Culture of the Philippines
The culture of the Philippines reflects the multilayered history of the Philippines , which has developed over the past centuries through the mixing of various indigenous civilizations and the inclusion of Spanish and American ways of life , and which has been significantly shaped by these foreign influences.
history
The oldest, verifiable, artistic evidence of man on the territory of the Philippines date from the 3rd millennium BC. BC and can be found near the Laguna de Bay : They are the petroglyphs of Angono . However, there are archaeological traces from the transition from the Neolithic to 2000 BC. BC, during the Iron Age , from 2000 BC BC, relatively rare in the Philippines.
The first Hindu influences can be traced back to Mindanao from the early Middle Ages . A large number of religious Hindu artifacts were recovered from the excavations in Butuan , although it is still not clear how popular Hinduism was in the Philippines.
Chinese influences can be demonstrated on Luzon , the Visayas and Mindanao from the 9th century . During excavations on Negros and the Bicol region, goods from the Song and Ming dynasties were found and the establishment of the Tondo branch in Manila Bay can be proven from this time on. The cultural Chinese influence on the islands of the Philippines peaked in the 14th and early 15th centuries and ended almost abruptly with the onset of Spanish colonization from the second half of the 16th century. To this day, however, East Asian influences have survived on the islands, which can be seen in the popularity of various games of chance such as mah- jongg and jueteng , in Filipino martial arts as well as in Asian cuisine . Islamic influences on the culture of the peoples of the Philippines can be proven early on, from the 9th century on Mindanao. These probably first developed through trade contacts with today's region around Butuan City . The Filipino merchants used the Balangay type of boat on their trade routes with which they could reach Malacca , Borneo, Ternate and Myanmar . The Islam rose in the 15th century to the most common religion in the coastal plains of Mindanao and Luzon in order from the date of the beginning of Spanish colonization to become less important. The mountain peoples in the interior of the island of Luzon and Mindanao, however, have stuck to their ethnic-religious traditions to this day , so that numerous mixed forms of religiosity in relation to Islam and Christianity developed.
Even today, elements from pre-Hispanic and non-Christian culture can be identified in modern Filipino culture. Many indigenous peoples and tribal groups, in spite of Christian or Islamic beliefs, regard the mountains as sacred ground in which they bury their dead and the spirits of the dead live in the mountain forests, to which sacrifices can also be made. These spiritual ideas have their origins in the traditions of the indigenous indigenous peoples who belong to the Austronesian tribes of the Malayo-Polynesians. This historical mythology of the various indigenous peoples in the Philippines had a decisive influence on the mythology of the Malayo-Polynesian culture of Oceania and is currently presented as a mixture of customs from Western Christianity , Southeast Asian Islam , Hinduism and some Buddhist elements and, last but not least, indigenous cultural goods such as the belief in the spirit of the ancestors and in the spiritual power inherent in every living being. In part, this belief in the existence of witches and magicians also culminates, as the stories about the island of Siquijor in the Visayas , which are still popular today, show.
The Filipinos experienced their first essentially western character through the Spanish colonization, when the Filipino archipelago was ruled for a total of three centuries, first from Spain and later from Mexico . This period resulted in a significant proportion of Spanish and Mexican influences that have entered the customs and traditions of the Filipino peoples. To this day, these elements of Hispanic culture can be seen in traditional Filipino folklore music , in folk dances , in the various languages , in food , in art and, last but not least, in religion .
The Philippines was part of the United States from 1898 to 1946 . American influence can be seen today in the use of the English language and in modern pop culture such as fast food , music , film and basketball .
Nevertheless, the Muslim Filipinos maintain a custom that has remained independent up to the present day and still live according to their individual traditions. These groups follow a Filipino-Islamic culture in which Agamat (law) and Maratabat (personal honor) play a prominent role. This includes some other Muslim cultural creations such as the Kali , the Kulintang and the Gamelan , which are mainly used by the Islamic groups on the southern islands of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago , where they are ubiquitous.
Way of life
Around two fifths of the Filipino population live in urbanized areas, while the remaining three fifths of the people live in rural areas , although there is a steady increase in the relocation from the countryside to the villages and cities. The majority of people follow the old traditions, but enrich them with modern ways of life and fashion trends.
