Female employment rate

The female employment rate is the percentage of women in the labor force - i.e. women who have or are looking for work - aged 15 to under 65 in the female population of the same age group in a country. It differs from the female employment rate , which only records women who have jobs.

Working women are based on different definitions, depending on the survey. The national accounts include all women who, as employees, self-employed or as family workers, carry out an economic activity, regardless of the scope of this activity. The term employed in the EU is based on the definition of the International Labor Organization (ILO). According to this definition, employed is anyone who has worked at least one hour a week for a fee and is at least 15 years old.

calculation

The female employment rate is calculated as follows: The sum of part-time, full-time and registered unemployed women aged 15 to under 65 divided by the number of all women aged 15 to under 65 times 100.

The female employment rate is calculated as follows: The sum of part-time and full-time employed women aged 15 to under 65 divided by the number of all women aged 15 to under 65 times 100.

meaning

The quota is a yardstick for job-related women's rights in the respective country. The female employment rate shows the predominant differences in the distribution of roles between men and women and is an indicator of the occupational disadvantage of women in the respective country.

values

In most industrialized countries, the female employment rate has risen significantly in the last few decades. For the EU, it was decided within the framework of the Lisbon strategy to raise the female employment rate to more than 60%.

Germany

In 2012, the employment rate for women was 68.0% and the employment rate for men was 77.6%.

Even if the number of working women in Germany has increased since 1991, their work volume (the total of all hours worked by women) has not increased overall. The number of women in full-time positions has fallen sharply. In contrast to the simple employment rate, the female full-time equivalent employment rate fell slightly from 1992 (48%) to 2003 (46%). Many women are more likely to work part-time or in marginal employment than in what is known as normal employment . It is true that women who work part-time usually do so at their own request in the West, while less than half of them in the East. In addition, almost half of the female sex accept traditional role models in which the man works full-time and the woman stays at home.

In Germany women work part-time much more often (45%) than the EU average. Only in the Netherlands did women work part-time much more often, at 76%.

state	2012
Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg	70.4%
Bavaria Bavaria	71.0%
Berlin Berlin	65.3%
Brandenburg Brandenburg	71.6%
Bremen Bremen	63.3%
Hamburg Hamburg	69.8%
Hesse Hesse	67.8%
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania	68.0%
Lower Saxony Lower Saxony	67.2%
North Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia	63.7%
Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate	67.7%
Saarland Saarland	62.1%
Saxony Saxony	70.7%
Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt	69.9%
Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein	69.0%
Thuringia Thuringia	71.3%
Germany Germany	68.0%

Austria

In 2012, the employment rate for women was 67.3% and the employment rate for men was 77.8%. In Austria, men in the private sector have a retirement age of 65 and women of 60, which affects the employment rate and pension payments.

In 2012, Austria ranks third in the EU in terms of the proportion of women working part-time. Every second young woman would like to be a housewife if her partner ensured her livelihood.

state	2012
Burgenland Burgenland	65.0%
Carinthia Carinthia	65.1%
Niederosterreich Lower Austria	68.3%
Oberosterreich Upper Austria	70.0%
Salzburg Salzburg	70.6%
Styria Styria	66.2%
Tyrol Tyrol	69.5%
Vorarlberg Vorarlberg	68.5%
Vienna Vienna	63.9%
Austria Austria	67.3%

Switzerland

In 2012 the female employment rate was 73.6%, the male employment rate 85.2%. The normal retirement age for women is 64 years and for men 65 years.

In 2012, more than half of employed women, but only around one in seven men, worked part-time. The person with the lower wage tends to reduce their workload.

Turkey

In 2012, the employment rate for women was 28.7% and the rate for men was 69.2%.

