769 75 0.162 38 0.924 117   +0.001 0.923   −2 +0.015 0.909 ... ...
    Cambodia 0.581 146 0.474 114 0.919 118   0.000 0.919   −1 +0.012 0.907 +0.030 0.889
    Gabon 0.702 115 0.534 128 0.917 119   +0.003 0.914   −1 +0.010 0.907 −0.002 0.919
    Ghana 0.596 142 0.541 133 0.912 120   +0.004 0.908   +2 +0.018 0.894 +0.061 0.851
    Angola 0.574 149 0.578 144 0.902 121   +1 0.000 0.902 ... ... ... ... ...
    Mozambique 0.446 180 0.569 142 0.901 122   +2 +0.002 0.899   −2 +0.005 0.896 +0.064 0.837
    Sao Tome & Principe 0.609 137 0.547 136 0.900 123   −2 −0.004 0.904   −4 +0.002 0.898 +0.052 0.848
    East Timor 0.626 131 ... ... 0.899 124   −1 −0.001 0.900   +16 +0.050 0.849 ... ...
    Liberia 0.465 176 0.651 155 0.899 125   +2 +0.005 0.894   +3 +0.019 0.880 +0.124 0.775
    Tunisia 0.739 91 0.300 63 0.899 126   −1 0.000 0.899   −3 +0.007 0.892 +0.055 0.844
    Nepal 0.579 147 0.476 115 0.897 127   −1 +0.002 0.895   −2 +0.011 0.886 +0.129 0.768
    Bangladesh 0.614 135 0.536 129 0.895 128   +0.001 0.894   +7 +0.031 0.864 +0.137 0.758
    Bhutan 0.617 134 0.436 99 0.893 129   0.000 0.893   −8 −0.003 0.896 ... ...
    Lebanon 0.730 93 0.362 79 0.891 130   +0.002 0.889   −6 0.000 0.891 ... ...
    Haiti 0.503 169 0.620 150 0.890 131   +0.001 0.889   +0.015 0.875 ... ...
    Comoros 0.538 156 ... ... 0.888 132   0.000 0.888   −6 +0.004 0.884 +0.055 0.833
    Benin 0.520 163 0.613 148 0.883 133   +5 +0.012 0.871   +12 +0.046 0.837 +0.133 0.750
    Sierra Leone 0.438 181 0.644 153 0.882 134   −1 0.000 0.882   −4 +0.006 0.876 +0.105 0.777
    Saudi Arabia 0.857 36 0.224 49 0.879 135   −1 0.000 0.879   −6 −0.001 0.880 +0.044 0.835
    Egypt 0.700 116 0.450 102 0.878 136   +0.003 0.875   −3 +0.012 0.866 +0.071 0.807
    Burkina Faso 0.434 182 0.612 147 0.875 137   +2 +0.004 0.871   +2 +0.022 0.853 ... ...
    Iran 0.797 65 0.492 118 0.874 138   −1 +0.001 0.873   −1 +0.015 0.859 +0.078 0.796
    Senegal 0.514 166 0.523 125 0.873 139   −4 −0.003 0.876   −12 −0.008 0.881 +0.060 0.813
    Palestine 0.690 119 ... ... 0.871 140   0.000 0.871   −4 +0.010 0.861 ... ...
    Cameroon 0.563 150 0.566 140 0.869 141   0.000 0.869   −7 +0.004 0.865 +0.008 0.861
    Jordan 0.723 102 0.469 113 0.868 142   +1 +0.002 0.866   −1 +0.022 0.846 +0.032 0.836
    Nigeria 0.534 158 ... ... 0.868 143   −1 0.000 0.868   −11 −0.004 0.872 ... ...
    Algeria 0.759 82 0.443 100 0.865 144   +0.001 0.864   −2 +0.021 0.844 +0.082 0.783
    Uganda 0.528 159 0.531 127 0.863 145   −0.001 0.864   −7 +0.007 0.856 −0.019 0.882
    Mauritania 0.527 161 0.620 150 0.853 146   +0.006 0.847   −3 +0.014 0.839 +0.059 0.794
    Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.459 179 0.655 156 0.844 147   0.000 0.844   +2 +0.027 0.817 ... ...
    Ethiopia 0.470 173 0.508 123 0.844 148   0.000 0.844   −2 +0.014 0.830 +0.103 0.741
    South Sudan 0.413 186 ... ... 0.839 149   0.000 0.839   −5 0.000 0.839 ... ...
    Sudan 0.508 168 0.560 139 0.837 150   −0.001 0.838   +1 +0.025 0.812 ... ...
    Morocco 0.676 121 0.492 118 0.833 151   +0.002 0.831   −4 +0.009 0.824 +0.055 0.778
    Gambia 0.466 174 0.620 150 0.832 152   +1 +0.006 0.826   −2 +0.018 0.814 +0.032 0.800
    India 0.647 129 0.501 122 0.829 153   −1 +0.002 0.827   −1 +0.020 0.809 +0.091 0.738
    Togo 0.513 167 0.566 140 0.818 154   +3 +0.020 0.798   +1 +0.026 0.792 +0.039 0.779
    Mali 0.427 184 0.676 158 0.807 155   −1 +0.001 0.806   +2 +0.023 0.784 +0.036 0.771
    Guinea 0.466 174 ... ... 0.806 156   −1 +0.001 0.805   −2 +0.013 0.793 +0.083 0.723
    Tajikistan 0.656 125 0.377 84 0.799 157   +1 +0.003 0.796   −4 −0.002 0.801 −0.042 0.841
    Ivory Coast 0.516 165 0.657 157 0.796 158   +1 +0.004 0.792   +1 +0.029 0.767 +0.036 0.760
    Central Africa 0.381 188 0.682 159 0.795 159   +1 +0.003 0.792   +1 +0.030 0.765 +0.059 0.736
    Syria 0.549 154 0.547 136 0.795 160   −4 −0.005 0.800   −12 −0.025 0.820 −0.018 0.813
    Iraq 0.689 120 0.540 131 0.789 161   −0.001 0.790   −5 +0.001 0.788 +0.065 0.724
    Chad 0.401 187 0.701 160 0.774 162   −0.001 0.775   −4 +0.002 0.772 ... ...
    Pakistan 0.560 152 0.547 136 0.747 163   +0.002 0.745   −2 +0.015 0.732 +0.129 0.618
    Afghanistan 0.496 170 0.575 143 0.723 164   +0.004 0.719   −2 +0.016 0.707 +0.307 0.416
    Yemen 0.463 177 0.834 162 0.458 165   −0.017 0.475   −2 −0.150 0.608 −0.170 0.628
    Niger 0.377 189 0.647 154 0.298 166   +0.009 0.289   −2 +0.082 0.216 −0.412 0.710
    166 UN members ø 0.731 93 0.439 100 0.941 101   +1 −0.001 0.942   −3 +0.002 0.939 +0.028 0.913
    Country 2018 HDI rank GII rank GDI # # +/− +/- GDI # +/− +/- GDI +/- GDI
    comparison from 2017 from 2013 from 2000

