Jharkhand

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Jharkhand - झारखंड
Coat of arms of Jharkhand.svg
status State
Capital Ranchi
founding November 15, 2000
surface 79,722 km²
Residents 32,966,238 (2011)
Population density 414 inhabitants per km²
languages Hindi
governor Draupadi Murmu
Chief Minister Hemant Soren ( JMM )
Website jharkhand.nic.in
ISO code IN-JH
Nordteil von Arunachal Pradesh: de-facto Indien - von China beansprucht Teilgebiete von Uttarakhand: de-facto Indien - von China beansprucht de-facto China - von Indien beansprucht de-facto China - von Indien beansprucht de-facto Pakistan - von Indien beansprucht de-facto Pakistan - von Indien beansprucht Siachen-Gletscher (umkämpft zwischen Pakistan und Indien) Jammu und Kashmir: de-facto Indien - von Pakistan beansprucht Ladakh: de-facto Indien - von Pakistan beansprucht Malediven Sri Lanka Indonesien Afghanistan Nepal Bhutan Bangladesch Pakistan China Myanmar Thailand Tadschikistan Delhi Goa Dadra und Nagar Haveli und Daman und Diu Tamil Nadu Kerala Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Westbengalen Andamanen und Nikobaren Lakshadweepmap
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Jharkhand ( Hindi : झारखंड, Jhārkhaṇḍ, [ ʤʰɑːrkʰʌɳɖ ]) is an Indian state with an area of ​​79,722 km² and about 33 million inhabitants (2011 census).

The capital is the industrial city of Ranchi . The most important coal mining areas in India are located in Jharkhand. The highest mountain in Jharkhand is Parasnath at 1,365 m , an important pilgrimage site of the Jain religious community .

geography

Jharkhand borders the states of Bihar , West Bengal , Odisha , Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh (clockwise, starting in the north).

Biggest cities

(Status: 2011 census)

city Residents city Residents
1 Dhan bath 1,161,561 6th Deoghar 203.116
2 Ranchi 1,073,440 7th Adityapur 173.988
3 Jamshedpur 629,659 8th Hazaribag 142,494
4th Bokaro Steel City 413.934 9 Chas 141,618
5 mango 224.002 10 Giridih 114,447
Source: Census of India 2011. (PDF; 154 kB)

population

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Jharkhand has 32,966,238 inhabitants. The population density of 414 inhabitants per square kilometer is slightly above the overall Indian average. 24.1% of Jharkhand's residents live in cities. Among the state's population, members of the tribal population ( Adivasi ) make up a significant minority at 26.3% (2001 census). The largest of the 30 tribes counted in Jharkhand are the Santal , Oraon , Munda , Ho , Kharia , Bhumij , Lohra and Kharwar .

67.6 percent of the residents of Jharkhand can read and write (men: 78.5 percent, women: 56.2 percent). The literacy rate is thus below the Indian average of 74 percent. In the period from 2010 to 2014, the average life expectancy was 66.6 years (the Indian average was 67.9 years). The fertility rate was 2.53 children per woman (as of 2016) while the Indian average was 2.23 children in the same year. Jharkhand is one of the less developed states in India. With a score of 0.578, Jharkhand was ranked 25th among 29 Indian states in the Human Development Index in 2015 .

Population development

Jharkhand census population (within today's limits) since the first census in 1951.

Census year population
1951 9,697,300
1961 11,606,504
1971 14,227,493
1981 17,612,000
1991 21,844,550
2001 26,946,070
2011 32,966,238

languages

Languages ​​in Jharkhand
language percent
Hindi
  
57.7%
Santali
  
10.7%
Bengali
  
9.7%
Urdu
  
8.6%
Kurukh (Oraon)
  
3.2%
Mundari
  
3.2%
Ho
  
2.9%
Oriya
  
1.7%
Kharia
  
0.5%
Other
  
1.8%
Distribution of languages ​​(2001 census)

According to the 2001 census, 57.7% of Jharkhand's population speak Hindi as their first language. Most of them are speakers of languages ​​from the Bihari group (including Bhojpuri , Maithili , Khortha , Nagpuri , Kurmali and Panchpargania ). These regional languages, which are closely related to Hindi, are officially counted as Hindi dialects by the Indian government. Among the Muslims of Jharkhand, Urdu , the Muslim variant of Hindi, is widespread with 8.6%. In the border area with West Bengal and Orissa, Bengali (9.7%) and Oriya (1.7%), the respective languages ​​of these states, are spoken. All languages ​​mentioned belong to the Indo-Aryan language group. Non-Indo-Aryan languages ​​are common among the tribal people. These include the Munda languages Santali (10.7%), Mundari (3.2%), Ho (2.9%) and Kharia (0.5%) as well as the Dravidian language Kurukh (3.2%).

The official language of Jharkhand is Hindi. In addition, since 2011 Bengali, Oriya, the Bihari dialects Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Khortha and Kurmali as well as the tribal languages ​​Santali, Ho, Kurukh, Mundari and Kharia have the status of associated official languages. As in all of India, English is ubiquitous as a communication and educational language.

Religions

Religions in Jharkhand
religion percent
Hinduism
  
67.8%
Islam
  
14.5%
Christianity
  
4.3%
Other
  
13.4%
Distribution of religions (2011 census)

According to the 2011 census, around 68% of Jharkhand's residents are Hindu and around 15% Muslim . Especially in the cities there are minorities of Jains , Sikhs , Buddhists and Christians (each about 0.5 to 3%). A small percentage of the population in the tribal areas still practices animistic beliefs; however, some of them converted to Christianity.

history

The history of Jharkhand has long been closely linked to the history of today's neighboring Bihar , from which it was spun off in 2000: Bihar formed its own powerful empire in the Middle Ages and was incorporated into the Mughal Empire after 1525 , from which it was transferred to the British East Indies in 1765. Released company . At that time Bihar corresponded to its location after the old kingdom Magadha (with the capital Pataliputra ), where the founder of Buddhism in the 6th century BC First presented his teaching; it was thus the oldest and for a long time the main seat of the Buddhist religion. Many religious buildings were built that have been neglected under the emerging Brahmanism since the 8th century and destroyed with the advance of Islam in the 13th century.

politics

Political system

Jharkhand was formed on November 15, 2000 from the southern part of Bihar State . The federal state parliament (Vidhan Sabha) comprises 81 elected members, who are elected in as many individual constituencies for 5 years according to relative majority voting. If a member of parliament leaves prematurely, there is a by-election in the constituency concerned. Another MP is appointed by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian minority.

Parties

Distribution of seats after the
2019 parliamentary elections
JMM 30th
BJP 25th
JVM (P) 3
AJSU 2
INC 16
E.G 1
CPI (ML) L 1
RJD 1
NCP 1
Independent 2
Anglo-Indians 1
total 82

In the first decade of its existence, the state was marked by relative political instability. No political party got anywhere near a majority in elections, so different coalition governments had to be formed. In the 10 years between 2000 and 2010 there were a total of 6 changes in the office of Chief Minister . The most important parties are the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the left-centrist Congress Party (INC) and the regional party Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM). There are also smaller regional parties, such as the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), the All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU) and the Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) (JVM (P)). Traditionally, the communist parties are relatively strong. Several underground Maoist organizations, the Naxalites , operate in the region , who claim to be fighting for the rights of poor peasants and carrying out acts of sabotage against state institutions and attacks on state representatives.

In 2013 there was a grand coalition of JMM, the Congress Party and the RJD. On July 13, 2013, Hemant Soren was elected Chief Minister by the JMM. No party won an absolute majority in the 2014 general election in Jharkhand. The strongest party by seats was the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which won 37 out of 81 constituencies with 29.5% of the vote and thus achieved significant gains. The second strongest party was JMM with 20.4% of the vote and 19 seats. After that, a coalition of BJP and the All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU) was formed. On December 28, 2014, Raghubar Das (BJP) was elected Chief Minister. In the following parliamentary election in Jharkhand from November 30 to December 20, 2019, the BJP was defeated by a coalition of JMM, Congress Party and RJD. A coalition government was then formed from the parties mentioned and on December 29, 2019, Hemant Soren was sworn in as Chief Minister for the second time.

Administrative division

Jharkhand districts

The state of Jharkhand is divided into the following 24 districts (population and population density according to the 2011 census):

District Administrative headquarters surface Population
(2011)
Population
density
Bokaro Bokaro Steel City 000000000002880.00000000002,880 km² 000000002061918.00000000002,061,918 000000000000716.0000000000716 inhabitants / km²
Chatra Chatra 000000000003790.00000000003,790 km² 000000001042304.00000000001,042,304 000000000000275.0000000000275 inhabitants / km²
Deoghar Deoghar 000000000002478.00000000002,478 km² 000000001491879.00000000001,491,879 000000000000602.0000000000602 inhabitants / km²
Dhan bath Dhan bath 000000000002089.00000000002,089 km² 000000002682662.00000000002,682,662 000000000001284.00000000001,284 inhabitants / km²
Dumka Dumka 000000000004404.00000000004,404 km² 000000001321096.00000000001,321,096 000000000000300.0000000000300 inhabitants / km²
Garhwa Garhwa 000000000004044.00000000004,044 km² 000000001322387.00000000001,322,387 000000000000327.0000000000327 inhabitants / km²
Giridih Giridih 000000000004920.00000000004,920 km² 000000002445203.00000000002,445,203 000000000000497.0000000000497 inhabitants / km²
Godda Godda 000000000002108.00000000002,108 km² 000000001311382.00000000001,311,382 000000000000622.0000000000622 inhabitants / km²
Gumla Gumla 000000000005315.00000000005,315 km² 000000001025656.00000000001,025,656 000000000000193.0000000000193 inhabitants / km²
Hazaribagh Hazaribagh 000000000004303.00000000004,303 km² 000000001734005.00000000001,734,005 000000000000403.0000000000403 inhabitants / km²
Jamtara Jamtara 000000000001800.00000000001,800 km² 000000000790207.0000000000790.207 000000000000439.0000000000439 inhabitants / km²
Khunti Khunti 000000000002467.00000000002,467 km² 000000000530299.0000000000530.299 000000000000215.0000000000215 inhabitants / km²
Kodarma Kodarma 000000000001680.00000000001,680 km² 000000000717169.0000000000717.169 000000000000427.0000000000427 inhabitants / km²
Latehar Latehar 000000000003628.00000000003,628 km² 000000000725673.0000000000725.673 000000000000200.0000000000200 inhabitants / km²
Lohardaga Lohardaga 000000000001489.00000000001,489 km² 000000000461738.0000000000461.738 000000000000310.0000000000310 people / km²
Pakur Pakur 000000000001806.00000000001,806 km² 000000000899200.0000000000899.200 000000000000498.0000000000498 inhabitants / km²
Palamu Daltonganj 000000000005082.00000000005,082 km² 000000001936319.00000000001,936,319 000000000000381.0000000000381 inhabitants / km²
Pashchimi Singhbhum Chaibasa 000000000007185.00000000007,185 km² 000000001501619.00000000001,501,619 000000000000209.0000000000209 inhabitants / km²
Purbi Singhbhum Jamshedpur 000000000003536.00000000003,536 km² 000000002291032.00000000002,291,032 000000000000648.0000000000648 inhabitants / km²
Ramgarh Ramgarh Cantonment 000000000001388.00000000001,388 km² 000000000949159.0000000000949.159 000000000000684.0000000000684 inhabitants / km²
Ranchi Ranchi 000000000005228.00000000005,228 km² 000000002912022.00000000002,912,022 000000000000557.0000000000557 inhabitants / km²
Sahibganj Sahibganj 000000000001599.00000000001,599 km² 000000001150038.00000000001,150,038 000000000000719.0000000000719 inhabitants / km²
Seraikela Kharsawan Seraikela 000000000002727.00000000002,727 km² 000000001063458.00000000001,063,458 000000000000390.0000000000390 people / km²
Simdega Simdega 000000000003749.00000000003,749 km² 000000000599813.0000000000599,813 000000000000160.0000000000160 people / km²

Web links

Commons : Jharkhand  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Jharkhand  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. Census of India 2011: Distribution of population, sex ratio, density and decadal growth rate of population: 2011 ( Memento of April 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ^ Census of India 2011: Provisional Population Totals - India - Rural-Urban Distribution. (PDF; 8.1 MB)
  3. Census of India 2001: Jharkhand. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes (English; PDF; 40 kB)
  4. ^ Census of India 2011: Primary Census Data Highlights - India. Chapter 3 (Literates and Literacy Rate) (PDF; 2.7 MB).
  5. ^ Indian States by Life Expectancy 2010-2014. Retrieved March 19, 2018 .
  6. ^ Fertility Rates. (pdf) Archived from the original on June 18, 2018 ; accessed on March 19, 2018 (English).
  7. ^ Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab. Retrieved August 12, 2018 .
  8. Indian census 2001
  9. Bihar Days: Jharkhand's 11 second languages ​​will create new jobs: but also enrich national culture, September 7, 2011.
  10. Census of India 2011: Population by religious community.
  11. GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT DEC-2019. Indian Electoral Commission, accessed December 23, 2019 .
  12. BJP's non-tribal face in Jharkhand, Raghubar Das, sworn in as CM. firstpost.com, December 28, 2014, accessed June 18, 2016 .
  13. Anindita Sanyal: Election Results: JMM-Congress Unseats BJP In Jharkhand, PM Says "Best Wishes": 10 Points. December 23, 2019, accessed December 23, 2019 .
  14. Hemant Soren takes oath as 11th chief minister of Jharkhand. The Times of India, December 29, 2019, accessed December 29, 2019 .
  15. ^ Census of India 2011: Provisional Population Totals. Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand. (PDF; 2.1 MB)

Coordinates: 23 ° 24 '  N , 85 ° 18'  E