Filipino Martial Arts

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Grand Master Jonathan "June" Makiling Abaya with rattan sticks

Filipino Martial Arts ( FMA for short ) is an internationally established collective term for all Filipino martial arts .

In popular media, the terms Arnis, Eskrima or Kali are most likely to come across when talking about the martial arts schools in the Philippines. These names stand for a mainly armed martial art from Southeast Asia, which deals with different types of weapons, but also with unarmed combat (see 4 disciplines below).

For the sake of simplicity, the term Arnis is used in this article to represent Arnis, Escrima and Kali. However, it should be noted that there are both martial arts schools in the Philippines , which, like Yaw-Yan, are not primarily armed martial arts, as well as schools which, like the kuntao, are so deeply rooted in Filipino culture that they are natural components of cultural heritage.

history

A Tagali couple from the Maharlika caste , taken from the Boxer Codex, 16th century

The art of Arnis belonged to a number of arts and traditions of the Southeast Asian warrior caste Maharlika ( trad. Bay .: ᜋᜑᜎᜒᜃ / col . Bay .: ᜋᜑᜇ᜔ᜎᜒᜃ). As an art of war, it included several aspects of combat, with the main focus being on armed conflict. The warriors were instructed in the use of long and short swords, knife fighting and spear fighting and also learned wrestling and punching and kicking techniques . A special skill was the simultaneous use of two weapons of the same or different types as well as the defense using everyday objects. However, until the second half of the 20th century, the arts were only taught within one's own clan. Hardwood or rattan sticks were usually used instead of swords during training in order to keep the risk of injury as low as possible. Even before young warriors were allowed to use the sword, they had to prove their skills with heavy hardwood sticks from Bahi or Kamagong - also known as ironwood. These imitated the weight and length of a real sword. It is noticeable that in Southeast Asian weapons techniques weapons that can be wielded with one hand are clearly preferred. The reason for this is probably the dense vegetation that existed in the region mainly before the 20th century. This forced the warriors to prefer compact techniques and smaller weapons.

At the moment, relatively little is known about the origin and famous pre-colonial representatives of this art. One of the most famous is Princess Urduja , who lived during the Yuan Dynasty (元朝Pinyin : yuán cháo). Art is also part of many of the archipelago's legends and stories. So be Lam-Ang been the hero of a nordluzónischen epic, a masterpiece of art. The god Apo Laki , brother of Mayari , is also a master of sword fighting.

The best-known clash between European and Southeast Asian forces today was the battle that took place between Ferdinand Magellan's and Lapu-Lapus' forces on April 27, 1521. It is said that Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu himself. However, this is only a rumor that was only spread in the 19th century and is not historically verifiable, since Antonio Pigafetta's records of his trip around the world only say that Magellan was attacked by several enemy soldiers under Lapu-Lapu's command presumably was slain.

The kris is one of the most famous weapons in Southeast Asia.

After the great failure at Mactan, the Spaniards managed, with great calculation, to finally gain the trust of the local nobles and play them off against each other. With this tactic, they weakened the entire political balance of the archipelago - the nobles were no longer able to form an effective force against the Spaniards when their real intentions crystallized. Although the politically and economically important cities and ships of the Philippine archipelago were protected with Southeast Asian cannons, called Lantaka , they were unable to do anything against the much more advanced firearm technologies of the future occupiers due to the political turmoil. The home advantage of the archipelago dwellers also declined, as Maharlika also fought on the side of the Spaniards.

The practice of the arts was officially banned by the Spanish colonial powers in 1764, and so the warriors practiced their skills in secret. Many combined the martial arts with the Southeast Asian tradition of folklore dances and in this way hid their knowledge for posterity.

During the Second World War and the Vietnam War , the US Army had Filipino soldiers carry out much of the fighting. Fidel Ramos, who later became President of the Philippines, was one of these soldiers . The fact of the recruitment gave rise to the myth in the western world that the US army specifically hired Arnis masters because they were familiar with guerrilla tactics in Southeast Asian territory and were outstanding fighters. However, nothing can prove this. The US only let soldiers from the archipelago fight for themselves, regardless of whether they could Arnis or not. In fact, the vast majority of soldiers were neither Arnis masters nor disciples.

The military service made it possible for many to acquire US citizenship. This brought the Filipino martial arts to the American continent. In the early 1970s, they gradually became better known thanks to people like Dan Inosanto , who introduced this art to many US action films.

After the term "Kali" became popular in the 1980s and demand increased, some masters changed the name of their fighting style in order not to miss the opportunity to generate additional income.

Until the second half of the 20th century, successful warriors and headhunters of the indigenous tribes of the mountainous region of Luzon received ritual tattoos as an honor.

Arnis was also a discipline in the Southeast Asian Games in 1991 and 2005 and was named the official national sport of the Philippines in 2010 by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . It must be taught in all Filipino schools.

etymology

The term Arnis is a corruption of the term arnes , in German "Harnisch". It is derived from the fact that the Spanish occupiers, who first landed in the Philippines in 1521, were too clumsy and heavy in their armor to hold their own against the Maharlika. Eskrima, however, also known as Escrima , is derived from the Spanish term esgrima , which means “fencing” in German. The reason for the existence of two spellings of this word is that the letter c does not exist in the Filipino alphabet . The origin of the third term for art, Kali , remains controversial to this day. Dan Inosanto traced the term back to the two old Malay words KA hmot (hand) and LI hot (body) and meant that it stood for movement of hand and body . Another theory says that the name of the Indian goddess Kali was modeled on, or was derived from the old Malay "Kalis", sword .

Traditional and modern art

The difference between traditional and modern art is that the classical Arnis is the original art of war, which deals with medieval war tools such as sword or spear, and the modern Arnis concentrates more on the use of sticks and contemporary everyday objects.

Modern Arnis only grew into art when the Spanish colonial power forbade its practice in 1764 and disarmed the population. People felt compelled to pass the art on to future generations in secret and without the use of actual weapons. From this, techniques tailored to striking weapons, new movement schemes as well as combat and defense tactics developed.

To this day, however, it is still the case that beginners in the classical field, then as now, practice their techniques with sticks, just like students of modern Arnis. Only after years of continuous training are they allowed and also common in the Philippines to practice with sharp blades either alone or with partners. Only in this way can they become masters of the Arnis.

Disciplines

At that time, the young Maharlika was required to be instructed in the so-called Bothoan School in the areas of history, philosophy, poetry as well as dance and the art of war. The Arnis itself was divided into twelve levels - martial disciplines - that a student had to learn on the way to mastery. These are:

Different combat disciplines traditionally taught in Arnis
Name of the discipline in Tagalog ( Latinized ) Name of the discipline in Tagalog (in Baybayin ) Translation of the discipline into German Brief explanation of the discipline
Olisi / Pamalo ᜂᜎᜒᜐᜒ / ᜉᜋᜎᜓ floor Most famous weapon of the Filipino martial arts. After learning to use the stick, the movement pattern can be transferred to other objects. The stick can consist of different materials (e.g. rattan) and is used in different lengths. Most of the time, however, a 70 cm long stick is used for training.
Dalawang Olisi / Pamalo trad. Bay. : ᜇᜎᜏᜂᜎᜒᜐᜒ / col . Bay. : ᜇᜎᜏᜅ᜔ / ᜉᜋᜎᜓ Double deck The most famous trait of Arnis, promotes both strength and coordination . Basic requirement for many other techniques.
Punyal trad. Bay. : ᜉᜓᜌ / col . Bay. : ᜉᜓᜈ᜔ᜌᜎ᜔ Knife , dagger Knives are seen as stabbing weapons in Arnis, and effective defense or use of them is therefore not the same as using a sword. It is assumed that an attacker always wields a weapon, even if it cannot be seen straight away.
Dalawang Punyal trad. Bay. : ᜇᜎᜏᜂᜎᜒᜐᜒ / col . Bay. : ᜇᜎᜏᜅ᜔ᜂᜎᜒᜐᜒ Two knives / daggers The movements with two knives correspond in a certain way to those of two sticks.
tobacco trad. Bay. : ᜆᜊ / col . Bay. : ᜆᜊᜃ᜔ sword Swords were the stereotypical weapons of the Maharlika during the Middle Ages and accordingly the main focus of the Arnis. It should be noted, however, that swords are usually between 70 and 100 cm in length. Weapons like the Kris were more likely between 50 and 70 cm, the Kampilan, however, always had a length between 100 and 120 cm. In normal usage, the word tobacco is used very rarely, but the respective blade type is mentioned explicitly.
Dalawang tobacco trad. Bay. : ᜇᜎᜏᜆᜊ / col . Bay. : ᜇᜎᜏᜅ᜔ᜆᜊᜃ᜔ Two swords Because most of the cut weapons in Southeast Asia are short and can be wielded with one hand, it was obvious to expand the martial arts to techniques for two swords.
Tobacco at Punyal trad. Bay. : ᜉᜓᜌᜀᜂᜎᜒᜐᜒ / col . Bay. : ᜉᜓᜈ᜔ᜌᜎ᜔ᜀᜆ᜔ᜂᜎᜒᜐᜒ Sword and knife Today this discipline is also called Espada y Daga (Spa .: sword and dagger). A knife is held in one hand and a sword in the other. Traditionally, this level was about combining two weapons with different ranges and uses, which is why different weapons, not just the sword and the knife, were combined with one another.
Panantukan trad. Bay. : ᜉᜈᜆᜓᜃ / col . Bay. : ᜉᜈᜈ᜔ᜆᜓᜃᜈ᜔ Boxing A neologism that was created by Fil-Ams to give the traditional fistfight, which is only partially comparable to the western version of boxing, a name. Actually, this type of fight is called Suntukan , in German "brawl". Both terms are derived from the word Suntok (blow).
Sikaran / Pananjakman trad. Bay. : ᜐᜒᜃᜇ᜔ / col . Bay. : ᜐᜒᜃᜇ᜔ᜈ᜔ To step Also a neologism that Fil-Ams launched. The actual term for “step” in both Tagalog and Visaya is sipaan , is derived from the word Sipa (step) and is related to the Malay sepak . This discipline consists largely of kicking techniques that are performed from a long distance. In the middle or near distance, knee or elbow techniques are more likely to be used.
Dumog / Buno trad. Bay. : ᜇᜓᜋᜓ / col . Bay. : ᜇᜓᜋᜓᜄ᜔ Wrestling With Dumog, a distinction is made between standing wrestling and fighting on the ground, with a number of techniques derived from sword movements.
Sibat trad. Bay. : ᜐᜒᜊ / col . Bay. : ᜐᜒᜊᜆ᜔ spear Back then warriors had to be able to handle a spear, but nowadays a long stick, in Tagalog Bangkaw ( trad. Bay .: ᜊᜃ / col . Bay .: ᜊᜅ᜔ᜃᜏ᜔), is usually used instead of a spear .
Pana or Paggagamot trad. Bay. : ᜉᜈ, trad. Bay. : ᜉᜄᜄᜋᜓ / col . Bay. : ᜉᜄ᜔ᜄᜄᜋᜓᜆ᜔ "Arch", or "Provide someone with medicine" Depending on the clan, warriors were trained as archers or medical personnel in addition to the normal disciplines. Since both disciplines were the most time-consuming in terms of the duration of the training, they were the last and highest place in the martial arts. However, this last level is usually not taught these days.

Training methods

Sinawali

Sinawali ( Bay .: ᜐᜒᜈᜏᜎᜒ; Tag .: “networked, interwoven”) are double-deck hitting exercises that are practiced with a partner. They are used to memorize certain punch patterns and to grind them in. In Sinawali, the stroke sequence is set in such a way that both partners can perform the strokes in a flowing, endless loop.

Tapi-tapi

Tapi-Tapi ( Bay .: ᜆᜉᜒᜆᜉᜒ) is a form of exercise in which one partner leads and the other follows. Often both partners follow a predetermined sequence of attack and defense techniques. While one partner only attacks, the other has to defend against it and carry out counterattacks. This is intended to train the feeling of distance and movement sequences. Depending on the level of experience of the students, the tapi-tapi become increasingly difficult.

Palit-Palit

In the Palit-Palit ( trad. Bay .: ᜉᜎᜒᜉᜎᜒ / col . Bay .: ᜉᜎᜒᜆ᜔ᜉᜎᜒᜆ᜔; Tag .: constant change), also called 1X1, is alternately attacked and blocked with a partner. Since the attacks are made without announcement, this exercise serves as preparation for serious arguments. The student must learn to spontaneously either repel or carry out any attack from any position. It is important that both students are fully concentrated in order to learn to read the movements of the other person and to act accordingly. For experienced students, the 1X1 also disarms or throws.

Hubud-Lubud / Hubad-Lubad

Hubad-Lubad ( trad. Bay .: ᜑᜓᜊᜎᜓᜊ / col . Bay .: ᜑᜓᜊᜇ᜔ᜎᜓᜊᜇ᜔) describes unarmed partner exercises in which the flow of movements is to be practiced. The Americans transcribed this term as "Hubud-Lubud" and thus falsified the pronunciation of the term abroad. The term comes from the Visaya , where the first word hubad means "naked", and the second, lubad , would mean "dwindling" or "flowing". Similar to Sinawali, the basic movement of the exercise is fixed and the pupils could in principle stay in this movement loop without interruption. One of the differences to Sinawali is that in Hubud-Lubud the arms of both partners touch almost all the time. The aim is to learn how to feel the opponent's movements when he is standing in front of you. The advanced exercise of Hubud-Lubud provides that an attempt is made to break out of this endless movement and to overwhelm the partner. This in turn tries the same.

to form

The forms of exercise in Arnis are called either Anyo ( trad. Bay .: ᜀᜌᜓ / col . Bay .: ᜀᜈ᜔ᜌᜓ; Tag .: Form, Figur, Gestalt) or Sayaw ( trad. Bay .: ᜐᜌ / col . Bay .: ᜐᜌᜏ᜔; Day .: dance). They represent a stylized, choreographed confrontation against several imaginary opponents, following a fixed pattern in the room. The different fighting styles usually have different Anyo that they practice, but there can still be overlaps, variants and different naming. The advantage of the fixed forms was that knowledge about techniques and tactics could be passed on to the next generation in a compressed form without having to write them down.

weapons

Numerous weapons are in use in the Filipino martial arts. The following are used particularly frequently:

Half-open balisong
Battle ax as it was common in northern and central Luzón
A Lantaka also Rentaka belongs to the swivel gun and was the common gun in Southeast Asia. Their shape also often resembled a Nawa / Naga , the Southeast Asian dragon

Some of the rarer weapons include:

Dress code

An example of two Arnis uniforms from Luzon, black is for teachers, red is for students.

There is no uniform uniform in the Arnis, as is the case in Japanese combat schools. In many places, everyday clothing is still practiced today. It is also important that i. d. Usually is trained with shoes. However, there are more and more schools that stand for uniform clothing for Arnis practitioners. Depending on the region from which the respective style comes, there may be differences in clothing. Especially Luzóns ( trad. Chin .: 呂宋 / ver. Chin .: 吕宋, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lūsòng / Pinyin : Lǚsòng, trad. Bay .: ᜎᜓᜐᜓ col. Bay .: ᜎᜓᜐᜓᜈ᜔) martial arts schools fall through their red Workout clothes on. There are two reasons for choosing this color: on the one hand, red is considered a lucky color in Asia and therefore holds a special place in the hearts of the people there; on the other hand, red was also the color of the Luzón-born Katipunan ( trad.Bay . : ᜃᜆᜒᜉᜓᜈ / col. Bay .: ᜃᜆᜒᜉᜓᜈᜈ᜔), who chose this color among other things because of its luck-bringing factor.

Armor from Mindanao with a helmet made according to the Spanish model

As a reminder of the Katipunan, many Luconian martial arts students wear a white T-shirt and red pants. The People's Party wore a white '' 'Barong Tsinoy' '', the clothes of the workers and peasants, and red trousers. In addition, these schools are reminiscent of the pre-colonial history through jackets, which are based on the traditional Tagali wardrobe. The easiest way to tell the difference between the uniforms for advanced and those for students is by the color. Experienced practitioners of Arnis usually wear a black uniform, which, however, has the same design as the red one. But even if they should wear red, advanced students can usually be recognized by the emblem of the respective school, which is embroidered both small on the chest and large on the back of the respective uniform.

In various Arnis associations from the western world, however, a uniform based on traditional Filipino clothing is often completely dispensed with. Instead, they often use different T-shirts, which are intended to illustrate both the association membership by means of different colors and motifs as well as the rank of the student or advanced within the respective school.

Emblems

Most Arnis schools have either a circle or a triangle as an emblem. The circle is the traditional form for seals in the Philippines and is one of the reasons why it is often used. The triangle, on the other hand, stands for several philosophical principles within the Filipino martial art as well as for certain sequences of movements, such as footwork.

graduation

(For the different degrees of graduation, see 10 grades for different associations below)

In order to attract Western learners, graduations, mostly based on the Japanese model , were introduced in some Arnis schools in the second half of the 20th century . However, since Arnis was and is taught by different clans, there is no uniform grading system for Filipino fighting styles. It should also be noted that, although different associations may teach the same style, they may have different grades; a student or master’s degree cannot therefore be transferred from one association to another. Many martial arts schools still do not have belt ranks or something equivalent. However, if there is one, the belt knot is not in the front, as in other martial arts schools, but on the side of the practitioner's right hip. This is due to the way the Maharlica wore their belts.

A distinction is often made between student and advanced grades. The different grades of pupil are often called Antas , in German “rank”, “class”, “level” or, as is common in some schools, class . The latter is derived from Spanish and also means "class". In contrast to the Japanese kyu ranks, in some Arnis schools there is still the rank of novice, beginner, on Tagalog Baguhan , which is below the student ranks. Traditionally, a newcomer first had to prove himself to the students and advanced learners before he was accepted into the class.

Antas ( /anˑ.tasˑ/ , trad.Bay .: ᜀᜆ / col.Bay .: ᜀᜈ᜔ᜆᜐ᜔)

Class ( /klaˑ.sɛˑ/ , Bay .: ᜃᜒᜎᜐᜒ )

Baguhan ( /ba.gūˑ.hân/ , trad.Bay .: ᜊᜄᜓᜑ / col.Bay .: ᜊᜄᜓᜑᜈ᜔)

For advanced students from abroad, Remy Presas and Ernesto Presas introduced the term Lakan , which is the Tagali equivalent of the German gentleman and was used as a description for male nobles before colonization. The last ruler of Tondo was called Lakandula , (Dula means "throne") by the population . The female counterpart of the Lakan is the Dayang .

Remy Presas also introduced the rank of prince, based on Tagalog Datu , in his US-based school . However, this term came under great criticism from Filipinos living in the Philippines and was perceived as an affront, especially because in the south of the Philippines, as well as in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei, several principalities are led by Datu and such a rank is disrespectful to the Malay Culture is felt.

Lakan ( /la.kân/ , trad. Bay .: ᜎᜃ / col . Bay .: ᜎᜃᜈ᜔)

Dayang ( /dà.jāŋ/ , trad. Bay .: ᜇᜌ / col . Bay .: ᜇᜌᜅ᜔)

Datu ( /dā.tù/ , Bay .: ᜇᜆᜓ, sometimes also col . Bay .: ᜇᜆᜓᜃ᜔)

Philosophy and relation to religion

Due to a lack of sources, several theories and myths entwine around the philosophical and religious background of the Maharlika and thus also of the Arnis. The warriors allegedly lived according to the Kalantiaw Codex , an absolute set of rules that is said to have been written in 1433. However, William Henry Scott made it clear in 1965 that this code is definitely a forgery and was actually only written in 1913. The fact is that because of the Christianization of the population and the cultural genocide by Spain, many fighting styles in the Philippines have lost their reference to religion and currently little is known about the pre-colonial period in the Philippines. In some styles, only fragments of the theological and philosophical heritage of the Philippine archipelago remain. And often it is only through archaeological finds and buildings that were built at the beginning of imperialism that it is possible to identify the religion of the population before the oppression.

Buddhism

Many ethnic minorities in the Philippine archipelago, such as the Ifugao , who are part of the Hmong , or the Bajau and T'Boli , are animists. Hence the misconception of many that all people in the Philippines before colonization also belonged to animistic religions. Unfortunately, serious historical and archaeological research on the Philippines has only been carried out on a large scale since 1992, the year in which the US troops left Philippine territory, because it is now known for sure that a large part of the population of the archipelago was originally Buddhist . For example, church towers that were erected on Luzón during the early days of colonialism are all octagonal in shape. This is derived from the shape of Chinese pagodas (塔). Chinese protection lions ( trad. Chin .: 石獅; ver. Chin .: 石狮), as you can still see them at the San Agustin Church in Vigan (美 岸), are an element of Buddhism. In addition, the Buddhist calendar is used at the LCI . There are also some loan words from Sanskrit , the language of Buddha, Tagalog and other languages ​​of the archipelago. These include the word Maharlika itself ( Dev .: महऱनिक). The last factor to be mentioned is the references of the pre-colonial Filipino mythologies to Hinduism and the Mahabharata . Based on this, there are many theories that say that the Maharlika initially followed the Buddhist agama (आगम), but in some regions later, probably in the 13th century, switched to the Muslim Sharia (شريعة).

Islam

Trade relations between the various principalities of the Philippine archipelago and the Middle East can now be traced back to the 10th century. However, as far as we know today, the 13th century seems to play a major role in the Islamization of the southern parts of the archipelago. Because Kublai Khan , the then emperor of China, saw to it that the Turks , since they helped him to power, had the highest possible position within the Chinese empire.

As a result of this policy, many nobles in the Philippine archipelago saw the need to learn Turkish as a foreign language. Since the emperor caused the transit trade to the countries in the Middle East to be strongly promoted, there was also an economic upswing in the empires of Southeast Asia. The trade with Muslim guilds was highly regarded, which meant that the increased trade also had an impact on the culture in the southern part of the Philippine archipelago and what is now Malaysia and Indonesia. The way armament was made changed, and the okir became the typical (and now traditional) design of clothing in these areas. From 1260 onwards, many nobles in the Far East joined Islam. This also took place in Mindanao, which can be seen, among other things, from the Koran verses on armor. Ultimately, Islam also reached the Kingdom of Luzón in 1500 when Sultan Bolkiah attacked the empire and founded the city-state Maynilad ( trad. Bay .: ᜋᜈᜒᜎ / col. Bay .: ᜋᜌ᜔ᜈᜒᜎ) there.

Furthermore, in the Sultanate of Maguindanao , as well as in what is now Malaysia and Indonesia, the tradition of meng-âmok , in German rampage, occurred. For them this was a form of jihad (جهاد), which was later used primarily against the colonial powers Spain and the USA. The Spaniards referred to these rampages as Juramentado . Nevertheless, it remains to be clarified whether this behavior actually stems from the local interpretation of Islam.

Anting-Anting

The term Anting-Anting comes from Old Malay, where Anting means "hang up". Because the language was a koinese language , plurals and superlatives were formed by repeating the respective morphemes ; Anting-Anting accordingly means "hanger" or "trailer". Nowadays, the term is mainly used for "earring" , as in Indonesian , or for "amulet" in the Philippines, in Tagalog also "Agimat". After the Catholization of the Philippines, the illustrations of the amulets were predominantly Christian, and the inscriptions on them were predominantly in Latin. As with other talismans, there are many different areas that the amulet is supposed to affect.

At the end of the 20th century and in the first years of the 21st century, many Filipino-American martial arts organizations tried to add a mystical level to the Arnis, which should be as comparable as possible to the mysticism of the Chinese or Japanese schools. In doing so, they came across amulets and lucky charms, as they exist in several cultures, and tried to establish a non-existent direct reference to warriorism in the Philippine archipelago. There were and still are people who believed and believe in the power of amulets, but these cannot be assigned to a specific class or caste, nor was and is their property reserved for a specific group in the Philippines.

Sports or tournaments

Due to the westernization of the Asian martial arts and the resulting martial arts, it is more and more common to organize tournaments based on the western model in the Arnis. The disciplines carried out in these tournaments mostly consist of free fights and Anyo demonstrations. Since there is a high risk of injury in free combat, especially with sticks, tournament participants nowadays usually have to wear protective clothing consisting of a helmet, armor, hand protectors and specially prepared sticks. In addition, there are limitations in performing techniques.

Proponents of Western competitions emphasize the sporty character of the Asian arts and cite their practical application. Critics, on the other hand, are of the opinion that these contradict the true character and spirit of the arts and that due to the greatly reduced number and z. Sometimes techniques changed that Arnis regressed.

Graduations from various associations

(For an explanation of the grading systems, see 7.2 Graduation above.)

Student grades

MAMD

Class Baguhan 10 9 8th 7th 6th 5 4th 3 2 1
Belt color without strap White White yellow yellow green green blue blue brown brown
black black black black black

DAV

Antas Baguhan 5th grade 4th grade 3rd grade 2nd class 1st class

Belt color

without strap White yellow green blue brown

Advanced levels

MAMD

Dan degree 1st Dan 2nd Dan 3rd Dan 4th Dan 5th Dan 6th Dan 7th Dan 8th Dan 9th Dan 10th Dan
designation expert expert expert expert expert Master (Junior) Master (Senior) Grandmaster Grandmaster Grandmaster
Tagalog Pangisa Pangalawa Pangatlo Pangapat Panglima Panganim Pangpito Pangwalo Pangsiyam Pangsampo
Belt color red- red- red- red- red- red- red- red- yellow red-
black black black black black black black black black blue

DAV

Dan degree 1st Dan 2nd Dan 3rd Dan 4th Dan 5th Dan 6th Dan 7th Dan 8th Dan 9th Dan 10th Dan
designation expert expert expert expert expert master Master (Senior) Grandmaster Grandmaster Grandmaster
Tagalog Pangisa Pangdalawa Pangtatlo Pangapat Panglima Panganim Pangpito Pangwalo Pangsiam Pangsampu
Belt color red- red- red- red- red- red- red- black- black- black-
black black black black black black black red red red

Clubs and associations in German-speaking countries

Various organizations and associations
Country-specific Name of the association More information about the association Management of the association
Under the name Arnis Worldwide Family of Modern Arnis (WFMA) a merger of several associations that train according to the Modern Arnis by Prof. Remy Presas. This organization was founded in July 2006 as WBMA (Worldwide Brotherhood of Modern Arnis) and renamed WFMA in August 2007.
International Modern Arnis Federation (IMAFP) a Filipino organization founded by Remy A. Presas.
International Philippine Martial Arts Federation (IPMAF) is the world umbrella organization of Kombatan Arnis under the direction of Grand Master Ernesto A. Presas, co-founder of Modern Arnis and Mano Mano.
World Community Kombatan a Filipino organization founded by Grand Master Ernesto A. Presas. Grandmaster Juerg Ziegler (9th Dan Kombatan / Modern Arnis) was appointed chairman.
ARNIS ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL INC. (AAII) a Filipino organization founded by Grand Master "Rodel" Dagooc. under the direction of GM Rodel Dagooc
Within the German area German Arnis Association V. (DAV) under the technical direction of Dieter Knüttel
Modern Arnis - Mano Mano Organization Germany under the direction of Wolfgang Schnur
Arnis de Mano Germany e. V.
Daisho Martial Arts Academy (DMAA) direct connection to ARNIS ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL INC. (AAII)
Deutscher Kobudoverband eV Section Arnis
Kombatan / Modern Arnis - Mano Mano Organization (MAMD) under the direction of IPMAF Chief Instructor of Europe Wolfgang Schnur
DAKO (German-Asian Martial Arts Organization) / IMAF the Combat Arnis was the Philippine weapons and karate grandmaster J. Chui Brocka, a student of the Presas brothers and trainers in the US Special Forces, founded and launched in Europe under the direction of Hans-Dieter Rauscher
Within the Austrian area International Real Arnis Federation / IRAF Was founded in Graz / Austria in 2002. Real Arnis contains techniques and concepts from Modern Arnis, Pananandata Arnis, Lapunti Arnis, Combat Arnis, Warrior Escrima, Doce Pares Escrima, Kali and Silat. Head coach Alfred Plath
Within the Swiss area Jürg Ziegler Martial Arts Center (JZMAC) under the direction of Jürg Ziegler
Under the name Eskrima / Escrima Doce Pares Escrima
Escrima Concepts
Giron / Arnis Escrima
Latosa Escrima / ETF Combat Escrima
Newman Escrima
Under the name Kali Pekiti-Tirsia Kali under the direction of Tuhon Uli Weidle
Kali Silat new: KSE (Kali Silat Evolution)
Inosanto Kali
Kali Sikaran
Including all terms IKAEF
Progressive Filipino Fighting
Within the German area Filipino Fighting Arts Association Germany

Personalities

Veterans and pioneers of the Filipino martial arts include Leo Tortal Gaje, Jr. ( Pekiti-Tirsia Kali ), Dan Inosanto , Edgar Sulite ( Lameco Eskrima ), the Cañete brothers ( Doce Pares ), Angel Cabales (Cabales Serrada Escrima), Jeff Espinous ( Kali Sikaran ), the brothers Ernesto and Remy Presas ( Modern Arnis ), Jevier Jesus Garcia (Progressive Filipino Fighting), Michael G. Inay (Inayan Eskrima) and René Latosa (Latosa Escrima Concepts). Masters of Tapi-Tapi are the direct students of Remy Presas, i.e. H. Brian Zawilinski , Ken Smith , Chuck Gauss and Gaby Roloff .

literature

  • Gunnar Siebert: Arnis, Escrima, Kali. The art of whirling sticks. Textbook for stick fighting. 6th edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-87892-063-6 .
  • Mark V. Wiley: Filipino Fighting Arts. Theory and Practice. Unique Publications, Burbank CA 2000, ISBN 0-86568-180-5 , (English).
  • Mark V. Wiley et al. a .: Arnis. Reflections on the History and Development of the Filipino Martial Arts. Tuttle publ., Boston MA 2001, ISBN 0-8048-3269-2 , (English), (articles from various authors compiled by Mark V. Wiley).
  • Ned R. Nepangue, Celestino C. Macachor: Cebuano Eskrima. Beyond the Myth. Xlibris, USA sl 2007, ISBN 978-1-4257-4621-6 , (English).

Web links

Commons : Filipino Martial Arts  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Antonio Pigafetta ( Memento of September 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Progetto Pigafetta of the Biblioteca Bertoliana
  2. http://www.marine-niemeyer.com/books/28576_d.php Magellan's Voyage. A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation (1519-1522), mapped copy by Cornelis Koeman
  3. Geo Epoche, Issue No. 21 - Das imperial Japan, Japans christliches Jahrhundert pp. 68–74. 2006
  4. ^ Duncan Stearn: Chronology of South-East Asian History 1400-1996. The Mitraphab Center Pty Ltd, Dee Why (NSW) 1997.
  5. ^ Jose S. Arcilla SJ: Introduction to Philippine History. First edition 1971, Ateneo de Manila University Press
  6. ^ Mark V. Wiley et al .: Arnis - Reflections on the History and Development of the Filipino Martial Arts. 2001, p. 35f. ISBN 0-8048-3269-2
  7. Archive link ( Memento of the original from September 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sports.inquirer.net
  8. Ned. R. Nepangue, MD, Celestino C. Macachor: Cebuano Eskrima - Beyond the Myth. 2007, p. 49ff. ISBN 978-1-4257-4621-6
  9. 東西 洋 考
  10. William Henry Scott: Kalintow: The Code That Never Was. In: Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History. New Day Publishers, 1992, ISBN 9711005247 , ISBN 9789711005245 .
  11. http://www.aenet.org/philip/octagon.htm
  12. Laguna Copperplate Inscription - Article in English ( Memento of the original from February 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mts.net
  13. Carmen Guerrero: Mga Kuwento sa Kasaysayan. Tax pub. House, ISBN 9715062350 , ISBN 9789715062350 , ISBN 971-506-235-0 (Tagalog)
  14. Ibn Battuta: The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, AD 1325-1354. Volume 4. trans. HAR Gibb and CF Beckingham (Hakluyt Society, London 1994), pp. 886-887.
  15. ^ Arthur Cotterell: The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. Pimlico, London 2007, ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5
  16. http://12fma.blogspot.com/2008/07/moro-armor-is-ottomans.html
  17. http://12fma.blogspot.com/2008/07/arabic-on-moro-armor.html
  18. Carmen Guerrero Nakpil: CARMEN NAKPIL: MANILA UNDER THE MUSLIMS . Malaya. October 29, 2003. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  19. ^ Reynaldo S. Galang: Anting anting, the Filipino Warrior's Amulet. ( Memento of the original from July 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Bakbakan International, Bakbakan.com (1994, 1997) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bakbakan.com
  20. http://www.wfma.info/ Worldwide Family of Modern Arnis
  21. http://www.imaf-germany.de/ Combat Arnis - German Asian Martial Arts Organization
  22. Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. World Community Kombatan  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kombatan.info
  23. Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kombatan.info
  24. AAII Membership. Retrieved March 19, 2020 .
  25. http://www.modern-arnis.de/ Deutscher Arnis Verband e. V.
  26. http://www.mamd.de/ Modern Arnis - Mano Mano Organization Germany
  27. http://www.arnisdemano.de/ Arnis de Mano Germany e. V.
  28. ^ Daisho Martial Arts Academy. Retrieved March 19, 2020 .
  29. http://www.dkv-kobudo.de/ German Kobudo Association
  30. http://www.mamd.de/ Modern Arnis - Mano Mano Organization Germany
  31. http://www.docepares-eskrima.org/ Doce Pares Eskrima Organization e. V.
  32. http://www.escrima-concepts.com/ Latosa Escrima Concepts
  33. http://www.bahalana.eu/ Giron Arnis Escrima Germany
  34. http://www.etf-escrima.de/ Escrima Training Federation (ETF)
  35. http://www.wingtsunwelt.com/ Newman-Escrima
  36. Archived copy ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Pekiti-Tirsia Kali Europe @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pekiti-tirsia.net
  37. https://www.kalisilatevolution.com/
  38. http://www.inosantokali.com/
  39. http://www.kalisikaran.com/ Kali Sikaran
  40. http://www.ikaef.com/ International Kali Arnis Eskrima Federation
  41. Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. FMA @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.filipinomartialarts.com.au
  42. http://www.filipino-fighting-arts.de/ Filipino Fighting Arts Association Germany
  43. ^ International Modern Arnis Federation