    Countries without GDI

    For the year 2018, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was only able to calculate the "gender-specific development" (GDI) for 166  UN member states - for 23 others, economic data were available for calculating their " Human Development Index " (HDI), but no distinction is made between women and men with regard to the 3  social indicators :

    Country 2018 HDI rank +/- 2017 Years of life School years income
    Andorra 0.857 36   +2 0.852 81.8 11.8 $ 48,641 0
    Antigua and Barbuda 0.776 74   −1 0.774 76.9 10.9 $ 22,201 0
    Equatorial Guinea 0.588 144   −1 0.590 58.4 07.4 $ 17,796 0
    Bahamas 0.805 60   0.804 73.8 12.2 $ 28,395 0
    Dominica 0.724 98   0.723 78.1 10.4 $ 9,245 0
    Djibouti 0.495 171   0.492 66.6 05.3 $ 3,601 0
    Eritrea 0.434 182   0.431 65.9 04.5 $ 1,708 0
    Fiji 0.724 98   +4 0.721 67.3 12.7 $ 9,110 0
    Grenada 0.763 78   0.760 72.4 12.7 $ 12,684 0
    Guinea-Bissau 0.461 178   −1 0.460 58.0 06.9 $ 1,593 0
    Kiribati 0.623 132   0.623 68.1 09.9 $ 3,917 0
    Liechtenstein 0.917 18th   0.916 80.5 13.6 $ 99,732 0
    Marshall Islands 0.698 117   −1 0.696 73.9 11.7 $ 4,633 0
    Micronesia 0.614 135   0.612 67.8 09.6 $ 3,700 0
    Palau 0.814 55   +1 0.811 73.7 14.0 $ 16,720 0
    Papua New Guinea 0.543 155   0.543 64.3 07.3 $ 3,686 0
    Solomon Islands 0.557 153   −1 0.555 72.8 07.9 $ 2,027 0
    Samoa 0.707 111   −1 0.706 73.2 11.6 $ 5,885 0
    Seychelles 0.801 62   0.800 73.3 12.6 $ 25,077 0
    St. Kitts and Nevis 0.777 73   0.774 74.6 11.1 $ 26,770 0
    St. Vincent & Grenadines 0.728 94   +1 0.726 72.4 11.1 $ 11,746 0
    Turkmenistan 0.710 108   0.708 68.1 10.4 $ 16,407 0
    Vanuatu 0.597 141   0.595 70.3 09.1 $ 2,808 0