The Filipino way of life is most similar to the western one of all Asian countries. This westernization has most affected the large urban centers, while the traditional ways of life have remained dominant in the countryside. This contrast is now a major factor in the growing inequality that has developed within lifestyles between rural and urban areas. Filipino society as a whole is generally characterized by sharp distinctions between employers and employees, between landowners and tenants, or, more generally, between well-educated and less-educated people. The most important social group in a Filipino's life is his family, which usually consists of the husband and wife, their children and mostly one or more older family members who often all live together under one roof. Family cohesion is supported within this community through the help, respect, love and support that one family member gives to each other.
languages
There are a total of 171 different languages and dialects in the Philippines, with almost all language groups belonging to the Austronesian languages .
The official languages are Filipino and English according to the current constitution of 1987 . According to the 2000 survey, the most common languages are Tagalog, which is mainly spoken in the north of the archipelago, with 22 million speakers, and Cebuano, which is dominant in the central Visayas and Mindanao, with 20 million speakers. In addition, 11 other dialects are spoken by more than a million Filipinos, including Ilokano , Hiligaynon , Waray-Waray , Bikolano and Kapampangan . The Spanish language , which was predominant for a long time , is hardly used nowadays. However, this has been preserved in many loan words and terms in the various languages.
The Chabacano language, meanwhile, is a Spanish-based creole language that only developed in the Philippines. It is mainly used in Ternate and in the extended urban area of Zamboanga City .
Indigenous peoples
The indigenous people of the Philippines consist of a large number of ethnic groups with Malayo-Polynesian origins. They are the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines who settled on the islands thousands of years ago and have preserved their native customs and traditions to this day.
In 1990 more than 100 highland groups made up about three percent of the Filipino population. Over the centuries, the indigenous culture of these isolated highland peoples has remained almost completely unaffected. The art objects of these groups are, in a certain sense, the last remnants of the formerly flourishing local customs, which have survived from the time before the first Islamic and Spanish contacts in the Philippines.
An absolute peculiarity in the historical customs of the indigenous population can be found in the Ibaloi culture in the province of Benguet . The Ibaloi culture is not only characterized by its colorful costumes and rhythmic dances, but also by the mummification of its dead, carried out from the 10th to the 16th centuries . These are known as Kabayan Mummies become known and are on the proposed list of the Philippines since 2006 for inclusion in the World Heritage List of UNESCO .
The indigenous peoples show a high degree of creativity, which is usually used to embellish everyday objects such as bowls, baskets, items of clothing, weapons and spoons. Technologically speaking, these indigenous groups fall between the highly developed Bontocs and the Ifugao , who were responsible for building the rice terraces thousands of years ago . Indigenous tribes that should also be mentioned are the Bukidnon and Kalinga , who have also remained largely isolated from western and eastern influences. However, a broad spectrum can be found among them with regard to integration and cultural adaptation to Christian Filipinos.
religion
Along with East Timor, the Philippines are one of the two predominantly Roman Catholic nations in the Asia-Pacific region. About 90 percent of the Filipino population are Christians. In addition, about 5 percent of the archipelago belong to the Muslim faith and another 5 percent are from other religions or have no religion.
Catholic Church
With a share of 81% of the total population, the absolute majority on the island state belongs to the Roman Catholic denomination. The Christian religion is determined by a characteristic Spanish Catholic tradition that was taught for centuries by the priests and monks ( Prayle in Filipino) and is now deeply anchored in the local culture. This is particularly evident at events such as the Misa de Gallo (midnight mass ), the Black Nazarene procession, and the Santo Niño and Aguinaldo processions, where crowds of people come together to worship their patron saints or saints. Furthermore, local Christian processions and fiestas are held on the special days of the respective patron saint of a barrios or barangays . Roman Catholic can therefore de facto be regarded as the state religion of the Philippines.
Every year Filipino families celebrate the Days of the Dead from October 31st to November 2nd , also known as All Soul and Saints Day, All Saints Day and All Souls Day . During these days, the Filipino families come together, visit the graves of their ancestors and show their respect and devotion to their deceased relatives through celebrations and prayers. Since people return to their roots for this purpose, all members of a family, which are often scattered over large parts of the country, meet in this way.
Christmas is still one of the most important holidays in the archipelago and is an event here whose importance goes far beyond the actual festival day. In addition, the turn of the year and especially for the Catholic part of the population, Holy Week are important supraregional days and festive periods.
Protestant Church
With the Americans, Protestantism reached the Philippines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the United States took responsibility for the archipelago. After the Philippine independence efforts were put down, American missionaries came to the islands and spread various Protestant faiths. These include the Baptists , the Evangelical Lutheran Churches , the Methodist Church , the Presbyterian Church , the United Church of Christ , the Pentecostal Movement , the United Apostolic Brothers , the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and Congregationalism .
Independent Filipino Church
The Independent Philippine Church or Aglipay Church is one of the denominations founded in the Philippines. It is an independent Catholic religious community that was founded in 1902 by the Roman Catholic priest and freedom fighter Gregorio Aglipay with the aim of establishing a kind of Filipino national church . This should distance itself from the Spanish-dominated Catholic official church. Today it has about 2 million believers.
Iglesia ni Cristo
Another church that originated in the Philippines is the Iglesia ni Cristo . It was founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo and sees itself as the restoration of early Christianity . In the Philippines and among Filipino expatriates, the community has more than 2 million members.
Buddhism
Buddhism is a largely practiced religion in the Philippines by Filipino Chinese , Han Chinese , Japanese , Indians , Koreans, and Vietnamese . According to the 2000 census, just 0.1% of the population are Buddhists. Other sources such as the publication An Information Guide - Buddhism , on the other hand, speak of a share of up to 2% in 2007. In the Philippines there are now various Buddhist schools with the main disciplines Mahayana and Vajrayana , some Buddhist temples of Theravada, the Lay organizations based in the Philippines, as well as numerous meditation centers and groups such as the Soka Gakkai International
Animism and superstition
Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of the Roman Catholic faith in the 16th century, a syncretistic mixture of animist , Islamic , Hindu and Buddhist beliefs was common among the indigenous Malayo-Polynesian peoples of the Philippine Islands .
For example, the people of the Tagalog ethnic group worshiped a main god named Bathala , who was represented by the Langit (heaven). This belief was especially taught and spread by the Ninunos , the ancient ancestors. The Bikolanos, however, knew their main god under the name Gugurang . In addition, other gods and deities such as Araw (sun), Buwan (moon) and Tala (star) were worshiped. But nature itself was worshiped in the form of trees, bushes, rocks or mountains.
Monsters and ghost creatures are also firmly anchored in the beliefs of the Filipino population and underpin their belief in beings such as the Aswang (a vampire being), the Tikbalang (half horse and half human), the Kapre (giant), the Tiyanak (a demonic toddler) ), the Santelmo (fireball), the Duwende (dwarfs and elves), the Manananggal (a figure without a lower half of the body), Engkanto (nature spirits), Diwata (fairies and nymphs) and Satanism . These types of creatures are a part of everyday life, especially for the residents of rural areas.
Belief in voodoo , witchcraft ( Mangkukulam ), sorcery, Usog (visitation by a stranger) and Lihi (insatiable desire of pregnant women for certain foods) belongs to this . Such views on the paranormal have been publicly represented for centuries, so that the young Filipino generation grows up with them. Not least because of this, the Filipinos are rudely referred to as pagan Christians by some foreign scholars.
Since voodoo, metaphysical treatment methods and shamanic rituals are widespread among most indigenous Filipino communities, these rituals can be found everywhere on the islands, where they are mainly celebrated in the rural areas. On Luzon, for example, people are convinced that certain people are able to put a spell or curse on someone. These people are referred to here as Mangkukulam . People who curse their enemies by introducing insects into their bodies are referred to as mambabarang . The healers of such a curse are called albularyo .
In addition, psychic healing artists offer their services in many places. These are people who claim they can remove a tumor and diseased tissue by sticking their hands in the patient's body and removing the human flesh without leaving a scar or blood flowing. These performances can generally be viewed as sleight of hand. People who believe in it, however, understand these practices as credible treatment methods and accept this practice as an alternative healing method that, thanks to the placebo effect, can actually lead to promising results.
art
Filipino art presents itself in a multitude of performing and entertaining forms. Classical art is divided into indigenous folk art , naive art and Islamic art , which can be seen as a mixture of European, indigenous and Islamic influences.
literature
Filipino literature, which was written in both indigenous and Hispanic writing systems, illustrates the prehistoric and colonial European heritage of the island state in the same way. One of the oldest recorded stories in the Philippines is the legend of The Life of Lam-Ang . Other well-known and popular legends are the story of the Princess Urduja , the Maragtas legend and the legend of the Kalantiaw law book ; these legends are required reading in schools, even if there is controversy about their authenticity .
Most of the works of traditional Filipino literature were written during the Mexican and Spanish periods, mostly in Spanish , later in Filipino and English , but also in other native languages . Major writers and poets in the country were Pedro Paterno , Marcelo H. del Pilar and Francisco Balagtas . An important writer, composer and translator who published his works in the Tagalog language was Patricio G. Mariano . One of the authors of the freedom struggle in the 19th century was the national hero José Rizal , whose book Noli me tangere, published in Berlin in 1887, describes the abuse of power by the Catholic Church.
In the era of President Ferdinand Marcos , almost only members of the ruling elite had the opportunity to publish domestically. Today the cultural influence of the USA dominates. Topics are social inequality and colonialism (as in the work of F. Sionil José ), everyday life in the country and in the city and cultural diversity.
music
Early Spanish settlers and native Filipinos used a variety of instruments to make music, including flutes, guitars, ukuleles, violins, trumpets, and drums. Songs and dances are part of every festive activity in Filipino culture. Even today, in the 21st century, many original folk songs and dances have been preserved and are performed by dance and song groups in all parts of the country and also outside the Philippines. In addition, numerous musical Filipinos have gained notoriety beyond national borders, such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, who is known for his nationalistic themes, the opera singer Jovita Fuentes and various pop singers such as Sharon Cuneta .
Today, Filipino music is enriched by various modern styles. Most of the music genres are modern styles like Filipino rock, Filipino hip-hop, and other modern musical directions. Nevertheless, the continued existence of folk Filipino music is assured in Filipino society, which still has a permanent place here.
dance
Popular Filipino folk dances include the Cariñosa and Tinikling , in which the dancers move between and over two bamboo poles. The southern regions of Mindanao are the home of the Singkil , in which the actors dance over four or more long bamboo poles, unlike Tinikling. This folk dance was taken from the Islamic ethnic groups and is therefore part of the Islamic cultural heritage.
painting
In the Philippines, local artists began creating their own paintings in the 17th century, during the period of Spanish colonial rule. The earliest works in Filipino art history were religious representations from Biblical sources, as were engravings, sculptures, and lithographs of Christian symbols and European nobles. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries show a mix of religious, political, and landscape themes with graceful, dark, and glowing elements. Early painters of modern art such as Damián Domingo are associated with religious and western-looking works. The art of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo , on the other hand, shows a trend towards political opinion. Artists like Fernando Amorsolo, on the other hand, used postmodernism to create paintings that attempt to harmoniously combine Filipino culture with indigenous nature. In contrast, other artists such as Fernando Zóbel preferred realism and abstraction in their work .
Utility art
The indigenous arts that are very widespread among the Filipinos include pottery, weaving and wood carving. The pottery trade in the Philippines has been around since 6000 BC. Demonstrable. The Manunggul Vessel , which was found on the island of Palawan , is the most valuable prehistoric artifact in the entire archipelago. The vessel is provided with incised rolling lines, which were painted with iron oxide and on which the representation of a boat, a boatman and a passenger can be seen.
The sculptures of the ethnic groups of the Kankana-ey and the Ifugao also bear witness to a unique tradition of carving. In the Bulol tradition , Bulol is the rice god of the Ifugao, a pair of figures was worked into a piece of wood in a stylistically original form. Its purpose within the indigenous religion is to protect and positively influence the rice harvest. The hagabi is another fine example of the Philippines' wood carving art . In both ends of a large wooden branch, sculptures with pig-like heads are worked out. The locals see this as a mark of social status.
In contrast, the members of the Itneg ethnic group are valued for their art of weaving . The Binakol they make is a blanket that offers an optical illusion with its design. The weaving of the Ga'dang, on the other hand, is usually kept in light red tones. Your woven pieces can be easily identified by the beaded ornaments that are traditionally worked into the fabric. Other ethnic groups such as the Ilongot make jewelry from pearls, the red beaks of hornbills, plants and metals.
The peoples of Mindanao, as the B'laan, the Mandaya, the Mansaka and the T'boli are for their craftsmanship of weaving of abaca respected. The fibers from the leaves of the abaca plant are used to produce hemp. The resulting product is ultimately known as Manila Hemp . The fibers are dyed in sections using a method known as ikat . Ikat textiles are woven in geometric patterns that depict human, animal and vegetable motifs.
The practical art of the Muslim peoples can be categorized into two main styles. One is characterized by curved line wood carving and metalworking, called okir , which is similar to Middle Eastern Islamic art . This style is commonly associated with men. The other style is a geometric tapestry , which in turn is associated with women. With the Tausūg and the Sama-Bajau, the okir shows itself in artistic markings that are attached to boats in the form of a visual language. The Maranos use similar carvings called torogan to decorate their homes. Likewise, the weapons made by Muslim Filipinos like the Kampilan have these cleverly lined carvings.
Cinema and TV
The introduction of cinema in the Philippines dates back to the showing of the first films in 1897, when a Spanish theater owner presented imported moving images to the audience .
The development of the Filipino cinema market, which emerged from the 1930s, coincided with a time when film was discovered as a new medium to express art. The manuscripts and characterizations in these films were taken from popular theatrical productions and Filipino literature.
In the 1940s, awareness of reality was brought to the Filipino film industry. Nationalist films had become popular, and subjects that primarily involved war and heroism had proven successful with Filipino audiences.
In the 1950s, with the advent of more artistic and mature films, the first golden age of Filipino cinema took place. This went hand in hand with a significant improvement in cinematic technology among filmmakers. The local studios produced numerous feature films annually for the Filipino film industry in hectic activity and some local talents also earned recognition abroad during this time. During this period filmmakers and actors received international awards for the first time. As the decade came to an end, there was a conflict between unions and management, as a result of which the monopoly system of the studios, which had now developed, came under heavy pressure. In the 1960s, the art that had established itself in previous years was finally doomed. This time can therefore be described as a period of escalating commercialization of films.
The 1970s and 1980s turned into turbulent years for the Filipino film industry, with changes both positive and negative. The films of the period now dealt with heavier subjects after the era of martial law. In addition, action films, westerns , dramas, adult films as well as comedy continued to develop , which led to an improvement in image quality, sound and much more sophisticated scripts. The 1980s marked the beginning of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines .
The 1990s saw a surge in popularity for dramas , youth-oriented romantic comedies, adult, comedy, and action films.
The Philippines, one of the oldest film producers in Asia, is undisputedly one of the top places in Asia in terms of the number of moviegoers. However, over the years the domestic film industry has suffered a steady decline in viewers. In 1996 the number of visitors was still 131 million, in 2004 it was reduced to 63 million. After peaking at 350 films a year in the 1950s and 200 films a year in the 1980s, the Filipino film industry dropped the number of films produced to a low in 2006 and 2007. The 21st century, on the other hand, is shaped by the use of digital technologies and the rebirth of independent filmmaking, with which a number of filmmakers such as Lav Diaz , Raya Martin and Khavn De La Cruz have recently been able to earn national recognition and prestige numerous international film festivals are represented.
architecture
Pre-Hispanic architecture was determined by the use of indigenous woods, which were the most important building material at the time. The nipa house ( Bahay Kubo ) is an established form for residential buildings on the archipelago. It is characterized by the processing of primitive building materials such as bamboo and coconut trees. Cogongras and the leaves of nipa palms are used as materials for covering roofs, although this palm leaves are also used. Most primitive houses are built on stilts due to the frequent flooding during the rainy season. There are regional differences in the types of construction due to the different requirements. So it is necessary to cover the roofs in mountain areas thickly and tightly, while structures on stilts are to be found mainly in the coastal areas. The architecture of other indigenous peoples in the Philippines is, in turn, characterized by angled roofs made of wood, which are covered with bamboo instead of leaves and decorated with artistic carvings.
The Spaniards eventually introduced stones as building materials. The spread of Christianity brought not only European church buildings but also an architecture that later dominated the centers of most of the towns and cities. Spanish architectural elements can still be found today in the Intramuros , Vigan and other areas of the Philippines. A special feature is the only sacred building in Asia built entirely from steel , the Basílica de San Sebastián . Other important sacred buildings are the Manila Cathedral , the Quiapo Church and the San Agustín Church . In contrast, Islamic and other Asian architectures are reserved for buildings such as mosques, such as the Masjid Al-Dahab , and temples, such as the Daoist temple in Cebu City. The only building built in the Art Deco style was the building of the Manila Metropolitan Theater in the Philippines.
Contemporary architecture is now mainly shaped by western structures, although pre-Hispanic buildings can still be found largely in the rural areas. American styles are mainly found in the suburbs of cities, especially in Manila and the surrounding provinces.
kitchen
Filipino cuisine has a large variety that combines various influences from Spanish and Asian cuisine .
A typical Filipino meal consists of at least three meals a day, served with boiled or fried rice , corn, or other side dishes. Filipinos usually use a spoon and fork to eat, but less often a knife. Often, especially when one is alone, people eat with their hands, with hands being used when eating seafood . Rice, corn and other popular dishes such as adobo ( pork or chicken cooked in vinegar ), lumpia (meat or vegetable rolls), pancit (a pasta dish ) and lechón (suckling pig) are served on platters and placed in the center of the table so that everyone can can take it on his plate.
Other popular dishes are: afritada, asado , chorizo , empanadas , mani (roasted peanuts ), paksiw ( fish or pork, cooked in vinegar and water with a little garlic and pepper ), pan de sal (bread rolls), pescado (fried or grilled fish ) and torta (omelette). Filipino cuisine also includes dishes such as kare-kare (oxtail stew ), kilawen , pinakbet (vegetable stew), pinapaitan and sinigang (soup made from tamarind with pork, fish or shrimp). Some local delicacies, on the other hand, are rather unsavory for most western palates. These include balut (cooked, partially hatched duck egg), longanisa (sweet sausage) or dinuguan (soup made from animal blood).
Well-known snacks and desserts are chicharon (fried pork or chicken), halo-halo (crushed ice mixed with condensed milk and cut tropical fruits), puto (white rice cakes ), bibingka (rice cakes with butter or margarine and salted eggs), ensaymada (sweetness Rolls garnished with grated cheese), polvoron (powdered candy) and tsokolate ( chocolate ). These specialties are eaten outside of the usual three meals.
Local San Miguel beer , Tanduay rum, Lambanog or tuba are served with meals .
Martial arts
The term “Filipino Martial Arts” encompasses numerous martial arts forms that originated in the Philippines. This term has expanded similarly to the term silat , which is used in Asian martial arts in general. The Filipino Martial Arts include Panantukan (techniques with the bare hand), Eskrima , Kali , Arnis de Máno (sword and stick fighting techniques) and Pananjakman (kicking techniques).
education
The school system in the Philippines is similar in structure to that of the United States and Europe. The Filipino children enter into the age of about four years, day nurseries (Nursery School) and kindergartens one. With about six or seven years they change for six years in the primary school (Elementary School). After completing it, you will transfer to high school for another four years . The entry into a university ( college ) is the College Entrance Examination (CEE) (dt .: Test of the university ) operating systems. In addition, there are other types of educational institutions in the country, such as private schools , private preparatory schools , international schools and scientific universities . The school is chargeable at all levels .
The school year in the Philippines starts in June and ends in March, following the two-month summer vacation between April and May. In addition, the students receive two weeks of vacation in October, over Christmas and in the New Year.
In 2005, the Philippines spent approximately US $ 138 per student compared to US $ 1,582 in Singapore , US $ 3,728 in Japan and US $ 852 in Thailand .
Sports
Sipa is one of the national sports of the Philippines. This is a kind of soccer tennis, in which a ball made of rat parts is played back and forth between two players over a net with the foot.
Other popular sports are basketball , boxing , soccer , billiards , chess , bowling , volleyball , horse racing and not to forget the cockfighting . Sports such as dodgeball and badminton are also widespread .
Filipino athletes are particularly successful in sports such as boxing, here in the lower and middle weight classes, in billiards, bowling and chess. The internationally known athletes include Manny Pacquiao , Flash Elorde and Francisco Guilledo in boxing, Paulino Alcántara in football, Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante in billiards, Rafael Nepomuceno in bowling, and Eugenio Torre in chess.
The Palarong Pambansa is a national sports festival that began in 1948 and is now an annual sports meeting of the public schools. This national event is mainly attended by private schools and universities. It has been known under its current name as Palarong Pambansa since 1976 and can be viewed as the national Olympic Games for students, which as a sporting event is a nationwide competition in schools.
In 2002 competitions in soccer, golf, archery , badminton, baseball , chess, gymnastics , tennis , softball , swimming , table tennis , taekwondo , athletics and volleyball were held as part of this event .
Traditional games
Among the traditional Filipino games include Jo-jo , Piko (a Hüpfspiel ) Patintero (a game of catch), Bahay Kubo (a poor imitation game), Pusoy and Sungka . Pusoy is a common poker card game of chance in which players try to get rid of all cards by cleverly playing the playing cards. Sungka is a board game where you try to get all the small shells in the game. The winner is the one who has the most shells when all the small pits on the board have been emptied. In addition, Filipinos often make their own toys, for example by tying beetles to a thread and rotating it to create an interesting sounding noise. The Salagubang Gong is one such toy that was described by Charles Brtjes, an American entomologist . On his trip to Negros he encountered a play device in which beetles were used that were rotated over a kerosene can, which created a regular gong effect.
Diaspora
The term foreign Filipinos is understood to mean people of Filipino origin who live and work outside of their Filipino homeland. However, this term also includes people of Filipino descent who have since become citizens or residents of another nation. There are approximately 11 million Filipinos living abroad worldwide, which is about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.
Every year, thousands of Filipinos emigrate through employment agencies and other programs to find jobs overseas. Other people emigrate to directly move their permanent residence to another nation. Filipinos abroad mostly have jobs as doctors, nurses, accountants, IT specialists, engineers, architects, entertainers, sailors, technicians, teachers, soldiers, students, nurses, domestic helpers or as maids.
Due to this talent drain , the number of qualified Filipinos is growing abroad, who often take on less demanding jobs there. This is particularly the case in health and education. It often happens that under-demanding jobs are accepted, for example in cases in which doctors are retraining to become nurses or switch to other fields of employment through appropriate programs.
public holidays
The holidays in the Philippines are mostly religious holidays or commemorate nationally significant events or people, such as Andres Bonifacio , José Rizal or Benigno Aquino, Jr.
National holidays
- January 1st - New Years Day
- March or April - Holy Week (Semana Santa)
- April 9 - Day of Honor (Araw ng Kagitingan or Bataan and Corregidor Day)
- May 1st - Labor Day
- June 12th - Independence Day
- August - National Heroes Remembrance Day
- November 30th - Bonifacio Day (birthday of Andres Bonifacio)
- December 25th - Christmas
- December 30th - Rizal Day (anniversary of the death of José Rizal)
National uniform holidays
- August 21 - Ninoy Aquino Day
- November 1st to November 2nd - All Saints 'Day , All Souls ' Day
- December 31 - New Years Eve
Regional holidays
- January 9 - The Black Nazarene procession in Quiapo and Manila .
- Third Sunday in January - The Fiesta del Santo Niño de Cebu (Festival of the Baby Jesus of Cebu), the Sinulog in Cebu , the Ati-Atihan Festival in Kalibo , Aklan .
- Last Sunday of January - The Dinagyang Festival in Iloilo.
- May - Flores de Mayo. A festival celebrated by farmers at the beginning of the harvest season.
- Third Saturday and Sunday of September - The Peñafrancia Festival in Naga City, Camarines Sur, Bicol Region.
During the festivities, people take part in religious services, which are then followed by parades on the streets, fireworks and feasts. Processions on the Bicol River are also held at the Peñafrancia Festival.
homosexuality
The homosexual subculture that dominates today is a product of the 1960s . Since that time, gay people have revealed their inclination and openly showed it in work areas such as hairdressing or in the beauty or fashion industry, where they work as make-up artists or designers.
Male homosexuality is widely accepted as part of normal life in the Philippines, albeit ridiculed. While remaining discrimination not because the population is generally governed by the strict morality of the Catholic Church. For this reason, same-sex marriage is prohibited, as is extramarital partnerships, which are not permitted for heterosexual or homosexual couples.
A special group of homosexual cross-gender men is known as Bakla ("man with a woman's heart"): They are very feminine in their sexual behavior and assume the gender role of a woman , sometimes to an exaggerated extent. Your sexual orientation is geared towards masculine and macho men as possible . The Bakla are often viewed as a third gender .
See also
credentials
- ↑ The history of the Philippines before Magellan (English)
- ↑ Filipino Way of Life ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
- ↑ National Commission of Indigenous People ( Memento of the original dated August 31, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Accessed August 30, 2008.
- ^ Religious Demographic Profile - Philippines . The PEW forum on Religion & Public Life. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
- ↑ An Information Guide - Buddhism . buddhist-tourism.com. 2007. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
- ↑ History; Philippines . Sangha Pinoy. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
- ↑ Hot Spots Filipino Cultural Dance - Singkil . Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ↑ Filipino Cultured: The Best of Filipino Art . Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ↑ Has the curtain finally fallen on the Philippine Kopvie Industry? . Accessed January 25, 2009.
- ↑ a b Aenet: Philippine Film History . Accessed January 22, 2009.
- ↑ a b Cannes entry puts spotlight on Philippine films . Grafilo, John. Top News Light Reading . May 6, 2008.
- ↑ a b A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry . Conde, Carlos H. International Herald Tribune . February 11, 2007.
- ↑ Lukas Foerster: Stratifications of deficient images. Notes on some films by Khavn, Lav Diaz and Raya Martin. In: ders., Nikolaus Perneczky, Fabian Tietke, Cecilia Valenti (eds.): Traces of a Third Cinema. On the aesthetics, politics and economy of world cinema. Transcript, Bielefeld 2013, pp. 137–157.
- ↑ Axel Estein: Play of light and shadow in the intra- tropical convergence zone. In: Lukas Foerster, Nikolaus Perneczky, Fabian Tietke, Cecilia Valenti (eds.): Traces of a Third Cinema. On the aesthetics, politics and economy of world cinema. Transcript, Bielefeld 2013, pp. 168–202.
- ^ Saving Philippine education. Accessed August 19, 2008.
- ↑ a b Big Two Poker (Pusoy Dos) Online Lessons . Archived from the original on November 30, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ^ The History of Chinese Poker . Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ^ Mancala Games / Sungka . Archived from the original on April 11, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ↑ Charles Brtjes: THE SALAGUBONG GONG, A FILIPINO INSECT TOY (PDF) In: Harvard University . Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ^ Yvette Collymore: Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines. (No longer available online.) Population Reference Bureau, June 2003, archived from the original on February 16, 2007 ; Retrieved on August 14, 2007 : “An average of 10 percent of the Filipino population, or almost 8 million people, are overseas workers who, according to POPCOM, are represented in 182 countries. In addition, there are around 3 million immigrants who work illegally abroad ” Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ [Information office] FW: STATEMENT ON FILIPINO HOSTAGE . Philippine Women Center of BC - requoted by lists.ilps-news.com Mailing Lists. July 19, 2004. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ↑ a b Lauren: Thoughts on the Bakla, the Filipino gays. (No longer available online.) In: laurganism.com. September 22, 2005, archived from the original on November 24, 2010 ; accessed on November 10, 2019 (English, forum post).
- ↑ benign0 (Webmaster): Being 'bakla' is NOT the same as being gay. In: GetRealPhilippines.com. July 12, 2017, accessed November 10, 2019.
- ^ Michael L. Tan: Walking the Tightrope: Sexual Risk an Male Sex Work in the Philippines. In: Peter Aggleton (Ed.): Men who Sell Sex: International Perspectives on Male Prostitution and HIV / AIDS. Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1999, ISBN 1-56639-669-7 , pp. 241-263, here p. 246 (English; side view in Google book search).
