Hiligaynon (language)
Hiligaynon | ||
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Spoken in |
Philippines | |
speaker | an estimated 7 million native speakers, 4 million second speakers | |
Linguistic classification |
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Language codes | ||
ISO 639 -1 |
- |
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ISO 639 -2 |
help |
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ISO 639-3 |
Hiligaynon, or Ilonggo in many regions , is an Austronesian language spoken primarily in the Western Visayas district of the Philippines .
In total, 7 million people in and outside the Philippines speak Hiligaynon as their main language and another 4 million speak and use it as a second language.
Hiligaynon is one of the Visayas languages .
Speech dissemination
The Hiligaynon language is predominantly represented on the island of Panay and in the province of Negros Occidental . It is spoken there mostly in the provinces of Iloilo , Capiz , Antique , Aklan and in Guimaras and is also used as a dialect in many parts of Mindanao such as Koronadal City , South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat .
As a second language it is spoken by the ethnic group of the Karay-a in Antique, the Aklanon and Malaynon in Aklan, the Cebuanos and in Siquijor as well as by the Capiznon in Capiz.
The language is strongly associated with Ilonggo in Negros Occidental and Iloilo . The Ilonggo are an ethnic-linguistic group on the island of Panay , whose culture can hardly be separated from the Hiligaynon speakers. The boundary between the two dialects cannot be clearly defined. The question of which designation is correct is just as controversial among Filipino language experts as it is among many native lay people.
pronunciation
Hiligaynon has 16 consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are three vowels mainly used: [a], [ ɛ] / [i] and [o] / [ ʊ ] .
The vowels [i] and [ ɛ] (both pronounced as i ) are allophones , with [i] at the beginning, in the middle and sometimes at the end of a syllable and [ ɛ] only occurring in the final syllables. The vowels [ ʊ ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ ʊ ] , which always takes place at the beginning of use, while [o] is always used when it ends with a syllable.
The consonants [d] and [ ɾ ] are also allophones, but can not be interchanged. So it is called patawaron (forgive) [from patawad, forgiveness] but not patawadon and it is called tagadiín (from where) [from diín, where] but not tagariín .
Notation
The core alphabet contains 20 letters. The consonants and vowels are present in both lowercase and uppercase. The Latin characters are used, but with country-specific modifications.
alphabet
The 1st to 10th letters | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
symbol | A a | B b | K k | D d | E e | G g | H h | I i | L l | M m | |||
designation | a | ba | ka | there | e | ga | Ha | i | la | ma | |||
pronunciation | [a / ə] | [aw] | [aj] | [b] | [k] | [d] | [ɛ / e] | [G] | [H] | [ɪ / i] | [ɪo] | [l] | [m] |
in context | a | aw / ao | ay | b | k | d | e | G | H | i | iw / io | l | m |
The 11th to the 20th letter | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
symbol | N n | Ng ng | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | W w | Y y | |||
designation | n / A | nga | O | pa | ra | sa | ta | u | wa | ya | |||
pronunciation | [n] | [ŋ] | [ɔ / o] | [oj] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [ʃʲ] | [t] | [ʊ / u] | [w] | [w] | [j] |
in context | n | ng | O | oy | p | r | s | sy | t | u | among others | w | y |
Additional characters
It should be noted that the apostrophe (') and hyphen (-) are also used in the spelling of Hiligaynon. In addition, different English letters are used, but these are only used for foreign words.
grammar
Determiners
Hiligaynon has three types of passwords for identifying cases: the cases are the absolute , the ergative, and the neuter case. These cases are in turn divided into personal types, which have to do with the names of people, and neuter types, which deal with anything objective.
There are also singular and plural variants, whereby the passwords for the neuter plural cases are the same as the passwords for the singular cases, but with the addition mga . This word is always used in Hiligaynon to express the plural.
Absolutely | Ergative | Real case | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular neuter | nec | sang, sing *) | sa |
Plural neuter | nec mga | sang mga, sing mga *) | sa mga |
Singular personal | si | ni | kay |
Plural personal **) | sanday | nanday | kanday |
In the modern language they are increasingly being replaced by sang . They occur mainly in conservative translations of the Bible in Hiligayno, as well as in traditional or formal language usage.