    For the following 10 states and territories, no suitable data was available for calculating the HDI, some of them are not members of the United Nations (UN):

    1. Kosovo - Republic on the Balkan Peninsula, not a UN member
    2. Monaco - European Principality
    3. Nauru - Pacific mini-state
    4. North Korea - isolated in terms of foreign policy, hardly any reliable data available
    5. San Marino - mini republic surrounded by Italy
    6. Taiwan (Republic of China) - not a UN member due to the Taiwan conflict
    7. Somalia - "failed state" in East Africa
    8. Tuvalu - Pacific mini-state
    9. Vatican City - not a UN member, the Vatican does not have its own education system
    10. Western Sahara - not a UN member, territory claimed and occupied by Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict )

    See also

    United Nations:

    World Economic Forum:

    CIA (World Factbook):

    UNDP reports

    United Nations Development Program (UNDP):

    German Society for the United Nations (translations and summaries):

    • 2019: Human Development Report 2019. January 15, 2020 ( download page ).
    • 2018: Human Development: Facts and Figures 2018 - Statistical Update on the Human Development Report. Berlin, December 14, 2018, pp. 7–10: Gender inequality - reducing the gap in order to enable half of the world's population to participate more, and pp. 39–39: Table 4: Index of gender-specific development ( summary as PDF : 421 kB; download page ).
    • 2016: Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for All. Berlin, March 21, 2017 ( download page ).
    • 2015: Report on human development 2015. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8305-3618-5 ( PDF: 9.3 MB, 328 pages at hdr.undp.org ).

    literature

    To the old GDI until 2009:

    Web links

    United Nations Development Program (UNDP):

    GDI indicators 1995-2018, separated by sex ( data selection ):

    HDI men: Human Development Index (HDI), male.
    Life expectancy men: Life expectancy at birth, male (years) (SDG 3).
    Expected years of schooling Men: Expected years of schooling, male (years). (SDG 4.3).
    Average years of schooling men: Mean years of schooling, male (years). (SDG 4.6).
    Income men: Estimated gross national income per capita, male (2011 PPP $). (SDG 8.5).

    Meeting:

    Bertelsmann Foundation :

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c d All individual values ​​of the three DA-CH countries: United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Germany, Austria, Switzerland. In: hdr.undp.org. As of October 2019; all accessed on January 6, 2020 (English).
      For comparison Norway ( HDI rank 1 ) and Mexico ( as an example ): Norway, Mexico; all 189 UN countries.
    2. ↑ a b Stephan Klasen : Working Paper: UNDP's gender-related measures: Current problems and proposals for fixing them. Discussion paper No. 220. In: Leibniz Information Center for Economics . February 2017 (English; PDF: 1.6 MB, 31 pages on econstor.eu ).
    3. ↑ Stephan Klasen: Working Paper: UNDP's gender-related measures: Current problems and proposals for fixing them. February 2017, p. 17: The New Gender Development Index (GDI) (English; PDF: 1.6 MB, 31 pages on econstor.eu ); Quote: “All in all, the GDI is a very welcome addition to the gender measures. It is has a nice direct link to the HDI, is easy to interpret and meaningful, and the new approach to ranking is also a very good idea as it places a premium on gender equality rather than on female relative achievements. [...] Of course, the caveats mentioned above (related to the calculation of female and male earned incomes as the relevant income component) remain and need to be stated clearly. "
    4. ↑ a b c d United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Technical notes. December 2019, p. 1: Infographic, p. 5–7: Technical note 3. Gender Development Index (English; supplement to the Human Development Report 2019; PDF: 287 kB, 16 pages on hdr.undp.org ) Information on the basics the HDI calculation: pp. 2–5.
    5. ↑ a b United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Technical notes. December 2019, p. 2 (English; supplement to the Human Development Report 2019; PDF: 287 kB, 16 pages on hdr.undp.org ); Quote: "The maximum for expected years of schooling, 18, is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries. The maximum for mean years of schooling, 15, is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025. […] For the education dimension, equation 1 is first applied to each of the two indicators, and then the arithmetic mean of the two resulting indices is taken. "
    6. ↑ a b c United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. UNDP, New York December 2019, ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5 , pp. 312-315: Table 4: Gender Development Index (English; PFD: 8 MB, 366 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
      Interpolated online tables 1995-2018 based on the 2019 calculation method: Gender Development Index (GDI) (as of October 21, 2019), Human Development Index (HDI), female and Human Development Index (HDI), male (as of October 22 2019) In: hdr.undp.org. All accessed on January 6, 2020 (English).
    7. ↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Gender Development Index (GDI: 1995–2018). In: hdr.undp.org. Status: October 21, 2019, accessed on January 6, 2020 (English; alphabetically sorted interpolated online table based on the 2019 calculation method - may deviate from previously published results).