General election in India 2019
In the general election in India in 2019 , the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Indian parliament, was elected. The election took place between April 11, 2019 and May 19, 2019 on a total of 7 days. The votes were counted on May 23, 2019. In parallel to the election, elections were held for the state parliaments of Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim (on April 11, 2019) and Odisha (from April 11 to 29, 2019).
Like all Indian elections since independence in 1947, the election was the largest democratic election in the world by number of voters. The number of people entitled to vote was over 900 million - more than the whole of the European Union , the United States and Japan combined.
The election was won by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) led by the BJP . The election victory was unexpected on this scale and so sweeping that commentators spoke of a "landslide".
Background and history
The previous election in 2014
The previous choice of Lok Sabha in 2014 was exceptional in several ways. On the one hand, the voter turnout of 66.4 percent was higher than ever before in an all-Indian election, which speaks for an increasing political awareness of the population. Second, for the first time in a long time, a party succeeded in gaining an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha. The last election in which this was the case was the 1984 general election . In the 25 years between 1989 and 2014, coalition governments had ruled, which mostly consisted of numerous parties that sought to enforce their respective particular interests. This had created a certain instability and vulnerability of governments to interest groups. For the third time, the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won an absolute majority of seats in 2014 for the first time . Hindu nationalist groups had existed in the Indian political landscape since independence. For a long time, however, they had not played a major political role. From the 1990s the BJP, founded in 1980, rose to become a powerful opposition party to the previously dominant Congress Party (INC). From 1998 to 2004 she led the government for the first time under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . At that time, however, it was dependent on a large number of coalition partners and could not achieve its own goals unhindered.
From 2004 to 2014 a Congress Party government under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was in office. Although Singh had some notable successes, especially in the field of economic policy - India achieved growth rates of over 8 percent annually for several years in a row - the government under the last 80-year-old Singh had an impact on many Indian voters at the end of the second legislative period old fashioned and worn out. The party and election campaign strategists of the opposition BJP made clever use of this by portraying the BJP's top candidate, then Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi, as a “dynamic modernizer” and innovator who would lead India into a modern future. Modi also had some successes as Chief Minister. Under his government, new IT industries had emerged in Gujarat and the state was one of the states with the strongest economic growth. Modi was not without controversy, however, mainly due to his passive stance during the violence in Gujarat in 2002 , in which clashes between Hindus and Muslims resulted in more than 1,000 deaths. The US State Department declared him an “undesirable person” in 2005 and refused an entry visa.
The incidents at that time no longer played a major role in the political debate before the 2014 election and Modi and his BJP achieved a convincing election victory. With 31.0% of the vote, the BJP achieved the best nationwide result in its party history. The BJP benefited even more from the current relative majority voting system ( “first past the post” ). With 282 electoral districts won, she won the absolute majority of the seats (51.9%) in the Lok Sabha. In contrast, the performance of the Congress party was downright catastrophic. It achieved its worst result by far since independence. It received only 19.3% of the votes and - due to this low proportion of votes, disadvantaged by the right to vote - 9.3% of the parliamentary seats. This meant that the Congress party could not even claim the position of Leader of the Opposition , as this required at least 10 percent of the mandates according to the parliamentary rules. In the following legislative period there was therefore no official opposition leader in the Lok Sabha.
The lack of a clear leader in the election campaign had also had a negative impact on the Congress party. The previous Prime Minister Singh did not run again for reasons of age, but no replacement candidate was found. A candidacy by Rahul Gandhi from the Nehru Gandhi family , who is influential in the Congress Party, would have been an obvious choice and was expected by many. However, Rahul Gandhi could not make up his mind to do so, or his family and political advisors may have prevented him from doing so in view of the feared election defeat. For this reason, the Congress Party entered the race in 2014 to a certain extent without a leader and did not give a particularly effective picture in the election campaign against the BJP, which presented the omnipresent modes everywhere.
Cabinet formation 2014
After the election victory in 2014, Modi formed a new cabinet as the new prime minister with the participation of various allied parties, although he was not dependent on coalition partners due to the absolute majority achieved. A number of allied parties from the BJP-led NDA party alliance have been awarded government posts. During the legislative period, two parties left the government, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in March 2018 and the Rashtriya Lok Samta Party (RLSP) in December 2018.
Elections to the parliaments of the states from 2014 to 2018
As in most federal states in the world, elections to the parliaments of the federal states take place in India during the legislature of the national parliament . These elections are or have been seen as an important test of mood for the central government. But they were partly determined by local conditions. Some federal states ( Tamil Nadu , Odisha , West Bengal , etc.) are also firmly in the hands of regional parties, and in them, at least at the moment, the large national parties BJP and Congress hardly stand a chance.
After the election, succeeded the BJP, further exploit the spirit of optimism that gripped the country, so that the "Modi wave" ( "modes wave" ) for a while seemed to continue to roll over the land and the BJP some electoral victories in different states. In 2014 this included in particular the election victory in the large state of Maharashtra and the election victories in the central states of Haryana and Jharkhand . The good performance of the BJP in the predominantly Muslim Jammu and Kashmir 2014 was also astonishing . The important election in the populous Bihar (more than 100 million inhabitants) in 2015 was lost to a grand alliance with the participation of the Congress party (this coalition, however, disintegrated in 2017 and the BJP then received a government participation). In 2016, the BJP won the elections in Assam , where it had previously had little importance. The very important election in the most populous state of Uttar Pradesh 2017 (more than 200 million inhabitants) was triumphantly won by the BJP and then Yogi Adityanath became an outspoken representative of the Hindu nationalist conservative party wing Chief Minister . In the same year, the BJP was also successful in Uttarakhand , Himachal Pradesh , Gujarat , Manipur and Goa , while losing the elections in Punjab .
The year 2018, on the other hand, brought a series of severe election defeats. Although the BJP won the small state of Tripura , the elections in the large states of Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan as well as in the medium-sized Chhattisgarh were all lost for the BJP. It was particularly significant that the last three were outspoken strongholds of the BJP, in which the BJP had won over 90% of the constituencies in the 2014 national election.
