Kapampangan

Kapampangan
Spoken in	Luzón ( Philippines )
speaker	2.3 million
Linguistic ; classification	Austronesian languages Malayo-Polynesian languages Filipino languages Central Luzon Kapampangan ;
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	-
ISO 639 -2	pam
ISO 639-3	pam

The Lord's Prayer on Pampanganisch (right) at the Church of the Pater Noster to Jerusalem

Kapampangan , also Pampangan language or Pampanggan language , is an Austronesian language spoken on the Philippine island of Luzon . Kapampangan is spoken by around 2.3 million native speakers, making it one of the 13 largest languages in the Philippines.

Kinship

Kapampangan belongs to the Central Luzon branch of the Filipino languages within the Austronesian language family. In addition to Kapampangan, this branch includes the Sambal languages of the Zambales province and the Boliano language , which is spoken in Bolinao .

history

The word Kapampangan comes from the tribe pampang and means river bank. Very little is known about this language prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. In the 18th century the two books Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga and Arte de la lengua Pampanga were written by Diego Bergaño. Two 19th century Kapampangan writers are considered the equivalent of William Shakespeare in Kapampangan literature. Anselmo Fajardo wrote Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada, while Juan Crisostomo Soto became known for his many plays (for example Alang Dios 1901). The Crissotan poetic competition was initiated by Amado M. Yuzon in the 1950s to immortalize his contribution to Kapampagan literature.

Geographical distribution

Kapampangan is mainly spoken in the Philippine provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac , but also in Nueva Ecija , Bulacan and Bataan . The 2000 Philippine Census indicates that 2,312,870 out of 76,332,470 people are Kapampangan as their first language.

Lute

In standard Kapampangan there are 21 phonemes : 15 consonants and 5 vowels . Some western dialects have 6 vowels. The syllable structure is relatively simple and each syllable contains at least one vowel and one consonant.

Vowels

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, Kapampangan had the three vowels [a], [i] and [u] (some dialects also had [ə]). By borrowing words from Spanish , it was later expanded to five vowels.

There are:

an unrounded open front tongue vowel [a]
an unrounded half-open front tongue vowel [ɛ]
an unrounded closed front tongue vowel [i]
a rounded, semi-closed back vowel [o]
a rounded closed back vowel [u]

The diphthongs are [aɪ], [oɪ], [aʊ], and [iʊ], although there are only two in most dialects.

Consonants

Below is a table of the consonants of Kapampangan. All fricatives are not breathed. The velar nasal can appear in any position in the word, including the beginning. Unlike other Filipino languages, Kapampangan does not have a phoneme [h].

		Bilabial	Dental / Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosives	Unvoiced	p	t		k	- ʔ
Plosives	Voiced	b	d		G
Affricates	Unvoiced			(ts, tiy) [tʃ]
Affricates	Voiced			(diy) [dʒ]
Fricatives			s	(siy) ʃ
Nasals		m	n		ng [ŋ]
Lateral			l
Flaps			r
Half vowels		w		(y) [j]

Emphasis

The pronunciation in Kapampangan is phonemic. The main stress is either on the last or penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening is accompanied by primary or secondary stress when the stress is not at the end of the word.

Phonology

[a] is increased slightly if it is not emphasized.
In some western accents, [ɯ] is its own phoneme, like in [atɯp] (roof) or [alɯm] (deep). But for most Kapampangan speakers this sound is merged with [a].
An unstressed [i] is usually pronounced as [ɪ].
At the end of a word and a sentence, [e] and [i] are pronounced as [ɪ ~ i].
But in expressive and questioning statements, [i] becomes [ɛ].
At the end of a word and a sentence, [o] and [u] are pronounced as [u].
But in expressive and questioning statements, [u] becomes [o].
An unstressed [u] is usually pronounced as [ʊ].
The diphthong [aɪ] becomes [e ~ ɛ] in many kapampangan accents.
The diphthong [aʊ] becomes [o ~ ɔ] in many kapampangan accents.
[k] tends to become [x] between vowels.
[ɾ] and [d] are sometimes interchangeable because they are allophones in Kapampangan.
[ʔ] is often left out at the end of a word when it is in the middle of the sentence.

Historical sound shifts

In most Kapampangan dialects, the Ur-Filipino Schwa * ə merged with [a], but it was retained in some Western dialects. For example, Ur-Filipino * tanəm is tanam (to plant) in Kapampangan (compare Tagalog tanim and Cebuano tanom ). The original Filipino * R merged with [j]. For example: Kapampangan: bayu, Tagalog: bago, Ilokano : baro, German: new.

grammar

The noun

In Kapampangan the nouns are not inflected, but they are preceded by a case mark. There are three cases: Absolute , Ergative and Obliquus . In contrast to most European languages, Kapampangan is an ergative and not an accusative language . It is often wrongly believed that Kapampangan is often spoken in the passive voice.

	Absolutely	Ergative	Obliquus
Things singular	ing	-ng, ning	king
Things plural	thing ring	ring	karing
Persons singular	i	-ng	kang
Persons plural	di ri	ri	kari

Examples:

Dinatang ya ing lalaki. The man arrived.
Ikit neng Juan i Maria. Juan saw Maria.
Munta la ri Elena at Robertu king bale nang Miguel. Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house.
Nukarin la ring libro? Where are the books?
Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen. We'll give Carmen the keys.

pronoun

	Absolute (independent)	Absolute (enclitic)	Ergative	Obliquus
1st person singular	yaku, aku	ku	ku	kanaku, kaku
2nd person singular	ika	ka	must	keka
3rd person singular	iya, ya	ya	n / A	keya, kaya
1st person dual	ikata	kata, ta	ta	kekata
1st person plural inclusive	ikatamu, itamu	katamu, tamu	tamu, ta	kekatamu, kekata
1st person plural exclusive	ikami, ike	kami, ke	mi	kekami, keke
2nd person plural	ikayo, iko	kayu, ko	yu	kekayu, keko
3rd person plural	ila	la	there	karela

Examples:

Sinulat ku. I wrote.
Silatanan na ku. (He wrote me.
Dinatang ya. He arrived.
Sabyan me kaku. Tell it to me.
Ninu ya ing minaus keka? Who called you
Mamasa la. You read.

Special shapes

The pronouns ya and la have a special form when used together with the word ati (there is / are) or ala (there is / are not).

Ati yu king Pampanga He is in Pampanga.
Ala lu ring doctor keni. The doctors are no longer here.

Combination of pronouns

The order and form in which pronouns appear in sentences are listed in the following table. The Kapampangan pronouns follow verbs and particles like negative words. The enclitic pronoun always precedes another pronoun or discourse marker.

Ikit da ka. I saw you.
Silatanan na ku. He wrote me.

The constructions ikit ka da and silatanan ku na are wrong. Pronouns are also combined into suitcase words :

Ikit ke. (instead of Ikit ku ya ) I saw her.
Dinan kong pera (instead of Dinan ku lang pera ) I gave them money.

No suitcase words are used in questions and sentences with naman :

Akakit mya? (instead of akakit me? ) Do you see him?
Buri nya naman yan. (instead of buri ne naman yan ) He, however, likes this one.

	yaku 1st p	ika 2. p	ya 3rd p	ikata 1st dual	ikatamu 1st P ink.	ikami 1. P exk.	ikayo 2. P	ila 3rd P
ku 1. S	(ing sarili ku)	there ka	ke kya	-	-	-	da ko da kayu	ko ku la
must 2. S.	mu ku	(ing sarili mu)	me mya	-	-	mu ke mu kami	-	mo mu la
na 3rd p	well ku	well ka	ne nya (ing sarili na)	na kata	na katamu	na ke na kami	na ko na kayu	no nu la
ta 1st dual	-	-	te tya	(ing sarili ta)	-	-	-	to ta la
tamu 1st P ink.	-	-	ta ya	-	(ing sarili tamu)	-	-	ta la
Wed 1st P eckl.	-	there ka	mi ya	-	-	(ing sarili mi)	da ko da kayu	mi la
yu 2. P	yu ku	-	ye ya	-	-	yu ke yu kami	(ing sarili yu)	yo yu la
there 3rd P	there ku	there ka	de dya	there kata	there katamu	da ke da kami	da ko da kayu	do da la (ing sarili da)

Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns are listed in the table below. The demonstrative pronoun of Kapampangan differs from that of other Filipino languages because a distinction is made between singular and plural.

	Absolutely		Ergative		Obliquus		locative		Existential
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Existential
closest to the speaker (this, here)	ini	deni reni	nini	dareni	canini	kareni	oyni	oreni	keni
close to the speaker and addressee (this, here)	iti	deti reti	niti	dareti	kaniti	kareti	oyti	oreti	keti
closest to the addressee (that, there)	iyan	the ren	niyan	daren	kanyan	karen	oyan	oren	ken
apart (that, over there)	ita	deta reta	nita	dareta	kanita	kareta	oyta	oreta	keta

Verbs

In Kapampangan, verbs are very complex and can have a variety of affixes , inflections , aspects , modes, and others.

Ambiguities and irregularities

The verbs in Kapampangan are more difficult than in other Filipino languages because some verbs belong to unpredictable conjugations and some verb forms are ambiguous.

conjugation

	infinitive	Progressive form	Completed
Agent focus ^1a	-around-	CV-	-in-
Agent focus ^1b	-	CV-	-in- -i-
Agent focus ^1c	m-	mVm-	min- me-
Agent focus ²	like-	like-	mig-, meg-
Agent focus ³	ma-	má-	no-
Agent focus ⁴	man-	máN-	MEN-
Object focus ¹	-on	CV-… -an	-in- -i- -e-
Object focus ² Benefactive Focus	i-	iCV-	i- -in- i- -i- i- -e-
Object Focus ³ Locative Focus	-on	CV-… -an	-in-… -an -i-… -an -e-… -an
Instrument focus	ipaN-	páN-	piN-, peN
Justification focus	ka-	ká-	ke-

Language example

Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 1:

Ding sablang tau mibait lang malaya at pante-pante king karangalan at karapatan. Ila mipagkaluban lang katuliran at konsensiya ay dapat misaupan king diwang pamikapatiran.
All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should meet one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Web links

Wikipedia on Kapampangan

Wiktionary: Kapampangan - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

^ Ronald S. Himes: The Central Luzon Group of Languages . In: Oceanic Linguistics , 51 (2), 2012, University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 490-537, JSTOR 23321866 .

[Himes2012-1] Ronald S. Himes: The Central Luzon Group of Languages . In: Oceanic Linguistics , 51 (2), 2012, University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 490-537, JSTOR 23321866 .