Third gender

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The third gender refers to people or people who do not (want to) classify themselves in the binary gender system of “ male ” and “ female ”. The “third gender” is now considered a variant of the non-binary gender identities . The terms are not congruent because “non-binary” also includes people who reject the ascription of a gender and thus the designation “ third gender” for themselves (genderfluid, bigender , neutrois) . In some societies , besides “ man ” and “ woman ”, there are other names for special groups of people who deviate from this classification, partly in the biological sense as intersex , partly as their own gender identity .

The name was spread in the German-speaking area by the writer Ernst von Wolhaben with his novel The Third Sex (1899), in which he describes a bisexual woman (a sexual orientation ). Here, the gender in the biological sense is established , but there is a deviating gender identity . Representatives of modern queer theory and the transgender movement use the term “third gender” in the sense of a queer identity.

In Germany there are formal legal persons with undetermined gender characteristics . The International Classification of Diseases ICD-10-GM-2014 of the World Health Organization (WHO) names in Chapter XVII (Congenital malformations, deformities and chromosomal anomalies) also congenital malformations of the genital organs, in particular an "undetermined gender and pseudo- hermaphroditism ". Socially, the topic is part of controversial discussions. In addition, there are cases of sexual differentiation disorder or gender identity disorder .

history

Strangers - Androgynous - Illustration of an intersex in the Nuremberg Chronicle ( Hartmann Schedel , 1493)

In Plato's symposium , the comedy poet Aristophanes tells of the spherical people . Some spherical people were purely male , others purely female , and still others - the andrógynoi - had a male and a female half. The purely male spherical people originally descended from the sun , the purely feminine from the earth , the androgynous from the moon .

In European cultural history were Gesangskastraten the misnomer homines tertii generis (People of the third sex). In his autobiographical poem Frutti del mondo , the castrato Filippo Balatris wrote in 1735: "... although I am a neuter, a noun with the article 'that'."

Théophile Gautier's novel Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835) is about a bisexual singer who appears in male roles at the Paris Opera. The protagonist recognizes that men have greater opportunities for development than women. She disguises herself as a man and has love experiences with men and women. The singer sums up her experiences in the following sentence: Je suis d'un troisième sexe à part qui n'a pas encore de nom. In the German translation, the sentence reads: "I belong to a third, special gender that does not yet have a name."

The Austrian writer Elsa Asenijeff in her 1898 work called Aufruhr der Frauen und das Third Sex “emancipated women”, who allegedly strive to live like a man, as hors-sexe (outside the sex) or as the third sex.

In his satirical novel The Third Sex , which is set in Munich , with the protagonist Claire de Vries in his satirical novel The Third Sex , which was published in 1899, Ernst von Wolehmen painted the picture of the student lover who refuses the traditional role of wife and mother.

The writer and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) described women after menopause , in which they lose the ability to conceive and sexuality then becomes fertile , as a “third sex”.

Third gender list

Hijra in Panscheel Park in New Delhi (India 1994)

In various contemporary philosophical trends  - especially feminist ones  - gender is not seen as an ontological or “natural” fact given by biological conditions , but as a socio - cultural construct : gender as “social gender”. From the gender research also be gender dichotomy and heteronormativity critically examined. In this context, the term “third gender” was rediscovered towards the end of the 20th century by representatives of queer theory and the transgender movement. The queer or non-binary gender identity is viewed from the 2010s-years compared to a third gender, instead of being marginalized as transgeschlechtlich or intergeschlechtlich (see ethnological aspects of gender identity ). In some cultures, a third gender is socially recognized in addition to " male " and " female " and is part of centuries-old traditions:

  1. Amarete - Bolivia: place with ten social genders (combinations of man / woman)
  2. Bakla - Philippines: Cross-Gender Men
  3. Batscha Poschi - Afghanistan : "those who are dressed like boys" and are supposed to replace a missing man and breadwinner in the household (see also Bacha bazi : child prostitution)
  4. Bissu, Makkunrai, Calabai - Sulawesi: three out of five social genders among the Bugis ethnic group
  5. Burrnesha - Albania: "sworn virgin" to replace a missing husband and breadwinner in the household
  6. Chanith - Oman, Arabian Peninsula: transgender people who reject male gender roles
  7. Fa'afafine - Samoa: Raising a male child to become a woman
  8. Fakaleiti - Tonga: cross-gender men
  9. Femminiello - Italy: In traditional Naples, a gender role for homosexual men with female gender expression
  10. Galloi - Antiquity: Transgender priests of the goddess Cybele
  11. Hijra - India, Pakistan and Bangladesh: transgender and transsexual persons officially recognized as third sex in the cultic service of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata
  12. Kathoey - Thailand: Ladyman, Ladyboy or Shemale , and the other way around the Tom (sometimes "third gender")
  13. Māhū - Hawaii and French Polynesia : Cross-Gender Men
  14. Meti, Kothi - Nepal: trans women regarded as the third gender
  15. Muxe / Marimacha - Southern Mexico: socially accepted transgender roles
  16. Sekrata - Madagascar : Boys who are "tender and feminine" and grow up amicably in the role of women among the ethnic groups of the Sakalava and Merina (Hova)
  17. Two-Spirit (Berdache) - North America: a third gender among indigenous peoples
  18. X-gender - Japan: self-designation of a gender outside of the two categories man / woman