The 2017 presidential election
In the middle of the legislative period, the election of the president took place on July 17, 2017. The Indian President is elected by an electoral college made up of the members of the Lok Sabha and those of the federal state parliaments (similar to the federal assembly in Germany ). The Indian President has - also in this respect comparable to the Federal Presidents in Germany and Austria - largely only representative powers. However, he is the head of state, appoints the governors (representatives of the central authority) of the states, the judges in the supreme court and in the federal courts . He can also appoint up to 12 MPs from the Rajya Sabha and 2 MPs from the Lok Sabha ( Anglo-Indians ). At the time of the election, the BJP had almost half of the members of the electoral college. In the election, most MPs from the other parties voted for the BJP candidate Ram Nath Kovind , who was elected with a large majority. In contrast, the candidate of the Congress party Meira Kumar had no chance.
Modi government's economic policy
The government began promising India's economic modernization and stimulating economic growth. The economic growth since 2014 has been considerable and averaged 7.35 percent annually in the period 2014 to 2018. According to the World Bank's expectations from January 2019, India will significantly outperform China with 6.3 percent in the 2019 fiscal year with 7.3 percent economic growth and thus be the fastest growing major economy in the world. For 2019, economic experts expected India to overtake both the United Kingdom and France in terms of gross domestic product, making it the fifth largest economy in the world.
However, the opposition denied that this was essentially due to the Modi government's economic policy, or that the growth figures were put into perspective. For example, according to the opposition, new revised data showed that economic growth in the previous eight years of Congress-led UPA government was higher than in the previous four years of Modi's administration (8.87% 2004-2009 and 7.39% % 2009-2014).
The Modi government endeavored to promote India's economic development through several major programs and laws. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana program launched in 2014 aimed to get a large part of the population used to using cashless money transfers. With the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , which came into force in 2016 , and the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act passed by Parliament on August 10, 2018, the aim was to standardize and modernize commercial law. With the introduction of a uniform value added tax ( Goods and Services Tax ) on July 1, 2017, India implemented a fundamental reform and standardization of its sales tax system .
The demonetization on November 8, 2016, with which about 86 percent of the total amount of money in circulation was suddenly declared invalid, caused considerable turbulence , so that its owners were forced to exchange them for new banknotes. The measure cost several million jobs and slowed economic growth. To what extent the associated goals (unmasking the black money and the shadow economy, reducing the cash economy in favor of a cashless economy) were achieved and justified the burdens on the economy, remained controversial among experts.
At the end of January 2019, a few months before the election, the current unemployment figures for the period July 2017 to June 2018 became known. The unemployment rate during this period was 6.1 percent, the highest level since 1972–73, ie for 45 years. The figures should actually have been published in December 2018, but according to various press reports, the government had apparently tried to prevent the publication of the explosive report shortly before the election.
Jammu and Kashmir crisis
In the years before 2014, the domestic political situation in the state of Jammu and Kashmir had calmed down and the number of those killed in violent clashes had fallen sharply. In the 2014 regional parliamentary election, the BJP received a remarkable 29 percent of the vote, suggesting that many Muslim voters had also voted for Modi's party. After the election, to the amazement of many, a coalition government consisting of the Hindu nationalist BJP and the moderate Muslim JKPDP was formed . However, this new government could not cope with the escalating violence on the streets of Jammu and Kashmir and was replaced in June 2018 by a direct governor's rule . This state of affairs lasted until the election. The cause of the violence was, on the one hand, the well-known Islamic or Islamist groups, some of which were financed from Pakistan and who carried out terrorist attacks against Indian institutions or representatives of the Indian state. On the other hand, it was also increasingly radicalized young people who argued with the police. The shooting of micro-pellets by the police, which often led to serious eye injuries and even blindness, also caused concern at home and abroad. On February 14, 2019, the worst attack on the Indian security forces since the riots began in 1989, when a fully occupied police bus near the town of Awantipora ( Pulwama district ) was rammed by a vehicle loaded with explosives. At least 44 Indian reserve police officers died. The Islamist group Jaish-e Mohammed, operating from Pakistan, claimed responsibility for the attack . Prime Minister Modi and Jammu and Kashmiri politicians sharply condemned the attack. Home Secretary Arun Jaitley said India would take all steps to diplomatically isolate Pakistan completely. After Indian fighter planes bombed alleged positions of the Jaish-e Mohammed terrorists on Pakistani soil and, in return, Pakistani fighter planes flew symbolic attacks on Indian territory and fighter planes were shot down, the conflict threatened to escalate.
Change of Citizenship Law and the Indian Northeast
To address the problem of millions of illegal migrants or refugees from neighboring states of India who live partially already for years and decades in India, the government introduced in 2016 a bill amending the Law on Citizenship ( Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2016 ) into Parliament a. The bill made it easier to naturalize migrants or refugees from three neighboring states of India (Pakistan, Bangladesh , Afghanistan ). The reliefs were reserved for Hindus , Jains , Christians, Sikhs , Buddhists and Parsees . Muslims were excluded from it. The government argued that there were practically no religiously persecuted Muslims in these states and that they could therefore not be considered refugees in India. On January 8, 2019, the Lok Sabha passed the law with the votes of the governing parties.
The problem of illegal migrants mainly affects northeast India , where since India's independence millions of migrants from Bangladesh have illegally immigrated via the then green border to India and have significantly changed the demographic structure of Assam and its neighboring states. In the 1980s the nationalist-xenophobic Assam movement emerged , which only subsided when the Indian government under Rajiv Gandhi promised the deportation of all people who immigrated after 1971 in the so-called Assam Agreement in 1985 . To date, this has not been implemented to any great extent and the issue is a source of frequent disputes in northeast India. After the Lok Sabha passed the controversial law, violent protests broke out in Assam. For some, the law went too far and they demanded the deportation of all illegal immigrants. On the other hand, Muslims protested against the exclusion of Muslim migrants from the citizenship law.
Ultimately, the controversial Citizenship (Amendment) Bill did not go into effect as the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of India's parliament, no longer voted on it before adjourning its sessions on February 13, 2019 until after the election. The approval of the Lok Sabha was therefore no longer applicable and the newly elected Lok Sabha has to deal with the draft law again.
Polls
In previous national elections, polls did not play a major role. As in all countries with relative majority voting , it is more difficult to make exact predictions than in countries with proportional representation , because even small changes in voting behavior can have major consequences for the composition of seats in parliament. The following is a selection of (not necessarily representative) opinion polls since 2015. In general, the NDA coalition was almost always in the lead, but the gap to the opposition UPA coalition narrowed significantly over time.
| date | Survey agency | NDA | UPA | Other | in leadership | majority |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 2019 | News Nation | 273 | 133 | 137 | 94 | 1 |
| Feb 2019 | VDP Associates | 242 | 148 | 153 | 94 | no |
| Jan 2019 | Times Now-VMR | 252 | 147 | 144 | 105 | no |
| Jan 2019 | Deccan Herald | 160-175 | 180-200 | 160-180 | 5-40 | no |
| Jan 2019 | ABP News -Cvoter | 233 | 167 | 143 | 66 | no |
| Jan 2019 | India Today -Karvy | 237 | 166 | 140 | 67 | no |
| Jan 2019 | VDP Associates | 225 | 167 | 150 | 58 | no |
| Dec 2018 | India Today | 257 | 146 | 140 | 111 | no |
| Dec 2018 | ABP News - C Voter | 247 | 171 | 125 | 76 | no |
| Nov 2018 | ABP News - C Voter | 261 | 119 | 163 | 142 | no |
| Oct 2018 | ABP News | 276 | 112 | 155 | 164 | 4th |
| Aug 2018 | India Today-Karvy | 281 | 122 | 140 | 159 | 9 |
| May 2018 | ABP News-CSDS | 274 | 164 | 105 | 110 | 2 |
| Jan 2018 | India Today | 309 | 102 | 132 | 207 | 37 |
| Aug 2017 | India Today | 349 | 75 | 119 | 276 | 77 |
| Jan 2017 | India Today | 370 | 60 | 123 | 310 | 98 |
| Aug 2016 | India Today | 304 | 94 | 145 | 210 | 32 |
| Feb 2016 | India Today | 286 | 110 | 147 | 176 | 14th |
| Aug 2015 | India Today | 288 | 81 | 174 | 207 | 16 |
- ^ Distance from NDA to UPA
Developments shortly before the election, election campaign
subjects
While the lead of the BJP-led ruling coalition in the middle of the legislative period, judging by the polls and the election results in regional elections, seemed apparently unattainable and some commentators were already predicting the imminent complete end of the opposition Congress party, the ruling coalition increasingly lost ground towards the end of the legislative period Ground. Symptomatic of this were the BJP's severe election defeats in the federal states in 2018. In addition, Narendra Modi's image as an economic modernizer got a few scratches after the extremely poor unemployment data for the fiscal year 2017/2018 became known and the doubts about the benefits of radical demonetization stopped in 2016.
In a speech in front of the Lok Sabha on February 7, 2019, Modi attacked the opposition. He was depressed that the opposition did not want to take note of the progress India had made in various areas in recent years. His government implemented more in 55 months than the Congress party in 55 years of rule.
One of the campaign issues was corruption, which is a major problem in society and politics in India. Congress President Rahul Gandhi accused the Prime Minister of corruption in connection with the Rafale arms deal, which included the purchase of 36 Dassault Rafale fighter jets by India for € 7.8 billion. The Chief Minister of West Bengal and party leader of the Trinamool Congress , Mamata Banerjee , called Modi a "master of corruption" in this context.
The election of Priyanka Vadra , the sister of Rahul Gandhi, as Congress Party President for Eastern Uttar Pradesh in February 2019 attracted attention. There has been some speculation that Vadra (who is often referred to in the press by her maiden name Gandhi ) will play a leading role could play in the Congress party's election campaign. Others considered it unlikely to have a significant impact on the election outcome.
Alliances and constituency agreements
Before the election, the well-known party alliances of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) were formed. Efforts to form an India-wide grand coalition of all major opposition parties against the ruling BJP were unsuccessful. The differences and rivalries between individual parties - especially the Congress Party and certain regional parties - turned out to be too great. However, in many states that were not completely dominated by the two parties, the BJP and the Congress Party, party alliances ( Gathbandhan , Hindi गठबंधन ) were formed and electoral agreements were concluded in relation to the mutual support of candidates in constituencies.
In Tamil Nadu the BJP closed on 16./19. February 2019 with the Tamil regional parties AIADMK and the PMK an agreement (25 constituencies for AIADMK, 5 for the BJP, 7 PMK). In return, the congress party allied itself there with the Tamil "rival party" DMK (9 constituencies for the congress, 30 for DMK).
In Uttar Pradesh, the Samajwadi Party (SP) and Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) reached a mutual agreement on February 21, 2019, according to which the former wanted to run candidates in 37 and the second in 38 of Uttar Pradesh's 80 constituencies. On March 6, 2019, the small Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD) also joined this alliance and was granted 3 constituencies in Uttar Pradesh. However, a gentleman's agreement was concluded with the Congress Party , according to which the SP and BSP did not want to run candidates in the constituencies 36-Rae Bareli and 37-Amethi , in which Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi were running. In return, the Congress Party declared that it would not nominate any candidates in the constituencies of the Yadav family (which dominates the Samajwadi Party) and Mayawatis (the chairman of the BSP if they run for election).
On February 25, 2019, the SP and BSP extended their alliance to the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand . After this arrangement, three constituencies out of 29 in Madhya Pradesh and one out of five in Uttarakhand were eliminated for the SP and all the rest for the BSP. In either state, however, SP and BSP do not play a major role.
The anti-corruption party Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) initially rejected offers of an agreement with the Congress party and stated that it wanted to put up its own candidates in all constituencies of Delhi , Haryana and Punjab . In Delhi, however, there were talks about the formation of an alliance between Congress and AAP, but these failed after lengthy political back and forth.
In Bihar, the governing parties there BJP, JD (U) and LJP and opposition parties - mainly Congress, RJD and RLSP - competed against each other.
In Karnataka, the local governing parties Congress and JD (S) and the opposition BJP faced each other.
In Kerala there were formally three political fronts: the ruling Left Front under the leadership of the Communists ( CPI (M) ), the Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF) with the Indian Muslim League and various groups of the Kerala Congress and third the BJP. The latter, however, was given little chance.
In Telangana, the ruling party TRS faced a coalition of Congress and TDP on the one hand and the BJP on the other. TRS left the constituency of Hyderabad to its allies AIMIM . The BJP was seen as having no chance here.
Election date and election mode
The legislature of the Lok Sabha elected in 2014 ended on June 3, 2019 - exactly 5 years after the first meeting. A new parliament had to be elected by then. The election was based on relative majority voting in 543 constituencies. After the election, a finger of the voter is marked with centrally provided, non-washable ink ( voting ink ). Like the previous national elections in 2009 and 2014 (in a pilot phase also in 2004), the election took place virtually paperless with electronic voting machines that can each register a maximum of 2000 votes. For the still large number of illiterate voters, the candidate's name and symbol are also shown. The advantages of voting machines are that they practically eliminate invalid voting, that the counting of votes is considerably accelerated and that they offer enormous cost savings. A study by the Brookings Institution published in 2017 came to the conclusion that the use of voting machines in Indian elections had significantly reduced the incidence of electoral fraud and made it easier for underprivileged sections of the population to participate in elections.
In view of the reports about the possible influence of the US presidential election in 2016 by cybercrime also concerns about the security of the voting machines came on again. There were individual reports that the devices could be influenced from outside by special electronic devices. Most IT professionals, however, considered influencing their choice in this way to be unlikely. A parallel influencing of these nationwide more than a million voting machines on a larger scale would require an enormous technical effort, which could hardly go completely unnoticed.
On March 10, 2019, the Indian Election Commission announced the dates of the election. The election was spread over a total of 7 days. There was only one election day per constituency, with one exception: in the troubled constituency 3-Anantnag of Kashmir, the election schedule on March 11, 2019 was changed and spread over a total of three election dates ( Anantnag district April 23, Kulgam district April 29 and Shopian and Pulwama Districts May 6). At 38 days, the election was the longest ever in India.
Traditionally, all-India elections do not take place on a single day, but rather over several days. The reason for this is that extra police officers are provided to monitor the election. These police forces are not recruited from the local police force, but from the federal police force, because it is feared that local police officers would be too partisan. Since only a limited number of federal police officers can be released from duty for this purpose, the federal police officers are gradually being deployed in different parts of the country.
| phase | date | Number of constituencies |
Number of states |
States and Union Territories (number of constituencies that voted) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | 11 April | 91 | 20th | Andhra Pradesh (25), Arunachal Pradesh (2), Assam (5), Bihar (4), Chhattisgarh (1), Jammu and Kashmir (2), Maharashtra (7), Manipur (1), Meghalaya (2), Mizoram (1), Nagaland (1), Odisha (4), Sikkim (1), Telangana (17), Tripura (1), Uttar Pradesh (10), Uttarakhand (5), West Bengal (2), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1 ), Lakshadweep (1) |
| Phase 2 | April 18 | 95 | 13 | Assam (5), Bihar (5), Chhattisgarh (3), Jammu and Kashmir (2), Karnataka (14), Maharashtra (10), Manipur (1), Odisha (5), Tamil Nadu (38), Uttar Pradesh (8), West Bengal (3), Puducherry (1) |
| Phase 3 | April 23 | 116 | 14th | Assam (4), Bihar (5), Chhattisgarh (7), Gujarat (26), Goa (2), Jammu and Kashmir (1), Karnataka (14), Kerala (20), Maharashtra (14), Odisha (6 ), Tripura (1), Uttar Pradesh (10), West Bengal (5), Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1), Daman and Diu (1) |
| Phase 4 | April 29 | 71 | 9 | Bihar (5), Jammu and Kashmir (1), Jharkhand (3), Madhya Pradesh (6), Maharashtra (17), Odisha (6), Rajasthan (13), Uttar Pradesh (13), West Bengal (8) |
| Phase 5 | May 6th | 51 | 7th | Bihar (5), Jammu and Kashmir (2), Jharkhand (4), Madhya Pradesh (7), Rajasthan (12), Uttar Pradesh (14), West Bengal (7) |
| Phase 6 | 12th of May | 59 | 7th | Bihar (8), Haryana (10), Jharkhand (4), Madhya Pradesh (8), Uttar Pradesh (14), West Bengal (8), Delhi (7) |
| Phase 7 | May 19th | 59 | 8th | Bihar (8), Jharkhand (3), Madhya Pradesh (8), Punjab (13), West Bengal (9), Chandigarh (1), Uttar Pradesh (13), Himachal Pradesh (4) |
- ↑ The election in constituency 8-Vellore was postponed by the electoral commission, so that on April 18, only 38 of the 39 constituencies of Tamil Nadu were elected
- ↑ a b c The election in constituency 2-Tripura East was postponed from April 18th to April 23rd due to unrest by the electoral commission
voter turnout
On June 4, 2019, the Indian Election Commission released the final data on voter turnout in the states and union territories. The average turnout was 67.47%, higher than in all previous Lok Sabha elections. It was particularly high (> 80%) in the Indian northeast (with the exception of Mizoram), West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, and particularly low (<60%) in Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
| No | State / Union Territory |
electoral legitimate |
Service voices |
electronic voting machines |
Postal vote | electoral participation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 317,878 | 593 | 207.080 | 318 | 65.12 |
| 2 | Andhra Pradesh | 39,345,717 | 60,250 | 31,386,624 | 287.902 | 80.38 |
| 3 | Arunachal Pradesh | 798.249 | 5,314 | 626.977 | 32,789 | 82.11 |
| 4th | Assam | 21,991,112 | 58,947 | 17,932,885 | 59,868 | 81.60 |
| 5 | Bihar | 71,063,620 | 152.670 | 40,667,344 | 163.109 | 57.33 |
| 6th | Chandigarh | 646.084 | 645 | 456.207 | 430 | 70.61 |
| 7th | Chhattisgarh | 18,999,239 | 17,223 | 13,582,366 | 40,259 | 71.64 |
| 8th | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 250.021 | 8th | 198.925 | 59 | 79.58 |
| 9 | Daman and Diu | 121,729 | 11 | 87,441 | 32 | 71.85 |
| 10 | Goa | 1,135,811 | 302 | 851.251 | 2,473 | 75.14 |
| 11 | Gujarat | 45.125.680 | 26,693 | 28,931,509 | 196.855 | 64.51 |
| 12 | Haryana | 17,951,151 | 105,859 | 12,627,847 | 73.182 | 70.34 |
| 13 | Himachal Pradesh | 5,262,126 | 68,028 | 3,801,766 | 58.174 | 72.42 |
| 14th | Jammu and Kashmir | 7,844,887 | 77,651 | 3,509,007 | 53,737 | 44.97 |
| 15th | Jharkhand | 22,364,480 | 40,376 | 14,923,414 | 43,367 | 66.80 |
| 16 | Karnataka | 51.051.432 | 43,098 | 35.053.660 | 105,788 | 68.81 |
| 17th | Kerala | 26,151,534 | 53,302 | 20,311,641 | 85,527 | 77.84 |
| 18th | Lakshadweep | 55,057 | 132 | 46,877 | 149 | 85.21 |
| 19th | Madhya Pradesh | 51,794,677 | 72,797 | 36,836,951 | 91.391 | 71.20 |
| 20th | Maharashtra | 88,564,535 | 112,411 | 53,838,389 | 272,649 | 61.02 |
| 21st | Manipur | 1,939,244 | 20,319 | 1,606,408 | 14,043 | 82.69 |
| 22nd | Meghalaya | 1,911,372 | 3,424 | 1,365,074 | 2,685 | 71.43 |
| 23 | Mizoram | 787.777 | 4,687 | 496.780 | 3,567 | 63.14 |
| 24 | Nagaland | 1,206,287 | 7,490 | 1,002,142 | 5,295 | 83.00 |
| 25th | Delhi | 14,316,644 | 11.005 | 8,663,777 | 18,589 | 60.60 |
| 26th | Odisha | 32.454.405 | 43,357 | 23.720.930 | 96,239 | 73.29 |
| 27 | Pondicherry | 973.161 | 249 | 790.252 | 643 | 81.25 |
| 28 | Punjab | 20.781.210 | 111,463 | 13,708,085 | 69.210 | 65.94 |
| 29 | Rajasthan | 48,819,218 | 136,595 | 32.255.531 | 220,950 | 66.34 |
| 30th | Sikkim | 432.306 | 1,822 | 339.880 | 13,535 | 81.41 |
| 31 | Tamil Nadu | 58,442,767 | 60,422 | 42.160.922 | 230.731 | 72.46 |
| 32 | Telangana | 29,697,279 | 11,336 | 18,626,253 | 20,603 | 62.77 |
| 33 | Tripura | 2,605,325 | 9,393 | 2,142,275 | 12,275 | 82.40 |
| 34 | Uttar Pradesh | 145.858.553 | 276.050 | 86.220.645 | 311,327 | 59.21 |
| 35 | Uttarakhand | 7,765,473 | 90,845 | 4,777,548 | 83,867 | 61.88 |
| 36 | West Bengal | 69,891,751 | 109,533 | 57.097.266 | 132,752 | 81.76 |
| total | 908.717.791 | 1,794,300 | 610.851.929 | 2,804,369 | 67.4 | |
Service votes are votes cast by government officials who are stationed far away from their place of residence on the election date (e.g. members of the army or police). Special precautions apply to them.
Dates to choose
The following numbers refer to the election in 542 constituencies ( 8-Vellore was elected later).
A total of 673 registered political parties took part in the election, including the seven BJP, INC, CPM, CPI, BSP, AITC and NCP registered as “national parties”. A total of 8026 candidates ran in the constituencies. On average there were 15 candidates per constituency (minimum 3 candidates, maximum 185 candidates). Of these, 7,296 were men, 724 were women and 6 were others . The turnout was 67.4% (613,656,298 voters out of 910,512,091 eligible voters). 610,851,929 votes were cast on electronic voting machines and 2,804,369 votes by postal vote. 606,633,413 votes were valid and 509,530 invalid (of which 505,945 postal votes, 2196 votes in electronic voting machines, 1389 votes invalid for other reasons). The number of polling stations was 1,036,295 (an average of 879 eligible voters per polling station).
Results
Overall result
Nationwide, the BJP won an absolute majority of the constituencies (303 out of 543). This meant a significant increase compared to the previous election (+ 21 mandates). In one of the 543 constituencies ( 8-Vellore in Tamil Nadu) the election was postponed on April 17, 2019 by the electoral commission after a large amount of cash was found on the DMK candidate, which was considered a violation of the electoral regulations (the The sums of money that can be spent on the election campaign are strictly regulated). The pattern of the BJP election victory was similar to that of the previous election in 2014. In Gujarat , the prime minister's home state, the BJP won all 26 constituencies. In the northern Hindi states ( Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Haryana , Chattisgarh ) the BJP won the vast majority of the constituencies. In the most populous state of Uttar Pradesh in particular, the election result was eagerly awaited, as the BJP faced a grand coalition made up of the Samajwadi Party (SP) and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), two parties that draw their voter potential primarily from the underprivileged sections of the population (lower Boxes , dalits ). However, especially the SP did poorly in the election. In the federal capital Delhi , the fact that Congress Party and Aam Aadmi Party could not agree on an electoral alliance took revenge , and the BJP won all 7 constituencies. In the Hindi state Bihar , which is also very populous , the BJP won 17 of 40 constituencies and its allied Janata Dal (United) (JD (U)) 16. Overall, the BJP's profits in the Hindi states were not quite as clear, as in the 2014 election (e.g. Uttar Pradesh: 2014 71 constituencies, 2019 62 constituencies, Bihar: 2014 22 constituencies, 2019 17 constituencies etc.). However, the BJP more than made up for these losses by gaining in other states. In West Bengal , where in 2014 Mamata Banerjees Trinamool Congress won 34 of 42 constituencies and the BJP only 2, this time the latter won 18 constituencies and the Trinamool Congress 22. In Odisha , where Biju Janata Dal (BJD) won 20 of 21 constituencies in 2014 and the BJP only one, BJD won 12 this time and the BJP 8.
In the southern Indian city of Karnataka , where a coalition of Congress Party and Janata Dal (Secular) (JD (S)) won the election against the BJP in the regional elections in May 2018 and then formed a coalition government, the BJP won 25 of 28 constituencies and the Congress party and JD (S) only one each. In Maharashtra , the coalition of BJP and Shiv Sena was successful as in 2014 (BJP: 23 mandates, Shiv Sena 18, as many as in 2014), while the Congress Party and the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) allied with it four constituency seats (out of a total of 48) came.
In Tamil Nadu , where the political landscape is dominated by Tamil regional parties and where votes are often taken against the “federal trend” from the Hindi north, the AIADMK , which is allied with the BJP and won 37 of the 39 constituencies in 2014, only won this time one more constituency, while the rival DMK, allied with the Congress Party, which last time came out completely empty, won 23 constituencies this time. The Congress Party was also successful in eight constituencies (2014: no constituency).