Employment rate for women in the EU

country	2005	rank	2006	rank	2007	rank	2008	rank	2009	rank	2010	rank	2011	rank	2012	rank
Belgium Belgium	53.8	17th	54.0	19th	55.3	19th	56.2	18th	56.0	19th	56.5	16	56.7	17th	56.8	17th
Bulgaria Bulgaria	51.7	19th	54.6	17th	57.6	16	59.5	16	58.3	15th	56.4	17th	55.6	18th	56.3	18th
Denmark Denmark	71.9	1	73.4	1	73.2	1	74.3	1	73.1	1	71.1	1	70.4	2	70.0	3
Germany Germany	60.6	10	62.2	9	64.0	9	65.4	8th	65.2	6th	66.1	6th	67.7	4th	68.0	5
Estonia Estonia	62.1	6th	65.3	6th	65.9	5	66.3	5	63.0	9	60.6	11	62.8	8th	64.7	8th
Finland Finland	66.5	3	67.3	4th	68.5	4th	69.0	4th	67.9	4th	66.9	4th	67.4	5	68.2	4th
France France	57.8	15th	58.1	15th	59.2	15th	59.9	15th	59.6	14th	59.3	13	59.2	14th	59.4	12
Greece Greece	46.1	25th	47.4	25th	47.9	25th	48.7	25th	48.9	25th	48.1	25th	45.1	26th	41.9	27
Ireland Ireland	58.3	14th	59.3	14th	60.6	14th	60.2	14th	57.4	16	56.0	19th	55.1	19th	55.1	19th
Italy Italy	45.3	26th	46.3	26th	46.6	26th	47.2	26th	46.4	26th	46.1	26th	46.5	25th	47.1	25th
Latvia Latvia	59.3	12	62.4	8th	64.4	7th	65.4	8th	60.9	12	59.4	12	60.2	12	61.7	10
Lithuania Lithuania	59.4	11	61.0	12	62.2	12	61.8	13	60.7	13	58.7	14th	60.2	12	61.9	9
Luxembourg Luxembourg	53.7	18th	54.6	17th	56.1	18th	55.1	19th	57.0	17th	57.2	15th	56.9	16	59.0	14th
Malta Malta	33.7	27	33.4	27	35.7	27	37.4	27	37.7	27	39.2	27	40.9	27	44.2	26th
Netherlands Netherlands	66.4	4th	67.7	3	69.6	3	71.1	3	71.5	2	69.3	3	69.9	3	70.4	2
Austria Austria	62.0	7th	63.5	7th	64.4	7th	65.8	6th	66.4	5	66.4	5	66.5	6th	67.3	6th
Poland Poland	46.8	24	48.1	24	50.6	24	52.4	23	52.8	20th	53.0	20th	53.1	20th	53.1	20th
Portugal Portugal	61.7	8th	62.0	10	61.9	13	62.5	12	61.6	11	61.1	10	60.4	11	58.7	15th
Romania Romania	51.5	20th	53.0	21st	52.8	22nd	52.5	22nd	52.0	23	52.0	23	52.0	22nd	52.6	22nd
Sweden Sweden	70.2	2	70.7	2	71.8	2	71.8	2	70.2	3	70.3	2	71.3	1	71.8	1
Slovakia Slovakia	50.9	23	51.9	22nd	53.0	21st	54.6	21st	52.8	20th	52.3	21st	52.7	21st	52.7	21st
Slovenia Slovenia	61.3	9	61.8	11	62.6	10	64.2	10	63.8	8th	62.6	9	60.9	10	60.5	11
Spain Spain	51.2	21st	53.2	20th	54.7	20th	54.9	20th	52.8	20th	52.3	21st	52.0	22nd	50.6	24
Czech Republic Czech Republic	56.3	16	56.8	16	57.3	17th	57.6	17th	56.7	18th	56.3	18th	57.2	15th	58.2	16
Hungary Hungary	51.0	22nd	51.1	23	50.9	23	50.6	24	49.9	24	50.6	24	50.6	24	52.1	23
United Kingdom United Kingdom	65.8	5	65.8	5	65.5	6th	65.8	6th	65.0	7th	64.6	7th	64.5	7th	65.1	7th
Cyprus Republic Cyprus	58.4	13	60.3	13	62.4	11	62.9	11	62.5	10	63.0	8th	62.1	9	59.4	12
European Union EU-27	56.2		57.2		58.2		59.0		58.5		58.2		58.4		58.6

Source: Eurostat database

Worldwide

In most countries around the world, the female participation rate is lower than the male participation rate. The female employment rate increased worldwide in the 20th century. The highest female participation rates are found both among the highest GDP countries and among those with the lowest GDP. In relation to marital status, the greatest increase in the female employment rate was observed among married women.

In the US, the employment rate of men is generally higher than that of women. According to a study by a team led by Raj Chetty , the opposite applies to people whose parents had a low income. The same study also showed a difference between children of married and unmarried parents: if the parents were married, their sons are much more likely to be employed at 30 than sons of unmarried parents, and the same is true for daughters, but to a lesser extent.

Web links

Federal Statistical Office Labor Market. Retrieved June 27, 2013 .
Bielefeld University: female employment rate and fertility in Germany. (PDF; 680 kB) Retrieved June 15, 2013 .
Waltraud Cornelißen: Gender data report. Annotated data report on equality between women and men in the Federal Republic of Germany . Ed .: Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth . Munich 2005 ( online [accessed June 15, 2013]).

Individual evidence

↑ Employment rate. Federal Statistical Office , accessed on June 27, 2013 .
↑ What are employed persons? Federal Statistical Office , accessed on June 27, 2013 .
↑ ESF basics. Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs , archived from the original on February 25, 2015 ; Retrieved June 15, 2013 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Employment rates by gender, age and NUTS 2 regions (%). Eurostat , May 15, 2013, accessed on June 14, 2013 (Select the desired "data" (Age, Geo, Sex, Time) and select "Update" → "View table" → "Download", the data will then be completely saved in a Export table displayed).
↑ Waltraud Cornelißen, Christian Dressel (Ed.): 1. Data report on equality between women and men in the Federal Republic of Germany . 2007, p. 107 ( PDF ).
↑ Ulrike Herrmann: Voluntarily in the part-time trap. In: taz . February 23, 2008, accessed November 28, 2008 .
↑ Christian Leipert (ed.): Family as a job: work field of the future . Leske & Budrich , Opladen 2001, ISBN 3-8100-3262-X , Thomas Gesterkamp : Farewell to the number father? The change in the male role in the family. (Word; 23 kB) Archived from the original on April 14, 2005 ; accessed on June 8, 2013 : “The data report by the Federal Statistical Office gives an astonishing picture of opinions. "It is better for everyone involved if the man is fully employed and the woman stays at home and takes care of the household and the children": This sentence was not only true for 53 percent of (West) German men, but also 47 Percent of women too. According to this survey, almost half of women accept traditional role models. ” , P. 249-253 .
↑ ^a ^b Women across the EU only work part-time more often in the Netherlands than in Germany. Federal Statistical Office , March 17, 2013, accessed on June 15, 2013 .
↑ Women's pension: ÖVP women want to raise the starting age. Die Presse , November 7, 2011, accessed on November 11, 2011 : “The ÖVP women and the senior citizens' union advocate a faster adjustment of the retirement age for women and are calling for an incentive model for longer work. ÖGB, SPÖ and Greens reject an alignment. "
↑ Every second young woman would like to be a housewife if the man earns enough. In: The Standard . May 23, 2011, accessed on June 16, 2013 : “Karmasin finds very traditional ideas when it comes to part-time work: 85 percent of women can imagine working part-time for a certain amount of time to look after the children with the men it's only 31 percent. A balance between family and work is 76 percent of women, but only 53 percent of men more important than making a career and earning a lot of money. If the partner earns well, 55 percent of young women would like to be housewives. Conversely, 34 percent of young men could imagine being a "househusband" one day. "
↑ Thomas Pany: Contact with Reality. heise.de , May 26, 2011, accessed on January 21, 2012 : "An Austrian youth study reveals that the majority of 14-24 year olds want to start a family and women want to stay at home if their livelihood would be secured by their partner"
↑ Federal Ministry for Economy, Family and Youth (ed.): The new youth monitor. 4th wave: Opinions and attitudes of the youth towards the family . Vienna May 23, 2011 ( PDF; 984 kB ). PDF; 984 kB ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Equality between women and men - data, indicators: part-time work. (No longer available online.) Federal Statistical Office , April 25, 2013, archived from the original on May 26, 2013 ; Retrieved June 16, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Federal Social Insurance Office (ed.): Fact sheet on gender equality policy . Bern January 18, 2013 ( page no longer available , search in web archives: online, PDF; 39.2 kB [accessed on June 16, 2013]).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bsv.admin.ch

↑ Working women: Key facts and trends in female labor force participation. In: ourworldindata.org. October 16, 2017, accessed March 25, 2018 .

^ Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Frina Lin, Jeremy Majerovitz, Benjamin Scuder, Working Papers 21936, Childhood environment and gender gaps in adulthood , National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2016. Quoted from: Ben Casselman, Andrew Flowers: Rich Kids Stay Rich , Poor Kids Stay Poor. In: fivethirtyeight.com. February 1, 2012, accessed March 31, 2018 .

