Hartmann Schedel

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Schedel's coat of arms

Hartmann Schedel (born February 13, 1440 in Nuremberg ; † November 28, 1514 there ) was a German doctor, humanist and historian. His most important work is the so-called Schedelsche Weltchronik from 1493.

Life

Hartmann Schedel was born in 1440 as the son of the wealthy merchant of the same name in the imperial city of Nuremberg . The Schedel belonged to the so-called honorable families , which formed the second estate (after the Nuremberg patriciate ) in the estate structure . His mother Anna Grabner died in 1445. At the age of eleven he was in 1451 orphan . He and his siblings grew up under the tutelage of his uncle Marcus Schedel . Georg Schedel of his two brothers became a businessman, while Johannes Schedel entered the Dominican monastery .

Hartmann Schedel was enrolled at the University of Leipzig on April 20, 1456 at the age of 16 , and in 1457 he received his Baccalaureus. In 1459 he obtained his Magister Artium ( Master of Arts in Liberal Arts ) and attended lectures in law and canon law . In 1459 he began to put together an extensive collection of songs. In 1461 he joined the humanistic circle around Peter Luder and made copies of his teaching texts presented in Leipzig from 1462 onwards. Hartmann Schedel received the minor orders in 1462.

At the end of 1463 he followed Peter Luder to Padua , probably also in consultation with his thirty years older cousin, Hermann Schedel (1410–1485), who was the Augsburg city doctor at the time and who advised Hartmann during his studies. At the University of Padua studied Hartmann besides medicine and anatomy and surgery and was on April 7, 1466 as a doctor of medicine doctorate . At the same time as medicine, he had also attended lectures in physics and Greek , making him one of the first Germans to have access to the Greek language.

In the summer of 1466 he returned to Nuremberg in order to spend a lot of time traveling and collecting and copying books over the next few years. In the years from 1470 to 1477 he worked as a city doctor in Nördlingen , joined the brotherhood of the "Carthusians in the Christgarten " and in 1475 married Anna Heugel († 1485) from Nuremberg. His further career took him via Amberg , where he had become a city doctor in 1477, back to Nuremberg in 1482, where he married Magdalena Haller († 1505) in 1487, his second marriage. Six of the twelve children from both marriages died at a young age.

Hartmann Schedel was one of the wealthy and respected citizens of Nuremberg. He owned several pieces of land and fiefdoms and also inherited the house of his cousin Hermann Schedel in Burgstrasse, where the Haller , Scheurl and Albrecht Dürer also lived. He was listed in the register of 92 honorable families in the city and was named in 1482 by the Greater Council , which consisted of representatives of the patriciate as well as merchants, scholars and craftsmen. The Inner Council remained closed to Hartmann Schedel, as his second wife was descended from the Ebner patrician family on his mother's side, but her father did not belong to a Nuremberg patrician family, but to the Haller line that had moved from Bamberg .

Hartmann Schedel ran a prosperous medical practice until his death. His notes, including the prescriptions he received, show how dutifully he performed his medical duties. With his professional colleagues, he formed an influential, medically and humanistically ambitious group of scholars. His current reputation was justified by his main literary work, the "World Chronicle".

The Schedel library, which contained valuable manuscripts and incunabula, passed into the possession of Johann Jakob Fugger in 1552 and in 1571 fell to Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria.

Works

Cover page of the Schedelschen Weltchronik: Register of the book of chronicles and stories - with figures and pildnuts from the beginning of the world to this day

Between 1460 and 1467 Schedel published his collection of songs as a songbook, which is now known as Schedel's songbook . Almost two thirds of the song texts it contains in German, Latin and French are only known from this manuscript.

His medical “recipe book” was created in 1467, the surgical part of which contains, among other things, wound potions ( potiones vulneratorum , mostly watery decoctions) by master Oswald and the East Franconian surgeon Niklas von Morchingen, who worked in the middle of the 15th century . A collection of medical prescriptions against syphilis created by Schedel is dated 1496/97, in which, among other things, the Augsburg patrician Hans Pfister (1497) describes the production of a mercury ointment.

Schedel's main work, an illustrated representation of world history, was first published in 1493 in Nuremberg in a Latin and a German version. It is the most important illustrated incunable and is called Schedelsche Weltchronik after its author or the Nuremberg Chronicle after its place of publication . The 650 woodcut illustrations come from Michael Wolgemut , Albrecht Dürer's teacher , who himself was possibly not uninvolved in the creation of the illustrations.

literature

  • Franz Fuchs :  Schedel, Hartmann. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , pp. 600-602 ( digitized version ).
  • Klaus Fischer: Hartmann Schedel in Nördlingen. - The pharmaceutical-social profile of a late medieval city doctor. With edition of Hartmann Schedel's Nördlinger Apotheken-Manual "receptarius" (= Würzburg medical historical research , volume 58). Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 1996, ISBN 3-8260-1264-X (dissertation University of Munich 1995).
  • Béatrice Hernad: The graphic collection of the humanist Hartmann Schedel (= Bayerische Staatsbibliothek : exhibition catalogs , volume 52), Prestel, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-7913-1083-6 (exhibition catalog of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich for the exhibition from June 20 to September 15 1990 table of contents ).
  • Béatrice Hernad, Franz Josef Worstbrock : Hartmann Schedel. In: Author's Lexicon , VIII, Sp. 609–621.
  • Nicolaus C. Heutger :  Schedel, Hartmann. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 9, Bautz, Herzberg 1995, ISBN 3-88309-058-1 , Sp. 26-29.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Walter Höpfner: The Nuremberg doctors of the 15th century; GDR. Hermann and Hartmann Schedel and two consultations from the latter for paralysis (= Collection of medical theses from the University of Leipzig ). From the Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of Leipzig. A. Edelmann, Leipzig [1915], DNB 570381320 , OCLC 42576773 (Medical dissertation University of Leipzig 1915).
  • Martin Kirnbauer: Hartmann Schedel and his "song book": Studies on a late medieval music manuscript (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Cgm 810) and its context (= publications of the Swiss Music Research Society , Series 2, Volume 42). Lang, Bern / New York 2001, ISBN 3-906768-05-8 (dissertation University of Basel 1998, with illustrations and music notes).
  • Wilhelm Wattenbach:  Schedel, Hartmann . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 30, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1890, p. 661 f.
  • Peter Zahn: Hartmann Schedel's world chronicle. Results of recent research . In: Bavarian Library Forum. 24, 1996, pp. 230-248.

Web links

General

Commons : Schedelsche Weltchronik  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Hartmann Schedel  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz Fuchs: Schedel, Hartmann. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , pp. 600-602.
  2. ^ Bernhard Schnell : Schedel, Hermann. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 8, Col. 621-625.
  3. ^ Franz Fuchs: Hartmann Schedel and his book collection. In: Alois Schmidt (ed.): The beginnings of the Munich court library under Duke Albrecht V. (= Journal for Bavarian State History. Supplement 37). Munich 2009, p. 153.
  4. ↑ Xaver Schnieper: The Schedelsche Weltchronik: an introduction and appreciation . Ed .: Swiss Bibliophile Society. tape 7 , no. 3-4 , 1950, pp. 88 , doi : 10.5169 / SEALS-387655 ( e-periodica.ch [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  5. ↑ The cousin Hermann Schedel was a doctor and first practiced in Nuremberg. After a few years as personal physician to Friedrich II , the Elector of Brandenburg , he returned to southern Germany for climatic reasons and later to Nuremberg. Werner Dressendörfer: Hartmann Schedels information on the storage of drugs in pharmacies . In: Gundolf Keil (ed.): "Gelêrter der arzenîe, ouch apotêker". Contributions to the history of science . Würzburg 1982, pp. 543-550.
  6. ↑ Rudolf Neumaier: Schedels World Library . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung of November 20, 2014, p. 22.
  7. ^ Richard Stauber: The Schedelsche Library. Freiburg 1908 (= studies and representations from the field of history. VI, 2–3).
  8. ↑ Irmgard Bezzel: The library of the Gurk bishop Johann Jakob von Lamberg (1561-1630). A library of Romanesque prints from the 16th century. In: Börsenblatt for the German book trade - Frankfurt edition. Volume 89, (November 5) 1968 (= Archive for the History of Books. Volume 62), pp. 2919–2928, here: p. 2922.
  9. ^ 'Schedels songbook'. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd ed., Volume 8, Col. 625 ff.
  10. ↑ Hartmann Schedel: Songbook ( Memento from January 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Manuscript Cgm 810 of the Bavarian State Library
  11. ↑ Gundolf Keil : wound potion. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1507 f.
  12. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Oswald, master. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. 2005, p. 1085.
  13. ^ Gundolf Keil: Niklas von Morchingen. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd edition, Volume 6, Col. 1014 f.
  14. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek: Pfister, Hans. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 1135.
personal data
SURNAME Schedel, Hartmann
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German historian
DATE OF BIRTH February 13, 1440
PLACE OF BIRTH Nuremberg
DATE OF DEATH November 28, 1514
Place of death Nuremberg