The passwords for the cases do not decide whether a noun is a subject or an object , rather the appendix of a verb does. The noun marked with the word ang is always the one that is being addressed.
Examples:
- "Ang lalaki nag kaon sang tinapay." - 'The man ate the bread.'
Can mean the same as
- "Ang tinapay gin kaon sang lalaki." - In the literal sense: 'The bread was eaten by the man.'
In Hiligaynon, however, there is a tendency to use the active sentence structure and so the first sentence is used more often.
Personal pronouns
Absolutely |
Ergative 1 (adjusted) |
Ergative 2 (in front) |
Really |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ako | nakon, ko | acon | sa acon |
2nd person singular | ikaw, ka | nimo, mo | imo | sa imo |
3rd person singular | siya | niya | iya | sa iya |
1st person plural inclusive | daycare | naton, ta | aton | sa aton |
1st person plural exclusive | kami | namon | amon | sa amon |
2nd person plural | kamo | ninyo | inyo | sa inyo |
3rd person plural | sila | nila | ila | sa ila |
Indicative pronouns
Absolutely | Ergative | Really | Existential | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Close to the speaker (this, here) * | iní | siní | dirí | yári |
Close to the addressee (this, here) | inâ | sinâ | dirâ | yára ' |
Apart (those, that) | ató | sadtó | didtó | yádto |
In addition to the forms of this given here, two verbal references should be given: karí means to come to the speaker, kadto, on the other hand, means to go to that speaker .
Foreign words
Various Spanish words can be found in Hiligaynon, such as santo (from santo, saint), berde (from verde, green) and pero (from pero, but).
Spanish verbs often remain unconjugated when used in Hiligaynon (the verb has endings such as -ar , -er or -ir ), which are conjugated in the 'tú' form in Filipino .
Examples:
- komparar, mandar, pasar, tener, disponer, mantener, etc.
Examples
Connecting words
Hiligaynon lacks expressions like the ay occurring in Tagalog or Filipino or the hay from the Akeanon dialect.
Example:
- Si Inday ay maganda. ( Tagalog )
- Si Inday matahum. (Hiligaynon)
- 'The sister is beautiful.' (German)
There is no equivalent in Hiligaynon for the translation of the auxiliary word to be from English ('sein' in German). To distinguish between will be and become , the prefixes nangin and mangin are used
Example:
- Manámi 'mangin manggaranon. - 'It's nice to get rich.'
The Spanish auxiliary verb estar (German 'to be') is part of the Hiligaynon vocabulary, but its meaning and pronunciation have been greatly modified here. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced istar and means 'to live in (a place)' (in Hiligaynon it is synonymous with the word puyo ).
Example:
- Nagaistar ako sa tabuc suba. - 'I live in tabuc suba.'
Existential
The word may is used to denote a living object .
Example:
- May idô ko. - ,I have a dog.'
question words
The question words in Hiligaynon are as follows: diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano and pila .
Diin means where.
Example:
- Diin ka na? - ,Where are you now?'
A variant of diin , tagadiin is used to ask the listener's place of birth or hometown.
Example:
- Tagadiin ka? - ,Where are you from?'
San-o means when.
Example:
- San-o inâ? - ,When is it?'
Sin-o is called who.
Example:
- Sin-o imo abyan? - ,Who is your friend?'
Nga-a means why.
Example:
- Nga-a di ka magkadto? - 'Why don't you want to go?'
Kamusta means how, in the sense of 'How are you?'
Example:
- Kamusta ang tindahan? - 'How's the business?'
Ano means something.
Example:
- Ano ang imo nagabasa? - ,What are you reading?'
A variant of ano, paano, also means like, but in the sense of 'How should I do something?'
Example:
- Paano ko makapulî? - 'How should I get home?'
Pila means how much.
Example:
- Pila ang mga upod sa imo? - 'How many are there with you?'
A variant of pila , the word ikapila , asks for a numerical order in relation to a person, as in "How many were you born into your family?" (First born, second born etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to use in a European language translate because there is no equivalent in German or English.
Example:
- Ikapila ka? - 'How many years were you born into your family?'
numbers
numbers | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
1 | Isá |
2 | Duhá |
3 | Tatlo |
4th | Apat |
5 | Limá |
6th | Anum |
7th | Pitó |
8th | Waló |
9 | Siyám |
10 | Púlô |
100 | Gatus |
1000 | Libó |
(Exception: amounts of money are given in Spanish.)