[Def_1-1] Employment rate. Federal Statistical Office , accessed on June 27, 2013 .

[Def_2-2] What are employed persons? Federal Statistical Office , accessed on June 27, 2013 .

[BMfAS_1-3] ESF basics. Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs , archived from the original on February 25, 2015 ; Retrieved June 15, 2013 .

[Eurostat-DB-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Employment rates by gender, age and NUTS 2 regions (%). Eurostat , May 15, 2013, accessed on June 14, 2013 (Select the desired "data" (Age, Geo, Sex, Time) and select "Update" → "View table" → "Download", the data will then be completely saved in a Export table displayed).

[BMFSFJ_1-5] Waltraud Cornelißen, Christian Dressel (Ed.): 1. Data report on equality between women and men in the Federal Republic of Germany . 2007, p. 107 ( PDF ).

[taz_1-6] Ulrike Herrmann: Voluntarily in the part-time trap. In: taz . February 23, 2008, accessed November 28, 2008 .

[Gester_1-7] Christian Leipert (ed.): Family as a job: work field of the future . Leske & Budrich , Opladen 2001, ISBN 3-8100-3262-X , Thomas Gesterkamp : Farewell to the number father? The change in the male role in the family. (Word; 23 kB) Archived from the original on April 14, 2005 ; accessed on June 8, 2013 : “The data report by the Federal Statistical Office gives an astonishing picture of opinions. "It is better for everyone involved if the man is fully employed and the woman stays at home and takes care of the household and the children": This sentence was not only true for 53 percent of (West) German men, but also 47 Percent of women too. According to this survey, almost half of women accept traditional role models. ” , P. 249-253 .

[destatis_1-8] Women across the EU only work part-time more often in the Netherlands than in Germany. Federal Statistical Office , March 17, 2013, accessed on June 15, 2013 .

[Presse_1-9] Women's pension: ÖVP women want to raise the starting age. Die Presse , November 7, 2011, accessed on November 11, 2011 : “The ÖVP women and the senior citizens' union advocate a faster adjustment of the retirement age for women and are calling for an incentive model for longer work. ÖGB, SPÖ and Greens reject an alignment. "

[Standard_1-10] Every second young woman would like to be a housewife if the man earns enough. In: The Standard . May 23, 2011, accessed on June 16, 2013 : “Karmasin finds very traditional ideas when it comes to part-time work: 85 percent of women can imagine working part-time for a certain amount of time to look after the children with the men it's only 31 percent. A balance between family and work is 76 percent of women, but only 53 percent of men more important than making a career and earning a lot of money. If the partner earns well, 55 percent of young women would like to be housewives. Conversely, 34 percent of young men could imagine being a "househusband" one day. "

[Heise_1-11] Thomas Pany: Contact with Reality. heise.de , May 26, 2011, accessed on January 21, 2012 : "An Austrian youth study reveals that the majority of 14-24 year olds want to start a family and women want to stay at home if their livelihood would be secured by their partner"

[BMWFJ_1-12] Federal Ministry for Economy, Family and Youth (ed.): The new youth monitor. 4th wave: Opinions and attitudes of the youth towards the family . Vienna May 23, 2011 ( PDF; 984 kB ). PDF; 984 kB ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[BfS_1-13] Equality between women and men - data, indicators: part-time work. (No longer available online.) Federal Statistical Office , April 25, 2013, archived from the original on May 26, 2013 ; Retrieved June 16, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[BfSoz_1-14] Federal Social Insurance Office (ed.): Fact sheet on gender equality policy . Bern January 18, 2013 ( page no longer available , search in web archives: online, PDF; 39.2 kB [accessed on June 16, 2013]).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bsv.admin.ch

[15] Working women: Key facts and trends in female labor force participation. In: ourworldindata.org. October 16, 2017, accessed March 25, 2018 .

[16] Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Frina Lin, Jeremy Majerovitz, Benjamin Scuder, Working Papers 21936, Childhood environment and gender gaps in adulthood , National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2016. Quoted from: Ben Casselman, Andrew Flowers: Rich Kids Stay Rich , Poor Kids Stay Poor. In: fivethirtyeight.com. February 1, 2012, accessed March 31, 2018 .