In Telangana , where there was almost an election campaign all against all, the regional and governing party Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) fell from 11 to 9 seats (compared to 2014 to 2019, with a total of 17 constituencies), while the BJP fell from one to four mandates. In neighboring Andhra Pradesh , the Telugu Desam Party of the ruling Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu , which had won 60% of the constituencies in the last election, suffered a severe defeat and was only successful in three of 25 constituencies. The remaining 22 constituencies were won by the YSR Congress Party .
In summary, the election victory of the BJP was convincing - with the BJP's typical focus on northern India - and the election defeat of the Congress party was just as comprehensive. Although this won with 52 constituencies, slightly more than in the 2014 election (+8), this was a result that was rated as another heavy defeat - its second-worst result of all Indian elections since 1951. Symptomatic of the defeat was the fact that Congress Party President Rahul Gandhi lost his long-held constituency 37-Amethi in Uttar Pradesh to his BJP rival Smriti Irani . However, he had also run in the safe constituency of 4-Wayanad in Kerala, which he won with a large majority. Only in Kerala , a traditionally politically left-wing state in southern India , and in Punjab , where Amarinder Singh is a Chief Minister from the ranks of the Congress Party, did Congress win a majority of the constituencies.
On July 4, 2019, the Indian Electoral Commission announced August 5, 2019 as the date for the by-election in the constituency of 8-Vellore . The constituency of Vellore was narrowly won by the DMK candidate against its AIADMK competitor.
The following table lists all parties that won at least one mandate in the 2019 or 2014 election or that received more than half a million votes in the 2019 election.
| Political party | Abbreviation | be right | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number | % | +/- | number | +/- | % | ||
| Bharatiya Janata Party | BJP | 229.076.879 | 37.76% | 6.42% | 303 | 21 | 55.8% |
| Indian National Congress | INC | 119.495.214 | 19.70% | 0.18% | 52 | 8 | 9.6% |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | DMK | 13,877,992 | 2.29% | 0.53% | 23 | 23 | 4.2% |
| All India Trinamool Congress | AITC | 24,929,330 | 4.11% | 0.23% | 22nd | 12 | 4.1% |
| YSR Congress Party | YSRCP | 15,537,006 | 2.56% | 0.01% | 22nd | 13 | 4.1% |
| Shiv Sena | SHS | 12,858,904 | 2.12% | 0.29% | 18th | 3.3% | |
| Janata Dal (United) | JD (U) | 8,926,679 | 1.47% | 0.38% | 16 | 14 | 2.9% |
| Biju Janata Dal | BJD | 10.174.021 | 1.68% | 0.05% | 12 | 8 | 2.2% |
| Bahujan Samaj Party | E.G | 22,246,501 | 3.67% | 0.52% | 10 | 10 | 1.8% |
| Telangana Rashtra Samithi | TRS | 7,696,848 | 1.27% | 0.04% | 9 | 2 | 1.7% |
| Lok Janshakti Party | LJP | 3,206,979 | 0.53% | 0.11% | 6th | 1.1% | |
| Nationalist Congress Party | NCP | 8,500,331 | 1.40% | 0.18% | 5 | 1 | 0.9% |
| Samajwadi party | SP | 15,647,206 | 2.58% | 0.83% | 5 | 0.9% | |
| Telugu Desam Party | TDP | 12,515,345 | 2.06% | 0.51% | 3 | 13 | 0.6% |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | CPM | 10,744,908 | 1.77% | 1.51% | 3 | 6 | 0.6% |
| Indian Union Muslim League | MUL | 1,592,467 | 0.26% | 0.06% | 3 | 1 | 0.6% |
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | JKNC | 280.356 | 0.05% | 0.02% | 3 | 3 | 0.6% |
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslims | AIMIM | 1,201,542 | 0.20% | 0.08% | 2 | 1 | 0.4% |
| Communist Party of India | CPI | 3,576,184 | 0.59% | 0.20% | 2 | 1 | 0.4% |
| Shiromani Akali Dal | SAD | 3,778,574 | 0.62% | 0.04% | 2 | 2 | 0.4% |
| Apna Dal (Sonelal) | AD (S) | 1,039,478 | 0.17% | (New) | 2 | 2 | 0.4% |
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | AIADMK | 7,830,146 | 1.29% | 1.98% | 1 | 36 | 0.1% |
| Janata Dal (Secular) | JD (S) | 3,457,107 | 0.57% | 0.11% | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Aam Aadmi Party | AAP | 2,716,629 | 0.45% | 0.76% | 1 | 3 | 0.2% |
| All India United Democratic Front | AIUDF | 1,402,088 | 0.23% | 0.19% | 1 | 2 | 0.2% |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | JMM | 1,901,976 | 0.31% | 0.01% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | RSP | 709.685 | 0.12% | 0.18% | 1 | 0.0% | |
| AJSU party | AJSUP | 648.277 | 0.11% | (New) | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party | RLP | 660.051 | 0.11% | (New) | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi | VCK | 507.261 | 0.08% | 0.03% | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party | NDPP | 500,510 | 0.08% | (New) | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| National People's Party | NPP | 425.986 | 0.07% | 0.03% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| Kerala Congress (M) | KEC (M) | 421.046 | 0.07% | 0.01% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| Naga People's Front | NPF | 363,527 | 0.06% | 0.12% | 1 | 0.2% | |
| Mizo National Front | MNF | 224.286 | 0.04% | (New) | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Sikkim Krantikari Morcha | SKM | 166,922 | 0.03% | (New) | 1 | 1 | 0.2% |
| Rashtriya Janata Dal | RJD | 6,632,247 | 1.09% | 0.25% | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi | VBA | 3,743,560 | 0.62% | (New) | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Pattali Makkal Katchi | PMK | 2,297,431 | 0.38% | 0.05% | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Jana Sena Party | JSP | 1,915,127 | 0.32% | (New) | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Naam Tamilar Katchi | NTK | 1,668,079 | 0.27% | (New) | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Makkal Needhi Maiam | MNM | 1,613,708 | 0.27% | (New) | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Asom Gana Parishad | AGP | 1,480,697 | 0.24% | 0.13% | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Rashtriya Lok Samta Party | RLSP | 1,462,518 | 0.24% | 0.05% | 0 | 3 | 0.0% |
| Rashtriya Lok Dal | RLD | 1,447,363 | 0.24% | 0.11% | 0 | 3 | 0.0% |
| Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular) | HAM (S) | 956.501 | 0.16% | (New) | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam | DMDK | 929,590 | 0.15% | 0.23% | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Swabhimani Paksha | SWP | 834.380 | 0.14% | 0.06% | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) | JVM (P) | 750.799 | 0.12% | 0.17% | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation | CPI (ML) L | 711.715 | 0.12% | 0.06% | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Vikassheel Insaan Party | VIP | 660.706 | 0.11% | (New) | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Jannayak Janta Party | JJP | 619.970 | 0.10% | (New) | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Bharatiya Tribal Party | BTP | 539.319 | 0.09% | (New) | 0 | 0.0% | |
| All India NR Congress | AINRC | 247,956 | 0.04% | 0.01% | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Indian National Lok Dal | INLD | 240.258 | 0.04% | 0.47% | 0 | 2 | 0.0% |
| Sikkim Democratic Front | SDF | 154,489 | 0.03% | 0.00% | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party | JCPDP | 84.054 | 0.01% | 0.12% | 0 | 3 | 0.0% |
| All other parties together | Otherwise. | 12,337,364 | 2.03% | - | 0 | 1 | 0.0% |
| Independent | Independent | 16,467,341 | 2.71% | 0.35% | 4th | 1 | 0.8% |
| Valid votes | 606.633.413 | 100.0% | 542 | 100.0% | |||
| "None of the above" | NOTA | 6,513,355 | 1.06% | - | - | - | |
| Invalid votes | 509.530 | 0.08% | |||||
| Total votes | 613.656.298 | 67.40% | |||||
| Registered voters | 910.512.091 | ||||||
| Source: Election Commission of India | |||||||
- ↑ The percentages refer to 543 constituency mandates.
- ↑ None of the above = " None of the above ": this option has been available in Indian elections since the 2009 election, in the counting of the Indian Electoral Commission these are counted separately and not among the "valid" or "invalid votes".
- ↑ a b related to "total votes"
Results by state and union territories
After the election
After the election, heads of state and government from all over the world congratulated Narendra Modi on his election victory. Modi presented his new cabinet on May 31, 2019 .
Individual evidence
- ^ India's most important election in decades is looming. Here's what you need to know
- ↑ India election to start on April 11 as Modi seeks second term
- ↑ India election 2019
- ↑ a b Nonika Marwaha: Election Body Announces Lok Sabha Dates, Parties React: Live Updates. NDTV, March 10, 2019, accessed on March 10, 2019 .
- ↑ An online battle for 900 million hearts and minds as India braces for 2019 Lok Sabha election. indiatoday.in, December 20, 2018, accessed on December 22, 2018 .
- ↑ India election results 2019: Narendra Modi secures landslide win. BBC News, May 23, 2019, accessed May 25, 2019 .
- ↑ Total BJP Sweep, India Chooses Modi 2.0: 10 points. NDTV, accessed on May 25, 2019 .
- ^ Joanna Slater, Niha Masih: India's Modi wins resounding election victory with potent appeal to nationalism. The Washington Post, May 23, 2019, accessed May 25, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d Election Results - Full Statistical Reports. Indian Election Commission, accessed on December 22, 2018 (English, election results of all Indian elections to the Lok Sabha and the parliaments of the states since independence).
- ↑ Shreeya Sinha: Indian Leader Narendra Modi, Once Unwelcome in US, Gets Rock Star Reception. The New York Times, September 27, 2014, accessed December 22, 2018 .
- ^ Sunil Prabhu, Devesh Kumar: No Leader of the Opposition in the 16th Lok Sabha: Sources. NDTV, June 9, 2014, accessed December 22, 2018 .
- ^ Nidhi Sethi: 5 Reasons Why Chandrababu Naidu Exited NDA Government. NDTV, March 16, 2018, accessed on February 21, 2019 .
- ↑ RLSP Chief Upendra Kushwaha quits NDA, resigns as union minister. Business Standard, December 10, 2018, accessed February 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Geeta Mohan: India fastest growing major economy in 2018-19, will grow by 7.3%: World Bank | 10 points. January 9, 2019, accessed January 19, 2019 .
- ↑ India likely to surpass UK in the world's largest economy rankings: PwC. The Economic Times, January 20, 2019, accessed February 16, 2019 .
- ↑ GDP growth during UPA years was faster than previous estimates suggested, shows new data. scroll.in, August 18, 2018, accessed on January 19, 2019 .
- ↑ GDP grew in double digits twice in UPA era. livemint.in, August 18, 2018, accessed on January 19, 2019 .
- ↑ The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 - An overview. (pdf) July 16, 2018, accessed on January 19, 2019 .
- ↑ The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018. prsindia.org, accessed January 27, 2019 .
- ^ India's new Goods and Services Tax. Rödl & Partner, November 19, 2018, accessed on January 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Jeffrey Gettleman, Hari Kumar: India's Leader Is Accused of Hiding Unemployment Data Before Vote. The New York Times, January 31, 2019, accessed January 27, 2019 .
- ↑ Your Morning Fix: Unemployment rate highest in 45 years, says report that government 'suppressed'. scroll.in, February 1, 2019, accessed on February 2, 2019 .
- ^ After Governor's rule, President's rule comes into force in Jammu and Kashmir. The Economixc Times, December 20, 2018, accessed January 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Why did 2018 see more violence in Indian-administered Kashmir? BBC News, January 2, 2019, accessed January 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Annie Gowen: 'My life is over'. The Washington Post, September 11, 2017, accessed December 22, 2018 .
- ↑ Pellet blinds in Kashmir: First mass blinding in human history, says Pakistan at UN. Kashmirlife.net, October 10, 2017, accessed January 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Kashmir attack: Bomb kills 40 Indian paramilitary police in convoy. BBC News, February 14, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Pulwama attack: India wants to 'completely isolate' Pakistan. BBC News, February 15, 2019, accessed February 16, 2019 .
- ^ Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Rajesh Rajagopalan: India-Pakistan Crisis Exposes Modi's Dilemma. The Diplomat, February 28, 2019, accessed March 2, 2019 .
- ^ What is the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2016? indiatoday.in, October 22, 2018, accessed on February 14, 2019 .
- ^ Lok Sabha passes Citizenship (Amendment) Bill. The Economic Times, January 8, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Subir Bhaumik: Assam citizenship bill: anti-migrant protests rock north-east India. BBC News, January 25, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Citizenship Bill Lapses in Parliament, Here's What Happens Next. the Wire, February 13, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Keshava Guha: The party's over: Why India doesn't need the Congress anymore. scroll.in, May 27, 2016, accessed on February 16, 2019 (English).
- ↑ 'Congress-mukt Bharat' was Mahatma Gandhi's idea, not mine: Narendra Modi. The Economic Times, February 7, 2019, accessed February 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Richa Taneja: What Is Rafale Deal Controversy? All you need to know. NDTV, February 9, 2018, accessed on February 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Narendra Modi master of corruption: Mamata Banerjee. The Economic Times, February 8, 2019, accessed February 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Priyanka Gandhi Formal Debut Likely On February 4 After Kumbh Dip: Report. NDTV, January 25, 2019, accessed on January 27, 2019 .
- ↑ Priyanka Gandhi's political journey so far. The Economic Times, January 25, 2019, accessed January 27, 2019 .
- ↑ Priyanka unlikely to make big impact in LS polls, could do so in future: Prashant Kishor. February 11, 2019, accessed February 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Reality Check: The Promised Drama of 2019 Is Not Modi vs All. the Wire, January 20, 2019, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Tamil Nadu: AIADMK, BJP seal seat-sharing deal for Lok Sabha with 25-15 formula. The Economic Times, February 16, 2019, accessed January 27, 2019 .
- ^ B Sivakumar: Lok Sabha elections: Congress signs seat-sharing agreement with DMK, to contest 9 seats in Tamil Nadu. February 20, 2019, accessed February 21, 2019 .
- ^ SP, BSP name seats they will fight in UP, no room for Congress even after Priyanka Gandhi's entry. indiatoday.in, February 21, 2019, accessed on February 21, 2019 .
- ↑ Vaibhav Tiwari: RLD Gets 3 Seats In UP Alliance; Akhilesh Yadav Says Congress Too An Ally. NDTV, March 5, 2019, accessed March 8, 2019 .
- ^ Cong says no candidates against SP, BSP members. Sanjay Pandey, March 17, 2019, accessed April 19, 2019 .
- ↑ 2019 Lok Sabha polls: BSP, SP announce alliance for MP, Uttarakhand. The Times of India, February 25, 2019, accessed March 2, 2019 .
- ↑ AAP to Contest All Seats in Delhi, Punjab and Haryana for 2019 Lok Sabha Elections, No Alliance with Congress. News18.com, accessed March 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Soumya Pillai: Lok Sabha elections 2019: Congress alliance AAP in Delhi stuck over seat sharing. Hindustan Times, March 29, 2019, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Priyanka Gandhi "Wasting Her Time": Arvind Kejriwal On Delhi Roadshow. NDTV, May 8, 2019, accessed May 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Tejashwi Yadav rubbishes 'Mahagathbandhan' breakup, announces Bihar seats. Newsheads.in, March 29, 2019, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Kerala Lok Sabha 2019 elections date: Left, Congress and BJP to battle in one phase. India Today, March 11, 2019, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Lok Sabha Elections 2019: A Three-Cornered Contest Likely In Telangana. NDTV, March 27, 2019, accessed on March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Lok Sabha. Government Portal of India, accessed December 22, 2018 .
- ↑ Debnath, Sisir; Kapoor, Mudit; Ravi, Shamika: The Impact of Electronic Voting Machines on Electoral Frauds, Democracy, and Development. (pdf) May 16, 2017, accessed on January 3, 2019 .
- ↑ Soutik Biswas: Indian election 2019: Are fears of a mass hack credible? BBC News, January 25, 2019, accessed January 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Press Note: Subject: Announcement of schedule for general elections to Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha & Sikkim, 2019. Indian Election Commission, March 11, 2019, accessed on March 12, 2019 (English).
- ↑ Lok Sabha Elections: Seven-Phase Polls to Begin from April 11, Results to be Declared on May 23. 18news.com, March 11, 2019, accessed on March 12, 2019 .
- ↑ Soutik Biswas: India Lok Sabha election: 11 things you need to know. BBC News, March 10, 2019, accessed March 12, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Election In Vellore Constituency Canceled Over Alleged Use Of Cash By DMK To Influence Voters [Read Notification]. April 17, 2019, accessed May 25, 2019 .
- ↑ 12. State Wise Voters Turn Out. Indian Election Commission, October 11, 2019, accessed November 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Service Voter & Overseas Voter. Indian Election Commission, February 25, 2019, accessed November 2, 2019 .
- ↑ 2. HIGHLIGHTS. Indian Election Commission, October 14, 2019, accessed November 2, 2019 .
- ^ Devesh K. Pandey: Vellore parliamentary constituency polls rescinded. The Hindu, April 16, 2019, accessed May 25, 2019 .
- ^ Omar Rashid: Internal contradictions sink SP-BSP alliance. The Hindu, May 24, 2019, accessed May 24, 2019 .
- ↑ 2019 elections: Why did the Akhilesh Yadav-Mayawati experiment fail in Uttar Pradesh? scroll.in, May 24, 2019, accessed on May 24, 2019 (English).
- ^ Election Commission of India: Constituencywise-All Candidates. Retrieved May 25, 2019 .
- ↑ Rahul Gandhi loses Amethi seat in the biggest upset of 2019 polls. Aljazeera, May 23, 2019, accessed on May 25, 2019 .
- ↑ Rahul Gandhi wins Wayanad by over 4 lakh votes, highest margin in Kerala ever. thenewsminute.com, May 23, 2019, accessed May 25, 2019 .
- ↑ Election for Vellore Lok Sabha seat on August 5th indiatoday.in, July 5, 2019, accessed on July 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Vellore Lok Sabha Election Result 2019 LIVE Updates: DMK's Kathir Anand wins by a slim margin of 8,141 votes in neck-and-neck competition. firstpost.com, August 9, 2019, accessed August 10, 2019 .
- ↑ 20. Performance of National Parties. Indian Election Commission, October 11, 2019, accessed November 2, 2019 .
- ↑ 21. Performance of State Parties. Indian Election Commission, October 11, 2019, accessed November 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Election results: World leaders congratulate Narendra Modi on his landslide victory. Gulf News, May 23, 2019, accessed June 1, 2019 .
- ↑ International leaders congratulate Prime Minister Narendra Modi on purported landslide win. timesnownews.com, May 23, 2019, accessed June 1, 2019 .
- ↑ World leaders congratulate PM Narendra Modi as BJP heads towards comeback. India Today, May 23, 2019, accessed June 1, 2019 .
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