Time
Times are given in Spanish.
Days of the week
The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents:
Day | Adlaw |
---|---|
Sunday | Domingo |
Monday | Lunes |
Tuesday | Martes |
Wednesday | Miyerkoles |
Thursday | Huwebes |
Friday | Biyernes |
Saturday | Sabadó |
Months of the year
The first names of the month names in Hiligaynon are also derived from Spanish.
month | Bulan |
---|---|
January | Enero; ulalong |
February | Pebrero; dagangkahoy |
March | Marso; dagangbulan |
April | April; kiling |
May | Mayo; himabuyan |
June | Hunio; kabay |
July | Hulyo; hidapdapan |
August | Agosto; lubad-lubad |
September | Septiyembre; kangurolsol |
October | Octubre; bagyo-bagyo |
November | Nobiyembre; panglot-diotay |
December | Disiyembre; panglot-daku |
Short greetings and phrases
German | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
Yes. | Hu-o. |
No. | Indî. |
Thank you very much | Salamat. |
sorry | Pasensya. / Pasaylo. |
Help | Bulig! / Tabang! |
Delicate! | Namit! |
Watch out. | Halong. |
Are you crazy? | Akig ka? |
I do not know. | Ambot. |
That is wonderful! | Námì-námì man (i) nâ! |
Good Morning. | Maayong aga. |
Good day. | Maayong udto. |
Good afternoon (afternoon). | Maayong hapon. |
Good evening | Maayong gave-i. |
How are you? | Kumusta ka? / Kamusta ikaw? |
I am fine. | Maayo man. |
I'm fine how about you | Maayo man, ikaw iya? |
How old are you? | Pila na ang edad nimo? / Ano ang edad mo? |
I am 25 years old. | Should singko anyos na (a) ko. / Duha ka pulo kag lima ka tuig na (a) ko. |
I'm john | Ako si John. / Si John ako. |
I am Oskee. | Ako si Oskee. / Si Oskee ako. |
What is your name? | Ano imo ngalan? / Ano ngalan (ni) mo? |
I love you. | Palangga ta ka. |
I love you (romantic love) | Ginahigugma ko ikaw. |
Thank you very much. | Salamat gid. |
Girl you are beautiful | Day tama sa imo ka-anyag. / Day, gwapa ka gid! |
Can I have your phone number? | Puede ko makuha ang numero sang cellphone mo? |
This and that
German | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
What is this? | Ano (i) ni? |
This is a piece of paper. | Isa ni ka panid sang papel. / Isa ka panid ka papel ini. |
What is that there? | Ano (i) nâ? |
This is a book. | Libro (i) nâ. |
What would you like to do? | Ano ang himu-on (ni) mo? / Ano ang buhaton (ni) mo? |
What are you doing? | Ano ang ginahimo (ni) mo? |
I dont know. | Ambut |
Questions about directions and times
German | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
Where shall we go? | Diin kita makadto? |
Where are we going? | Diin kita pakadto? |
Where are you going? | (Sa) diin ka makadto? |
We should go to Bacolod. | Makadto kita sa Bacolod. |
I go home. | Mapa-uli na ko (sa balay). |
Where do you live? | Diin ka naga-istar? / Diin ka na-gapuyô? |
Where are you from? (Where have you just been?) | Diin ka nag halin? |
Have you been there long | Dugay ka na diri? |
(To the left. | (Sa) wala. |
(To the right. | (Sa) tuô. |
What time is it? | Ano ('ng) takna na? / Ano ('ng) horas na? |
It is ten o'clock. | Alas diyes na. |
What time is it now? | Ano ang horas subong? |
At the market square
German | Hiligaynon |
---|---|
Can i buy? | Pwede ko mabakal? |
How much is this? | Day-pila ini? |
How much is this here / there? | Tagpilá iní / inâ? |
Web links
- Hiligaynon-to-English dictionary (PDF; 430 kB)
- English to Hiligaynon dictionary (PDF; 432 kB)
- Hiligaynon online dictionary
- CEB SIL International Report for Hiligaynon
- Spelling in Hiligaynon in Omniglot
- Ilonggo Community & Discussion Board ( Memento from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive )