Languages ​​of the Philippines

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Map of the Dominant Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines.

There are more than 171 languages ​​in the Philippines , almost all of which belong to the Austronesian language group. Of all these languages, however, only two are considered official in the country, at least ten as main languages ​​and at least eight as semi-official.

History of the national language

Spanish ( Filipino Spanish ) was the island nation's first official language, and remained so for more than three centuries. In the 19th and early 20th centuries it became the lingua franca , a common common language for the entire Philippines. In 1863 , a Spanish ordinance introduced general schooling, with public schools teaching the Spanish language . Spanish was also the language of the Philippine Revolution and the resulting Malolos Constitution in 1899, which made Spanish the official language of the First Philippine Republic. The national hero Jose Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish, which was used by 60% of the population in the early 20th century as the first, second or third language. After the American occupation of the Philippines and the associated use of the English language in official use, the use of Spanish gradually declined, especially after 1940.

Under the occupation of the United States and the civil government they installed, the integration of English as the language of instruction in schools began. Around 1901, education was institutionalized and English was chosen as the general medium of instruction. About 600 educators (called "Thomasites" (Eng. Thomas positions)) who arrived on board the USS Thomas in the Philippines this year, replaced the soldiers previously employed as teachers. The 1935 constitution made English the official language alongside Spanish. A clause within this constitution required Congress to "take a step towards developing and introducing a common national language based on one of the existing indigenous languages." On November 12, 1937, the first National Assembly established the National Language Institute. President Manuel Quezon gave the Waray-Waray language representative Jaime C. De Veyra the chairmanship of a committee of all speakers of the country's other regional languages. Their goal was to choose a national language from among the various dialects. Ultimately, on December 31, 1937, Tagalog was chosen as the basic language.

However, this national language was only taught as a subject from 1940, just as Tagalog was not accepted as the official language until independence was established on July 4, 1946. From 1961 on, Filipino was used as the national language instead of Tagalog.

The 1973 constitution, under the Marcos government, kept English and Filipino as the official languages ​​and dropped Spanish. A new ordinance mandated the National Assembly to take a "step towards the development and formal adoption of a common language known as Filipino" .

The currently valid Filipino constitution , ratified in 1987, defines Filipino and English as both official languages. Filipino has now also received the distinction of being a national language that "developed from the basis of the existing Filipino and other languages ​​and was enriched with them." Although the Filipino language was not explicitly anchored in the constitution, it is presented in practice as a form of language composed entirely of the Tagalog dialect spoken in the capital Manila . However, organizations such as the University of the Philippines began to publish dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino , which also contain words in various other Filipino languages. The constitution also mentioned Spanish and Arabic as foreign languages ​​to be taught, both on a voluntary and optional basis. In reality, however, nothing has happened in this direction to date.

Native languages

According to Ethnologue , a total of 171 mother tongues are spoken in the island state. With the exception of English , Spanish , Hokkien (Lan-nang; around 600,000 speakers), Cantonese , Mandarin and Chavacano (1,200,000 speakers), all languages ​​belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family .

Thirteen of the native languages ​​are used as mother tongue by more than a million speakers. These are: Tagalog , Cebuano , Ilokano , Hiligaynon , Waray-Waray , Kapampangan, Bikol, Albay Bikol , Pangasinan , Maranao, Maguindanao, Kinaray-a and Tausug.

Classification

The Filipino languages ​​are divided into various subgroups. The first three groups are closely related to geographic areas.

Among the northern Philippine languages are Ilokano , Kapampangan , Pangasinan and Sambal , referring to the northern and central Luzon focus. Some languages ​​in Mindoro , such as Iraya and Tadyawan , also belong to this group. Similarly, a member of this family is the language Yami , or Orchid Iceland in Taiwan also Tao called.

The Central Philippine languages are perhaps the group with the greatest number of speakers and the greatest geographic extent. Your language area includes central Luzon as well as the Visayas and many parts of Mindanao . Certain languages ​​are spoken in Palawan and Mindoro , such as Tagbanwa , Palawano and Hanunoo , which could each form a separate subgroup. The largest subgroup is the Central Philippine language family , which consists on the one hand of Tagalog and Bicol and to which the Visaya languages ​​used by 80%, such as Cebuano , Hiligaynon , Waray-Waray and Mansakan , also belong.

The southern Filipino languages include Maranao , Maguindanao , Manobo languages, and Subanun languages , most of which are found in Mindanao, with more than 80% of the population using Visayan or Cebuano languages. Many of the southern Filipino languages ​​have been influenced by Malay, Indonesian, Sanskrit, and Arabic languages.

The following three groups consist of languages ​​that are too far removed from the other languages ​​to fit into the first three groups.

Southern Mindanao languages are languages ​​like Tboli and Blaan , which are predominantly found in southern Mindanao. The Sama Bajaw languages ​​are mainly concentrated in the Sulu Archipelago as well as parts of Borneo . One language, Abaknon , is spoken on the island of Capul , near Samar , but is linguistically far from the languages ​​used on Samar. Other languages ​​in this group are Yakan and Sama .

The Sulawesi languages have only two representatives in the Philippines, these are the Sangil and the Sangir languages .

List of speakers per language

The population figures below refer to the 2000 census of the National Statistics Office of the Philippines.

  Number of native speakers
Tagalog 22,000,000
Cebuano 20,000,000
Ilokano 7,700,000
Hiligaynon 7,000,000
Waray-Waray 3,100,000
Northern Bikol 2,500,000
Kapampangan 2,400,000
Pangasinan 1,540,000
Southern Bikol 1,200,000
Maranao 1,150,000
Maguindanao 1,100,000
Kinaray-a 1,051,000
Tausug 1,022,000
Chavacano 607,000
Surigaonon 600,000
Masbatenyo 530,000
Aklanon 520,000
Ibanag 320,000

Languages and dialects spoken in the Philippines include:

  • Ibanag
  • Ifugao
  • Ilokano
  • Ilonggo
  • Isneg
  • Ivatan
  • Kalinga
  • Channel
  • Kinaray-a (Karay-a)
  • Maguindanao
  • Maranao

Comparison of languages

The table of the Filipino languages ​​below enables a comparison of the individual language forms based on a selection of simple, commonly used words. Although there are different interpretations of what can be classified as language and what can be classified as dialect , the table makes it clear that there are many similarities, but the languages ​​are still difficult to understand each other.

The languages ​​are listed according to the area (from north to south) in which they are mostly spoken.

  one Two Three Four person House dog coconut Day New We (incl.) What
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango
Ilokano maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay aso niog aldaw baro dateo ania
Pangasinan sakey duara talora apatira too abong aso niyog agew balo sikatayo anto
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa ' tolay balay kitu inniuk aggaw bagu sittam anni
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetem sanenay
Kapampangan metung adwa atlu apat dew bale asu not good aldo bayu ikatamu well
Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano
Standard bicol saro duwa tulo apat tawo harong ayam niyog aldaw ba-go daycare ano
Iriga Bicolano usad darawa tulo upat tawo baloy ayam niyog aldow bago ngamin ono
Kinaray-a sara darwa tatlo apat taho balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita, did ano, iwan
Ilonggo isa duha tatlo apat tawo balay I do lubi adlaw bag-o daycare ano
Cebuano United States duha tulo upat tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o daycare unsa
Surigao-non isa duha tuyo upat tao bayay idu Nijog adlaw bag-o kami unu
Waray-Waray United States duha tulo upat tawo balay ayam lubi adlaw bag-o daycare ano
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat dew gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu
Tausug hambuuk duwa do upat dew bay iru ' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu

Another dialect that is basically not one of the Filipino languages ​​is spoken by the Tao (also known as Yami) ethnic group on Orchid Island, an island that belongs to Taiwan . The language, Tao or Yami, is still part of the Batanic languages, which also includes Ivatan, Babuyan and Itbayat from the Batanes province .

  one Two Three Four person House dog coconut Day New We (incl.) What
Tao ása dóa (raroa) tílo (tatlo) ápat tao vahay araw vayo

Variations within the dialects

The degree of variation among the different dialects differs from language to language. Languages ​​like Tagalog and Kapampangan are known to have very moderate variation within their dialect. In the language of the Bicol region , on the other hand, there is a large variety of dialects of its own. There are places there that have their own dialect. Below is the following sentence in certain variations of the Bikol language:

"Were you there at the market the whole time?"

The respective dialect and the bicolor language are listed after the translation and then the place where it is spoken. The last sentences are translations from the Tagalog, the Ilonggo, the Cebuano and finally the Surigao-non.

  • Haloy ka duman sa saod? (Standard Bikol and Bikol-Naga, a dialect from Central Bicolano or Bikol ; Naga City )
  • Aloy ka duman saod? (Magarao, a modification of Bikol-Naga, Central Bicolano; Magarao , Camarines Sur )
  • Huray ka doon saod? (Northern Catanduanes Bicolano or Pandan Bikol ; Pandan , Catanduanes )
  • Naeban ika sadto sa sa-ran? (Iriga Bicolano or Rinconada ; Iriga City )
  • Uban ika adto saod? (Libon, Albay Bicolano; Libon , Albay )
  • Naegey ika adto sa sa-ran? (Buhi-non, Albay Bicolano; Buhi Camarines Sur )
  • Eley ka idto sa sed? (Oasnon, Albay Bicolano; Oas , Albay )
  • Dugay ka didto sa palengke? (Ticao, Masbatenyo; Monreal , Masbate )
  • Awat ka didto sa plasa? (Gubat, Southern Sorsogon; Gubat Sorsogon )
  • Matagal ka roon sa palengke? ( Tagalog )
  • Nagdugay ka didto sa tyangge? ( Ilonggo )
  • Dugay ka didto sa merkado? ( Cebuano )
  • Yadto kaw sa tiangge nan dugay? (Surigao-non)

False friends

One factor that complicates the problem of mutual intelligibility among Filipino languages ​​is so-called false friends . There are many examples where words have a completely different meaning in one language than in another. Some are listed below, with the exception of Filipino and Bikol:

Legend: Ilocano (ILO), Kapampangan (PMP), Tagalog (TGL), Cebuano (CEB), Ilonggo / Hiligaynon (HIL), Waray-Waray (WRY), Pangasinan (PANG), Surigao-non (SUR).

  • bukid: field (farm) (TGL), hill / mountain (CEB, WRY, SUR & HIL).
  • gamot: medicine (TGL), roots of plants (CEB, SUR & WRY).
  • habol: continue (TGL), ceiling (CEB, SUR & HIL), tarnished (CEB & HIL).
  • hilo: cause nausea (TGL & HIL), poisonous or yarn (CEB & HIL).
  • hipon: shrimp / crab (TGL & HIL), shrimp paste (Bagoong [CEB & TAG]).
  • ilog: flow (TGL), hold against the will (CEB), copy / cheat / cheat (HIL).
  • irog: love someone (TGL), move aside (CEB).
  • ibon: 'Ebun'-Ei (Kp), Vogel (TGL).
  • hubad: translate (CEB), naked (TGL), untying / untying (HIL).
  • kadyot: copulate (TGL), a moment (CEB).
  • karon: later (HIL), now (CEB).
  • katok: knocking on a door (TGL), simple-minded / unreasonable (CEB & HIL).
  • kayat: want (ILO), copulate (CEB).
  • kumot: blanket (TGL), crumple (CEB & WRY)
  • laban: against / oppose (TGL), in favor of (CEB), greater / more of (HIL)
  • lagay: laying (TGL), male genitals (HIL, SUR & CEB), mud (WRY)
  • langgam: ant (TGL), bird (CEB).
  • libang: doing something comfortable (TGL & WRY), cleaning (CEB), babysitting or entertaining (HIL)
  • libog: Lust (TGL), to be confused (CEB & HIL).
  • lingin: round (CEB), dizzy (HIL)
  • lipong: dizzy (CEB), tired (HIL)
  • paa: foot (TGL), leg (CEB & HIL).
  • pagod: tired (TGL & HIL), burned / scorched (CEB).
  • palit: exchange / change (TGL), buy (CEB).
  • pagong: turtle (TGL), frog (HIL).
  • pating: shark (TGL & CEB), pigeon (HIL)
  • sabot: pubic hair (HIL), understand (CEB).
  • sili: chili (TGL & CEB), penis (WRY), eel (HIL).
  • tapak: enter (TGL & HIL), mend a hole (CEB).
  • tete: bridge (PMP), mammary glands (TGL).
  • titi: penis (TGL), breasts (HIL, ILO & CEB)
  • tulo: drops (TGL & HIL), syphilis (TGL & HIL), three (CEB & WRY).
  • usa: Hirsch (TGL & HIL), Eins (CEB & WRY).
  • usap: talking (TGL), chewing (CEB & HIL).
  • utong: nipple (TGL), hold your breath (CEB), green beans (ILO)
  • wala: nothing (TGL, HIL, & CEB), there is (PANG), left side (HIL & CEB)
  • lagi: always (TGL) agree (CEB)
  • upa: Rent (TGL) couples (CEB)
  • buhat: lift (TGL) do (CEB)
  • lipat: transfer (TGL) confuse (CEB)

Footnotes

  1. ^ US Country Studies: Education in the Philippines
  2. ^ A b Ethnologue, 17th ed. (2014): Languages ​​of the Philippines
  3. ↑ BHK ( Memento of the original dated August 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethnologue.com
  4. ↑ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
  5. ↑ Lobel. Jason. To Satuyang Tataramon - Ethnologue. Central Bicolano (dialects: Naga. Legazpi. Daet. Partido and Virac)
  6. ↑ Lobel. Jason. To Satuyang Tataramon - Ethnologue. Albay Bicolano (dialects: Buhi. Daraga. Libon. Oas. And Ligao)

credentials

  • Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell: The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives . Department of Anthropology, Australian National University, 1995, ISBN 0-7315-2132-3 .
  • Ethnologue report for Philippines . Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  • Lobel, Jason William & Wilmer Joseph S. Tria: An Satuyang Tataramon: A Study of the Bikol language . Lobel & Tria Partnership Co., 2000, ISBN 971-92226-0-3 .
  • Malcolm Warren Mintz: Bikol . In: Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present . 2001. ISBN 0-8242-0970-2 .
  • Reid, Lawrence A .: Philippine minor Languages: Word lists and phonologies . University of Hawai'i Press, 1971, ISBN 0-87022-691-6 .
  • Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog Dictionary . Hippocrene Books, 1998, ISBN 0-7818-0961-4 .
  • Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez: Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar . University of Hawai'i Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8248-2088-6 .
  • Carl Ralph Galvez Rubino: The Philippine National Proverb . In: Translated into various Philippine languages . Retrieved July 28, 2005.
  • Sundita, Christopher Allen: In Bahasa Sug: An Introduction to Tausug . Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co., 2002, ISBN 971-92226-6-2 .
  • Christopher Sundita: Languages ​​or Dialects? . In: Understanding the Native Tongues of the Philippines . Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
  • Yap, Fe Aldave: A Comparative Study of Philippine Lexicons . Institute of Philippine languages, Department of Education, Culture, and Sports, 1977, ISBN 971-8705-05-8 .
  • R. David Zorc: The Bisayan dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and reconstruction . In: Pacific Linguistics, . C, No. 44, 1977.
  • R. David Zorc: Hiligaynon . In: Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present . 2001.
  • Joseph Reylan B. Viray: Dagang Simbahan . In: Makata International Journal of Poetry, . 7, No. 12, 2006.

Web links