Legal recognition of an indeterminate gender characteristic

World map of the legal recognition of a non-binary or "third" gender:
  • non-binary / third gender as a voluntary choice
  • conditionally for intersex people
  • compulsory for intersex children, and can be selected depending on the conditions
  • compulsory for intersex children
  • without legal recognition or without data

    • An undetermined gender is recognized by the following countries and can be entered in passports as the gender characteristic "X":

    1. Argentina (2012)
    2. Australia (2003)
    3. Bangladesh (2013)
    4. Chile (2018)
    5. Denmark
    6. Germany (2018): " diverse "
    7. India (2014)
    8. Iceland (2019)
    9. Canada (2017)
    10. Kenya (2014)
    11. Colombia
    12. Malta (2015)
    13. Nepal (2015)
    14. New Zealand (2012)
    15. Netherlands (2018)
    16. Austria (2018): " diverse "
    17. Pakistan (2009)
    18. Uruguay (2018)
    19. USA : several states

    Examples of legal dealings with people without a clear gender assignment

    October 2018: " Aktion Standesamt 2018", closing     event in front of the German Federal Chancellery

    Germany

    Individuals with Gender entry " divers " form since the end of 2018 under German law - in addition to those whose sex civil status was left open (introduced in late 2013) - own sexual option that is legally circumscribed so that these individuals "neither the nor female to the male sex assigned "(compare non-binary gender identity ). Diverse-sex people can get an "X" as gender information in their passport.

    Austria

    In Austria, regulations similar to those in Germany have been in effect since the beginning of 2019.

    Malta

    Identification of a unisex toilet in Valletta (Malta 2016)

    On the island of Malta , since 2015, following the changes introduced by the Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act pursuant to Article 278 of the Civil Code, the indication of the gender of a child in the birth record has been postponed until the identity of the minor's gender is clarified. According to § 9 (2) of the law, a foreign gender indication is recognized even if it is not " female " or " male "; the lack of gender information is also recognized under this provision.

    See also

    • Hermaphroditism (hermaphroditism: biological state of double-sex individuals)

    literature

    • Elsa Asenijeff: Rebellion of women and the third sex. Friedrich, Leipzig 1898.
    • Ute Scherb: I stand in the sun and feel my wings grow. Female students and scientists at Freiburg University from 1900 to the present. Helmer, Königstein / Taunus 2002, ISBN 3-89741-117-2 ( review ).

    Fiction:

    Movie and TV

    Web links

    Commons : Transgender  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

    Classic:

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Plato: Symposium 189d-190b. See Bernd Manuwald: The Speech of Aristophanes (189a1–193e2) . In: Christoph Horn (Ed.): Platon: Symposion , Berlin 2012, pp. 89–104, here: 93 f.
    2. ^ Paul Münch: homines tertii generis. (PDF; 185 kB).
    3. ↑ Linda Maria Koldau : Ille cum, tu sine - The struggle for masculinity among the castrati of the 18th century. ( Memento of January 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) 2nd conference AIM Gender, p. 4 (PDF; 82 kB; 17 pages).
    4. ^ Théophile Gautier: Mademoiselle de Maupin (French).
    5. ↑ Reference to Oskar Sahlberg. In: schwulencity.de. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
    6. ↑ Elsa Asenijeff: Rebellion of women and the third generation. Austrian National Library, Vienna 1898 ( online with PDF download).
    7. ↑ projekt-gutenberg.org
    8. ^ Margrit E. Kaufmann: Thematizing Gender: Feminist Approaches in Ethnology. In: Journal Ethnology . 2004, accessed on March 8, 2020 (Bremer Institut für Kulturforschung bik, University of Bremen).
    9. ↑ See also the list from UN Free & Equal in the entry "LGBT / LGBTI": Definitions. In: UNFE.org. Undated, accessed January 22, 2020 (English); Quote: “[…] different cultures use different terms to describe people who have same-sex relationships or who exhibit non-binary gender identities (such as hijra, meti, lala , skesana , motsoalle , mithli , kuchu , kawein , travesty , muxé , fa'afafine, fakaleiti, hamjensgara and two-spirit) ".
    10. ↑ Anna Fischhaber: "bacha posh" in Afghanistan: A fake son is better than none. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . March 12, 2015, accessed on March 15, 2020.
      Video from faz : “Batscha Poschi” in Afghanistan: When daughters have to become sons on YouTube, April 23, 2018, accessed on March 15, 2020 (1:14 minutes).
    11. ↑ Jeff Matthews: The "Femminiello" in Neapolitan Culture. ( Memento of May 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: umuc.edu: Around Naples Encyclopedia. November 2009 (English).
    12. ↑ Bufi Fulvio: Presa Ketty, boss "femminiello" Comandava i pusher di Gomorrah. In: Corriere della Sera . February 13, 2009, p. 19 (Italian daily newspaper; online at corriere.it ( Memento of September 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive )); Quote: “Femminiello e 'una figura omosessuale […] è una persona dall' aspetto effeminato o spesso un travestito. E 'rispettato e generalmente il femminiello viene considerato una persona che porta fortuna. "
    13. ^ Celine Grünhagen: Transgender in Thailand: The religious and socio-political evaluation of the Kathoeys. In: Edith Franke, Katja Triplett (Hrsg.): Religion and Politics in Contemporary Asia: Convergences and Divergences. Lit, Berlin / Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-643-12279-7 , pp. 67–84, here pp. 71–74 (English; page views in the Google book search).
    14. ^ Peter A. Jackson: Bangkok's Early Twenty-First-Century Queer Boom. In: Queer Bangkok: 21st Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong 2011, ISBN 978-988-8083-04-6 , p. 37 (English).
    15. ↑ Megan Sinnott: Toms and Dees: Transgender Identity and Female Same-Sex Relationships in Thailand. Pp. 5-7 and 26 (English).
    16. ^ Roberta Perkins: Like a Lady in Polynesia: The Māhū of Tahiti, the Fa'a Fafine in Samoa, the Fakaleiti in Tonga and More. In: Polare Edition March 3 , 1994 (English; Review version from September 2015 on gendercentre.org.au ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive )).
    17. ^ University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa : Gender Identity and Sexual Identity in the Pacific and Hawai'i: Introduction. November 5, 2019, accessed on November 10, 2019 (English; detailed materials).
    18. ↑ Magnus Hirschfeld : Strange Human Children in Madagascar. In: The same: Yearbook for sexual intermediate stages with special consideration of homosexuality. Volume 3. Max Spohr, Leipzig 1901, pp. 577-579 ( online at archive.org).
    19. ^ Iwan Bloch : Anthropological Studies on the Strange Sexual Practices of All Races and All Ages. 1933. New edition: University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu 2001, ISBN 0-89875-471-2 , pp. 46 and 53-54 (English: page preview in the Google book search).
    20. ^ Roberta Perkins: Cross-Dressing Magic: Intersexuals and Feminine Husbands. In: Polare October 9 , 1995, pp. 4-6 (English; Australian transgender sociologist; PDF: 407, 33 pages on gendercentre.org.au).
    21. ↑ Zheliaa: Sekrata. In: Rampages.us. November 11, 2015, accessed on April 13, 2020 (blog post).
    22. ↑ a b c Ines Eisele: Intersexuality: Many countries know the third gender. In: Deutsche Welle . November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
    23. ^ Announcement: Breakthrough: Free choice of gender in Chile. In: Queer.de. September 13, 2018, accessed November 28, 2019.
    24. ↑ PStG § 22 In: gesetze-im-internet.de. Federal Office of Justice (valid from December 22, 2018).
    25. ↑ Helena Werhahn: naming in Iceland: no longer just son and daughter. In: taz.de. July 4, 2019, accessed November 28, 2019.
    26. ↑ Rebecca Joseph: Canadian Passports to have 'X' gender starting Aug. 31. In: Global News . August 24, 2017, accessed November 10, 2019.
    27. ↑ Mattha Busby: Canada introduces gender-neutral “X” option on passports. In: The Guardian . August 31, 2017, accessed November 10, 2019.
    28. ↑ Announcement: The Netherlands simplify changes of civil status and first names. German Society for Transidentity and Intersexuality (dgti). April 11, 2019, accessed November 10, 2019; Quote: "In October 2018, Leonne Zeegers fought for the first Dutch passport with the indication x in a long court process."
    29. ↑ Judicially recognized information for an adult non-binary transident person: "Gender could not be determined" in the report: Rechtbank oordeelt dat de tijd rijp is voor recogning van een derde gender. In: Rechtsspraak.nl. Retrieved May 28, 2018, November 10, 2019 (Dutch: "Court ruled that the time for a third sex").
    30. ↑ Notification: Third gender: VfGH orders entry in documents. In: news.ORF.at . June 29, 2018, accessed November 10, 2019.
    31. ↑ Official Uruguayan legal text: Ley integral para personas trans. Uruguayan Ministry for Social Development, October 26, 2018 (Spanish; PDF: 4 MB, 10 pages on presidencia.gub.uy ).
    32. ↑ Constitutional Court : Intersex persons have the right to an adequate designation in the civil status register. June 29, 2018.
    33. ^ Paul Haller, Luan Pertl, Tinou Ponzer: Gender designation “diverse”: Alex Jürgen and the third option. In: The Standard . May 14, 2019, accessed August 13, 2020.
    34. ↑ Marie Louisecoleiro Preca, President: ACT No. XI of 2015. April 14, 2015 (English; PDF: 680 kB, 12 pages on tgeu.org ).
    35. ↑ holistischespanoptikum.wordpress.com
    36. ↑ Wiki entry: Gender. In: Memory Alpha . Undated, accessed May 10, 2014.
    37. ↑ Wiki entry: Rigelians. In: Memory Alpha. Undated, accessed May 10, 2014.
    38. ↑ Wiki entry: Vissianischer Cogenitor. In: Memory Alpha. Undated, accessed May 10, 2014.